RESUMEN
In this Letter, we report the continued optimization of the N-acyl-2-aminobenzimidazole series, focusing in particular on the N-alkyl substituent and 5-position of the benzimidazole based on the binding mode and the early SAR. These efforts led to the discovery of 16, a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of IRAK-4.
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Descubrimiento de Drogas , Quinasas Asociadas a Receptores de Interleucina-1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Administración Oral , Animales , Bencimidazoles/química , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Estructura Molecular , Unión Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The chemokine CCL3/MIP-1α is a risk factor in the outcome of multiple myeloma (MM), particularly in the development of osteolytic bone disease. This chemokine, highly overexpressed by MM cells, can signal mainly through 2 receptors, CCR1 and CCR5, only 1 of which (CCR1) is responsive to CCL3 in human and mouse osteoclast precursors. CCR1 activation leads to the formation of osteolytic lesions and facilitates tumor growth. Here we show that formation of mature osteoclasts is blocked by the highly potent and selective CCR1 antagonist CCX721, an analog of the clinical compound CCX354. We also show that doses of CCX721 selected to completely inhibit CCR1 produce a profound decrease in tumor burden and osteolytic damage in the murine 5TGM1 model of MM bone disease. Similar effects were observed when the antagonist was used prophylactically or therapeutically, with comparable efficacy to that of zoledronic acid. 5TGM1 cells were shown to express minimal levels of CCR1 while secreting high levels of CCL3, suggesting that the therapeutic effects of CCX721 result from CCR1 inhibition on non-MM cells, most likely osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors. These results provide a strong rationale for further development of CCR1 antagonists for the treatment of MM and associated osteolytic bone disease.
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Quimiocinas/farmacología , Quimiocinas/uso terapéutico , Mieloma Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Osteólisis/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores CCR1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Carga Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Oral , Animales , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Microambiente Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Quimiocinas/administración & dosificación , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Inmunocompetencia/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Biológicos , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/metabolismo , Mieloma Múltiple/complicaciones , Mieloma Múltiple/patología , Osteoclastos/efectos de los fármacos , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/patología , Osteólisis/complicaciones , Osteólisis/patología , Ratas , Receptores CCR1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Avacopan is currently approved in several regions of the world as an oral treatment in combination with standard therapy, including glucocorticoids, for adult patients with severe active antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. In vitro and clinical studies have established that avacopan is primarily eliminated through cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism. This Phase 1, open-label, single-dose study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06004934) was conducted to evaluate the effect of mild (n = 8) or moderate (n = 8) hepatic impairment compared with normal hepatic function (n = 8) on the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of a single oral dose of 30 mg of avacopan in patients without active antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. Relative to participants with normal hepatic function, in participants with mild or moderate hepatic impairment, the avacopan area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) were 1.3 (0.9-2.0) and 1.1 (0.6-2.0), respectively, and the avacopan maximum plasma concentration geometric mean ratios (90% CIs) were 1.0 (0.8-1.3) and 0.8 (0.6-1.1), respectively. The geometric mean ratios of metabolite M1 also revealed no pharmacokinetically relevant increase in the peak exposure of M