Effectiveness of Two Targeted Temperature Management Methods After Pediatric Postcardiac Arrest: A Multicenter International Study.

OBJECTIVES: It is currently recommended that after return of spontaneous circulation following cardiac arrest, fever should be prevented using TTM through a servo-controlled system. This technology is not yet available in many global settings, where manual physical measures without servo-control is the only option. Our aim was to compare feasibility, safety and quality assurance of servo-controlled system versus no servo-controlled system cooling, TTM protocols for cooling, maintenance and rewarming following return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest in children. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized, study. SETTING: PICUs of 20 hospitals in South America, Spain, and Italy, 2012-2014. PATIENTS: Under 18 years old with a cardiac arrest longer than 2 minutes, in coma and surviving to PICU admission requiring mechanical ventilation were included. METHODS: TTM to 32-34°C was performed by prospectively designed protocol across 20 centers, with either servo-controlled system or no servo-controlled system methods, depending on servo-controlled system availability. We analyzed clinical data, cardiac arrest, temperature, mechanical ventilation duration, length of hospitalization, complications, survival, and neurologic outcomes at 6 months. PRIMARY OUTCOME: feasibility, safety and quality assurance of the cooling technique and secondary outcome: survival and Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category at 6 months. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Seventy patients were recruited, 51 of 70 TTM (72.8%) with servo-controlled system. TTM induction, maintenance, and rewarming were feasible in both groups. Servo-controlled system was more effective than no servo-controlled system in maintaining TTM (69 vs 60%; p = 0.004). Servo-controlled system had fewer temperatures above 38.1°C during the 5 days of TTM (0.1% vs 2.9%; p < 0.001). No differences in mortality, complications, length of mechanical ventilation and of stay, or neurologic sequelae were found between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: TTM protocol (for cooling, maintenance and rewarming) following return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest in children was feasible and safe with both servo-controlled system and no servo-controlled system techniques. Achieving, maintaining, and rewarming within protocol targets were more effective with servo-controlled system versus no servo-controlled system techniques.

Mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care units during the season for acute lower respiratory infection: a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and outcomes of mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care units during the season of acute lower respiratory infections. DESIGN: Prospective cohort of infants and children receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 12 hrs. SETTING: Sixty medical-surgical pediatric intensive care units. PATIENTS: All consecutive patients admitted to participating pediatric intensive care units during a 28-day period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 2,156 patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units, 1185 (55%) received mechanical ventilation for a median of 5 days (interquartile range 2-8). Median age was 7 months (interquartile range 2-25). Main indications for mechanical ventilation were acute respiratory failure in 78% of the patients, altered mental status in 15%, and acute on chronic pulmonary disease in 6%. Median length of stay in the pediatric intensive care units was 10 days (interquartile range 6-18). Overall mortality rate in pediatric intensive care units was 13% (95% confidence interval: 11-15) for the entire population, and 39% (95% confidence interval: 23 - 58) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Of 1150 attempts at liberation from mechanical ventilation, 62% (95% confidence interval: 60-65) used the spontaneous breathing trial, and 37% (95% confidence interval: 35-40) used gradual reduction of ventilatory support. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation was used initially in 173 patients (15%, 95% confidence interval: 13-17). CONCLUSION: In the season of acute lower respiratory infections, one of every two children admitted to pediatric intensive care units requires mechanical ventilation. Acute respiratory failure was the most common reason for mechanical ventilation. The spontaneous breathing trial was the most commonly used method for liberation from mechanical ventilation.

Vancomycin pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters to optimize dosage administration in critically ill children.

OBJECTIVE: Critically ill children may present changes in pharmacokinetic parameters and may not reach effective concentrations of vancomycin with current dosages. The objective of this study is to calculate vancomycin pharmacokinetic parameters in critically ill children and to estimate area under the curve at 24 hrs/minimal inhibitory concentration reached for Staphylococcus aureus. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Children treated with vancomycin, hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of the Pediatric Hospital-Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, were included. Samples to determine vancomycin serum concentration were obtained on first and third days of treatment, 1 hr after the end of the third daily dose administration (maximum drug concentration) and 15 mins before the fourth (minimum drug concentration). Half-life elimination, volume of distribution, clearance, and area under the curve at 24 hrs were estimated. Vancomycin concentration values of 20-40 µg/mL (maximum drug concentration) and 5-10 µg/mL (minimum drug concentration) were considered therapeutic. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-two children were included. On day 1, seven of 18 children for maximum drug concentration and 16 of 22 for minimum drug concentration reached concentrations in therapeutic range; on day 3, seven of 16 children for maximum drug concentration and 11 of 17 for minimum drug concentration did. Mean values of maximum drug concentration and minimum drug concentration were higher in children with negative water balance. Mean value of half-life elimination increased from day 1 to day 3. Considering a value of minimal inhibitory concentration for S. aureus of 1 µg/mL, nine of 18 children reached a relationship area under the curve at 24 hrs/minimal inhibitory concentration >400 on day 1 and seven of 15 on day 3. Considering a minimal inhibitory concentration of 2 µg/mL, one child reached it on day 1 and one on day 3. CONCLUSIONS: Critically ill children show changes in pharmacokinetic parameters. Serum concentration monitorization is necessary for dosage individualization. Most children do not reach an area under the curve at 24 hrs/minimal inhibitory concentration >400 with current dosage.

Incidencia de bacteriemia asociada al uso de accesos venosos centrales en cuidados intensivos de niños / Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections in a pediatric intensive care unit / Incidência de bacteriemia associada ao uso de acesso venoso central em cuidados intensivos pediátricos

Resumen: Introducción: la bacteriemia relacionada con el uso de catéter es la infección intrahospitalaria más frecuente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos y es la principal causa de bacteriemia intrahospitalaria. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de bacteriemia asociada al uso de catéter venoso central y al uso de catéter venoso central por inserción periférica en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Niño del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional prospectivo que comenzó el 1 de junio de 2016 y que se extendió hasta la fecha en que se alcanzó el valor de 1.000 días de cateterización. Se incluyeron todos los niños hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Niño en los que se colocó un catéter venoso central y/o un catéter venoso central por inserción periférica. La fuente de recolección de datos fueron las historias clínicas. Resultados: se incluyeron 117 niños con catéter venoso central y con catéter venoso central por inserción periférica, un total de 134 vías y 1.028 días de cateterización. Se identificó un caso de bacteriemia relacionada con el uso de catéter a partir de un catéter venoso central por inserción periférica. Se registró una densidad de incidencia de bacteriemia relacionada al uso de catéter de 0,97 casos cada 1.000 días de cateterización. Conclusiones: el valor de incidencia de bacteriemia relacionada al uso de catéter hallado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Niño es menor a los valores reportados en los años 2010 y 2013.

Summary: Introduction: catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is the most frequent hospital infection in pediatric intensive care units and it is the most common cause of hospital bacteremia. Objective: calculate the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infection in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the Pereira Rossell Children Hospital. Methods: we carried out a retrospective and descriptive study as of June 1st, 2016 and until 1000 days of catheterization. We included all children hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit who had a central catheter inserted. Clinical data was obtained from their Health Medical Records. Results: 117 children participated in the study. They received a total of 134 central catheters during 1028 catheterization days. Only one case of catheter-related bloodstream infection was reported from a peripheral inserted central venous catheter. The catheter-related incidence density was of 0.97 cases per 1000 catheterization days. Conclusions: the catheter-related incidence of bloodstream infection in pediatric ICUs is lower than the levels reported in 2010 and in 2013.

Resumo: Objetivo: determinar a incidência de bacteremia associada ao uso de cateter venoso central e o uso de cateter venoso central através da inserção periférica na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell. Materiais e métodos: realizamos um estudo observacional prospectivo descritivo, iniciado no 1º de junho de 2016 e que se estendeu até a data em que foi atingido o valor de 1000 dias de cateterismo. Todas as crianças que tinham um cateter venoso central e/ou nas quais foi inserido perifericamente um cateter venoso central e que estavam internadas na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica foram incluídas. A fonte de coleta de dados foi obtida dos prontuários pessoais de saúde. Resultados: incluímos 117 crianças com cateter venoso central e com cateter venoso central inserido perifericamente, totalizando 134 cateteres e 1028 dias de cateterismo. Identificamos um caso de bacteremia relacionado ao uso de um cateter venoso central feito através de inserção periférica. A densidade de incidência de bacteremia relacionada ao uso de cateter foi de 0,97 casos a cada 1000 dias de cateterismo. Conclusões: o valor da incidência de bacteremia relacionada ao uso de cateter encontrado na Unidade Pediatrica de Terapia Intensiva foi inferior aos valores reportados nos anos de 2010 e 2013.

Neumonia asociada a ventilación mecánica. Incidencia y dificultades diagnósticas en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Incidence and difficulties in the diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia at a pediatric intensive care unit / Incidência e dificuldades no diagnóstico da pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica

Resumen: Introducción: la neumonia asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAVM) es frecuente, en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Genera aumento de los días de ventilación mecánica (VM), la estadía y los costos asistenciales. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de NAVM en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Niños (UCIN) del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) durante el año 2015. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo entre el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre del año 2015. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes que requirieron ventilación mecánica (VM) por más de 24 h. Se aplicaron los criterios diagnósticos de Center for Diseases Control (CDC) y se cotejaron con el Clinical Pulmonary Score (CIPS). La fuente de recolección de datos fueron las historias clínicas. Resultados: se incluyeron 147 niños, 686 días de VM. En 15 se sospechó NAVM, un caso cumplió los criterios del CDC. La incidencia fue 1,45 casos por cada 1.000 días de VM. Los gérmenes aislados fueron Acinetobacter baumanii complex y Enterobacter cloacae. Conclusión: la incidencia de NAVM fue elevada en comparación con el reporte de NNIS 2013, pero baja compararla con datos regionales. Se observó escasa adherencia a los criterios del CDC. Es necesario fomentar una mayor adherencia a los criterios diagnósticos para evitar sobrediagnóstico de NAVM y racionalizar el uso de antibióticos.

Summary: Introduction: ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common hospital infection in ICUs and it can increase of morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and health care costs. Objective: determine the incidence of VAP in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the Pereira Rossell Children Hospital (CHPR) in 2015. Material and methods. from January 1st to December 31st, 2015, we carried out a descriptive study that included children who required mechanical ventilation (MV) for 24 hours or longer. We recorded the number of days of MV, applied the Center for Diseases Control (CDC) diagnostic criteria and compared it against the Clinical Pulmonary Socore (CIPS). Clinical data were extracted from the patients' medical records. Results: 147 children met the inclusion criteria during 686 days of mechanical ventilation. We suspected VAP in 15 cases, and one of these 15 cases met the CDC criteria for VAP. The incidence of VAP was 1.45 cases/1000 days of MV. The isolated bacteria were Acinteobacter baumanii complex and Enterobacter cloacae. Conclusion: the incidence of VAP was high when compared to the 2013 NNIS Report, but low when compared to regional data. The data showed a low adherence to the CDC VAP diagnostic criteria. It is necessary to encourage compliance to CDC criteria in order to avoid VAP over diagnosis and to rationalize the use of antibiotics.

Resumo: Introdução: a pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV) é uma infecção hospitalar comum em UTIs e pode aumentar a morbidade, a mortalidade, o tempo de internação hospitalar e os custos com assistência médica. Objetivo: determinar a incidência de PAV na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica do Hospital Infantil Pereira Rossell (CHPR) em 2015. Material e métodos: de 1º de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2015, foi realizado um estudo descritivo que incluiu crianças que necessitaram de ventilação mecânica (VM) por 24 horas ou mais. Registramos o número de dias de VM, aplicamos os critérios diagnósticos do Center for Diseases Control (CDC) e comparamos com o Clinical Pulmonary Score (CIPS). Dados clínicos foram extraídos dos prontuários médicos dos pacientes. Conclusão: a incidência de PAVM foi alta em comparação com o Relatório NNIS 2013, mas baixa quando comparada aos dados regionais. Os dados mostraram baixa aderência aos critérios diagnósticos da CDV. É necessário incentivar o cumprimento dos critérios do CDC, a fim de evitar o diagnóstico precoce da PAV e racionalizar o uso excessivo de antibióticos.

Evaluación del uso de sedación y analgesia en niños con asistencia ventilatoria mecánica / Assessing the use of sedation and analgesia on children under mechanical ventilation / Avaliação do uso de sedação e analgesia em crianças com assistência ventilatória mecânica

Resumen: Objetivo: cuantificar el uso de sedoanalgesia en niños críticamente enfermos con asistencia ventilatoria mecánica (AVM) en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIN) del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo y prospectivo realizado entre los meses de mayo a setiembre de 2017. Se incluyeron pacientes ingresados a UCIN que requirieron AVM y sedoanalgesia o mioparalización. Se registraron las siguientes variables: sexo, edad, peso, diagnóstico al ingreso. En relación con la sedación y analgesia se registraron dosis indicadas y recibidas de cada fármaco y las dosis acumulativas. Se las comparó con un estudio realizado en 2012 en UCIN. Resultados: se incluyeron 37 pacientes. El promedio de días de AVM fue de 3,7. La causa más frecuente de AVM fue patología respiratoria (n=34). Se observó discordancia entre dosis indicada y dosis recibida tanto de opiáceos, benzodiacepinas y paralizantes musculares, pero en menor medida que lo registrado en el año 2012. Las dosis acumulativas de midazolam, fentanyl y atracurio disminuyeron respecto al año 2012. Conclusión: se observó una disminución de las dosis promedio utilizadas de cada fármaco, de la duración de la AVM y una menor incidencia de síndrome de abstinencia. Las causas de esta observación pueden ser multifactoriales.

Summary: Objective: to quantify benzodiazepines and opioids dosages used in critically ill children under invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) hospitalized in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Methodology: an observational study was carried out from May to September 2017. It included children who under IMV hospitalized in a PICU and who were treated with benzodiazepines, opioids and/or neuromuscular blockers. These children key clinical features were recorded. Cumulative doses of benzodiazepines, opioids and neuromuscular blockers were recorded. Results were compared with the data obtained in a previous experience in the same PICU in 2012. Results: 37 children were included. IMV average duration of was 3.7 days. Cumulative doses and treatment duration of midazolam, fentanyl and atracurium decreased from 2012 to 2017. There were differences between the doses prescribed and the doses actually received in both periods. Conclusion: cumulative doses of benzodiazepines, opioids and neuromuscular blockers decreased in the 2012-2017 period.

Resumo: Objetivo: quantificar o uso da sedação e analgesia em crianças criticamente doentes com Assistência de Ventilação Mecânica (MAV) na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTIN) do Centro Hospitalar Pediátrico Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Metodologia: estudo observacional descritivo e prospectivo realizado de maio a setembro de 2017. Incluíram-se pacientes internados em UTIN que necessitaram de MAV e sedação e analgesia e / ou bloqueadores neuromusculares. Registraram-se as seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, peso, diagnóstico no momento da admissão. Foram registradas as doses indicadas e recebidas de cada droga de sedação e analgesia, assim como as doses cumulativas. Os resultados foram comparados com um estudo realizado em 2012 na UTIN. Resultados: incluíram-se 37 pacientes. O tempo médio de AVM foi de 3,7 dias. A causa mais frequente de MAV foi doença respiratória (n = 34). Observou-se dissonância entre a dose indicada e a dose recebida dos opiáceos, benzodiazepínicos e agentes paralisantes musculares, mas em grau menor do que o registrado em 2012. As doses cumulativas de midazolam, fentanil e atracúrio diminuíram em relação a 2012. Conclusão: observamos uma diminuição nas doses médias de cada droga utilizada, na duração da MAV e uma menor incidência de síndrome de abstinência. Esta observação pode ter causas multifatoriais.

Incidencia y etiología de la candidiasis invasiva en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Niños del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell / Incidence and etiology of invasive candidiasis in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center

Introducción: en los últimos años ha aumentado la incidencia de candidiasis invasiva (CI) a nivel mundial. En nuestro país no se disponen de estudios epidemiológicos sobre CI. El objetivo fue determinar incidencia de CI en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Niños del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Metodología: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Se incluyeron los niños con CI hospitalizados entre 1/1/2009-1/6/2014. A partir de los cultivos micológicos se identificaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes que desarrollaron CI. Se definió CI al aislamiento de Candida en algún sitio estéril. Se calcularon la densidad de incidencia y de prevalencia. Se registró motivo de ingreso y presencia de factores de riesgo para CI. Resultados: se identificaron 6 casos de CI, incidencia de 1,86 c/1000 ingresos. Los aislamientos se realizaron en hemocultivos (n=3) y líquido peritoneal (n=3). Las especies de Candida aisladas fueron C. albicans (n=3), C. parapsilosis (n=2) y C. tropicalis (n=1). Los factores de riesgo para CI presentes fueron dispositivos invasivos (n=6), antibióticos de amplio espectro (n=6), alimentación parenteral (n=5), cirugía abdominal(n=4). Todos los aislamientos fueron sensibles a los azoles. En 1 de las 6 CI se inició tratamiento empírico previo al aislamiento. Fallecieron 4 de los 6 pacientes. Discusión: la incidencia fue similar a otra experiencia realizada en cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Los pacientes que desarrollaron CI presentaron asociación de factores de riesgo. Los aislamientos fueron sensibles a fluconazol. Caracterizar a estos niños permitirá iniciar en forma oportuna el tratamiento antifúngico. Se destaca la importancia de desarrollar la vigilancia continua sobre las especies de Candida y su patrón de sensibilidad a los antifúngicos.

Introduction: invasive infections by Candida strains have increased around the world in the last years. There are no epidemiological studies on invasive candidiasis (IC) in Uruguay. The study aimed to find out the incidence of IC in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center (CHPR). Method: a retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. Children hospitalized in PICU of the CHPR between 1/1/2009 and 1/6/2014 were included in the study. The medical records of patients who developed IC were identified based on mycological cultures. Invasive candidiasis was defined as the isolation of the fungus in a sterile site. Incidence and prevalence density were calculated. Cause for hospitalization and risk factors for IC were recorded. Results: six cases of IC were identified and the incidence was of 1.86/1000 hospitalized children in PICU. Isolation of Candida was done in blood cultures (n=3) and peritoneal fluid (n=3). The species of Candida isolated were C. albicans (n=3), C.parapsilosis (n=2) and C. tropicalis (n=1). Risk factors for IC were identified in the 6 cases. Use of invasive prosthesis and a wide spectrum antibiotics were identified in the 6 cases, as well as parenteral nutrition (n=5) and abdominal surgery (n=4). All isolations of Candida were sensitive to fluconazole. Antifungal empiric treatment was started in one case prior to the isolation of Candida. Four out of six children died. Discussion: the incidence of IC found was similar to that in another study in a PICU. Children who developed IC presented several risk factors for IC. The 6 isolations of Candida were sensitive to fluconazole. Analyzing the clinical features of these children will allow the identification of patients with high risk of IC and to timely initiate antifungal treatment. It is necessary to maintain a continuous surveillance on Candida species and their sensitivity pattern to antifungal medication.

Transfusión de glóbulos rojos en niños con enfermedad respiratoria aguda. Necesidad de protocolización / Red blood cell transfusion in children with acute respiratory disease

Introducción: la anemia tiene elevada prevalencia en niños críticamente enfermos. Se estima que entre un 15-50% de los niños ingresados en terapia intensiva recibirán una transfusión con glóbulos rojos (GR) durante su estadía. El objetivo fue realizar un diagnóstico de situación sobre el uso de GR en niños ingresados a UCIN con enfermedad respiratoria aguda. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el que se analizaron las últimas 200 transfusiones realizadas en niños ingresados UCIN. De estas se seleccionaron las que fueron realizadas en niños con fallo respiratorio. Se registró valor de hemoglobina pre y postranfusional. Los resultados se cotejaron con un gold estándar seleccionado. Resultados: se identificaron 73 pacientes en total, en 4 casos se cumplió la recomendación considerada como gold standard. La edad media fue de 7,1 meses. La bronquiolitis fue la principal causa de fallo respiratorio. La mediana de hemoglobina (Hb) pretransfusión fue 8,2 g/dL. La latencia promedio hasta la realización de la transfusión fue de 1,4 días y la mediana de Hb postransfusión fue de 11,5 g/dL. No se encontró diferencia significativa en el valor de Hb pretransfusión agrupado según la necesidad de soporte respiratorio requerido. Conclusiones: se encontró una baja adherencia a las recomendaciones internacionales para el uso de GR en niños con insuficiencia respiratoria. Se plantea la protocolización del uso de GR en niños con fallo respiratorio.

Introduction: anemia is frequent in critically ill children. Between 15-50% of children hospitalized at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) will receive red blood cell transfusion during their intensive care unit (PICU) stay. The purpose of the present study was to diagnose current red blood cell transfusion practices in children with acute respiratory disease hospitalized in PICU. Methodology: a retrospective study was conducted analyzing the last 200 requests for red blood transfusions in children hospitalized in the PICU. The transfusions performed in children with acute respiratory failure secondary to acute respiratory disease were selected out of the initial 200 cases. Pre and post-transfusion hemoglobin values were recorded. Results were compared to the gold standard. Results: 73 of the 200 red blood cell transfusions met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of children included was 7.1 months. Bronchiolitis was the main cause of respiratory failure. Median pre-transfusion hemoglobin value was 8.2 g/dl and the post-transfusion value was 11.5 g/dl. Mean time since admission until transfusion was performed was 1.4 days. In 4/73 cases, recommendation selected as gold standard was followed. No significant differences were found in the pre- Hb value, grouped according to the need for required respiratory support. Conclusions: there was a low adherence to red blood cells transfusions recommendations for children with respiratory failure.

Incidencia del síndrome de abstinencia en niños críticamente enfermos / Incidence of withdrawal syndrome in critically ill children

Objetivo: determinar la incidencia del síndrome de abstinencia (SA), describir presentación clínica e identificar la presencia de factores de riesgo. Metodología: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, observacional, de evaluaciones reiteradas usando la Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale (SOWS), en la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo de Niños (UCIN) de 20 camas, del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Se incluyeron los niños ingresados en UCIN entre el 1 de noviembre de 2013 y el 30 de setiembre de 2014 tratados con benzodiacepinas y/o opiáceos por cinco días o más. Se registró: duración de la estadía, fármacos utilizados para sedación y analgesia, días de uso, máximo de dosis, dosis total acumulada. El diagnóstico de SA se realizó a través del uso de la SOWS. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos, con y sin SA. Se analizaron y compararon las características de ambos grupos. Resultados: se incluyeron 39 niños. La incidencia de SA fue 18% (7/39). Los ítems del SOWS más frecuentes fueron ansiedad y sueño menor a 1 hora. Los niños que desarrollaron SA presentaron dosis acumulativas más elevadas tanto de midazolam (54,1 mg/kg vs 44,2 mg/kg) como de fentanilo (464,2 mg/kg vs 380,1 mg/kg). Conclusiones: el SA fue frecuente en este grupo de niños. Las dosis acumulativas fueron mayores en el grupo con SA. La SOWS es una herramienta útil y de fácil aplicación para el diagnóstico de SA.

Objective: The study aims to determine the incidence of withdrawal syndrome, its clinical features and the presence of risk factors. Methodology: An observational and prospective study. Assessment was repeated and the Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale (SOWS) was used. The study was conducted at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Hospitalized children in PICU between 1/11/2013- 30/9/2014 and treated with benzodiazepines and opioids during 5 days or more were included in the study. Days of stay at the PICU, agents used for sedation (dose, duration) and cumulative doses were recorded. Withdrawal syndrome diagnosis was done using the SOWS. Results: 39 children were included in the study. The incidence of withdrawal syndrome was 18% (7/39). Children who developed withdrawal syndrome presented higher cumulative doses of midazolam (54.1 mg/kg vs. 44.2 mg/kg) and fentanyl (464.2µg/kg vs. 380.1 µg/kg) than those without withdrawal syndrome. Conclusions: the withdrawal syndrome was frequent in this population. Cumulative doses of midazolam and fentanyl were higher in those with withdrawal symptoms. The SOWS is a useful resource for diagnosis.

Meningitis tuberculosa en un lactante: Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Tuberculous meningitis in an infant: Case report and literature review

La tuberculosis (TBC) sigue siendo uno de los principales problemas de salud pública mundial. Actualmente es considerada una enfermedad reemergente, notificándose un aumento de la incidencia en niños. La meningitis tuberculosa (MT) es la forma más grave y temida de TBC en la infancia, siendo los niños menores los más susceptibles a desarrollarla. Un diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento oportuno son esenciales para mejorar el pronóstico. Se debe iniciar el tratamiento empírico temprano de los casos sospechosos, sin esperar los resultados confirmatorios. Comunicamos el caso de un varón de 5 meses que presentó una MT con manifestaciones clínicas características y mala evolución. Se revisan los mecanismos fisiopatológicos subyacentes y las recomendaciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas actuales.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem worldwide. It is currently considered a re-emergent disease and its incidence in children is increasing. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most feared and deadly form of TB, being the younger children particularly susceptible to develop it. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to improve outcomes. Empirical treatment in suspected cases without confirmatory tests must be initiated. We analyze the case of a 5 month old infant with typical TBM and poor outcome. We review the underlying pathophysiology and the current diagnostic and management recommendations.

Documentación filmográfica de la ventilación mecánica en un modelo animal / Filmed documentation of mechanical ventilation in an animal model

Introducción: el aprendizaje de la ventilación mecánica (VM) pediátrica requiere de tiempo y diversas estrategias educativas. En los últimos años se han utilizado los videopodcast para la educación médica. Objetivos: documentación filmográfica de los elementos básicos de la mecánica respiratoria durante la VM en un modelo animal. Creación de un videopodcast para la formación de recursos humanos especializados en VM pediátrica. Metodología: se prepararon diferentes secuencias de VM con ventilador y en forma manual. Se realizó exposición pulmonar mediante toracotomía y VM convencional en un cerdo. Se grabó simultáneamente lo monitorizado por el ventilador y la visualización in vivo del pulmón expuesto ante cada secuencia. Dos especialistas en cuidados intensivos pediátricos analizaron durante la edición las grabaciones y confeccionaron un guión explicativo de lo observado. Resultados: se editó un video con las diferentes secuencias previstas: VM basal, VM sin presión positiva teleespiratoria (PEEP), VM con niveles incrementales de PEEP, VM con bolsa autoinflable, aspiración de sonda endotraqueal con circuito cerrado y abierto durante VM con ventilador y manual con operador. Se editó un videopodcast con leyendas explicativas. Discusión: la utilización de recursos digitales para la enseñanza y divulgación de diversas especialidades médicas es cada vez más frecuente. El videopodcast se ha expandido como una nueva herramienta educativa. Se construyó un modelo para la capacitación de los recursos humanos en VM mediante este formato. La experiencia servirá para construir una videoteca universitaria dirigida a la enseñanza de cuidados críticos del niño y para la divulgación de experimentos biomédicos.

Introduction: learning about mechanical ventilation (MV) in pediatrics requires time and several educational strategies. In recent years, videopodcast has been used for medical training. Objectives: to prepare a filmed documentary of the basic elements in respiratory mechanics during MV in an animal model. To create a videopodcast to train human resources specialized in MV in pediatrics. Material: different sequences of MV with ventilator and manual ventilation were prepared. Lungs were accessed through thoracotomy and MV was started in a pig. Monitored data from the ventilator was simultaneously recorded, the same as the live visualization of the visible lung for each sequence. Two specialists in pediatrics intensive care analysed the recording while it was edited and composed a script explaining what was observed. Results: a video was edited with the different sequences expected: basal MV, MV with zero PEEP, increasing PEEP levels, MV with self-inflating bag, traqueal suction with open and closed traqueal suction systems and manual ventilation with an operator. A videopodcast with explanatory subtitles was edited. Discussion: digital resources are increasingly being used to train physicians and disseminate several medical techniques. Today, videopodcast constitutes a new educational tool. A model was designed to train human resources in MV under this format. This experience will be used to build up a new university video library to assist the training in pediatric critical care and to disseminate biomedical experiments.

Prevención de bacteriemia asociada a catéteres intravenosos en UCIN mediante la implementación de un protocolo de trabajo / Prevention of catheter-related bacteremia in the Pediatrics Critical Care Unit by means of a protocol

Introducción: la bacteriemia asociada al uso de catéter venoso central (BCVC) es una causa frecuente de infección intrahospitalaria en las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto sobre la incidencia de BCVC de la implementación de un paquete de medidas destinadas a su prevención en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Niños del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo intervencionista desde el 1 de mayo de 2013 al 31 de octubre del mismo año. Se aplicó un paquete de medidas en la colocación de catéteres venosos centrales (CVC). Las mismas consistieron en higiene de manos, uso de barreras asépticas máximas, asepsia de la piel con clorhexidina, evitar el uso del acceso femoral, retiro temprano de los CVC y cuidados posteriores del CVC. Se determinó la densidad de incidencia de BCVC. Resultados: se incluyeron 45 niños con CVC colocados en UCIN, con un total de 51 CVC y 419 días de cateterización. Se identificó un caso de BCVC. La densidad de incidencia de BCVC fue 2,38 casos/1.000 días de CVC. El cumplimiento del paquete de medidas para la prevención de la BCVC fue elevado. Conclusiones: la incidencia de BCVC ha descendido a partir del año 2010. El protocolo de trabajo propuesto fue implementado como pauta de UCIN.

Introduction: intravascular-device bacteremia is a frequent cause of intrahospitalary infections in the Pediatrics Critical Care Units. Objective: to establish the impact of a bunddle of strategies on the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia in the Pediatrics Critical Care Unit of Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Method: an observational descriptive study was conducted from May 1, 2013 to October 31, 2013. Patients hospitalized in the Pediatrics Critical Care Unit with a central catheter were included. Six interventions were applied as a bundle at the moment of insertion of catheter. Data were collected from the patients’ clinical history and from the checklist filled at the moment of insertion of catheter. Density of the incidence of of bacteremia related to central catheter was calculated. Results: 45 children were included in the study, adding up to 51 central venous access and 419 days of catheterization. One case of catheter-related bacteremia was identified, there being 2.38 cases/ 1000 days of catheterization. The isolation was coagulase negative Staphylococcus. The bundle of interventions was highly accepted. Conclusions: the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia has diminished since 2010. The bundle of interventions has been established as a guide in the Pediatrics Critical Care Unit of Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell.

Intoxicación aguda por cocaína en un lactante no asociada a lactancia materna. A propósito de un caso clínico / Acute cocaine intoxication in an infant that is not associated to maternal breastfeeding. A clinical case

La intoxicación aguda por cocaína es infrecuente en lactantes y niños. Las formas más frecuentes de presentación clínica son las convulsiones tónico-clónicas en apirexia, alteraciones motoras y la excitación psicomotriz. Se presenta el caso de un lactante de 1 mes que ingresó a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Niños del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell por una intoxicación aguda por cocaína. El cuadro clínico consistió en manifestaciones secundarias a un estado hiperadrenérgico generalizado, con lesión miocárdica, excitación psicomotriz, distonías cervicales, convulsiones y acidosis metabólica persistente. Presentó el test de detección de benzoilecgonina en orina positivo al momento del ingreso a la emergencia. No se pudo establecer con exactitud cuál fue la vía de ingreso de la cocaína. Es necesario un alto índice de sospecha para llegar al diagnóstico de intoxicación por cocaína en lactantes.

Acute intoxication with cocaine is infrequent in children. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures, movement disorders and agitation are the most frequently observed clinical features in cocaine intoxication. We present the case of acute cocaine intoxication in a 1 month old boy who was hospitalized in the Pediatric Critical Care Unit of Pereira Rossell Hospital Center. Clinical features were secondary to generalized adrenergic stimulation. Clinical features were myocardial damage, cervical dystonic movements, agitation and metabolic acidosis. Urine toxicology screening proved positive for benzoylecgonine upon arrival at the Emergency Unit. Cocaine´s entry into the infant was not clearly established, although it was likely to be passive exposure to coca paste smoke. A high level of suspicion is needed in order to diagnose diagnosis acute cocaine intoxication in children.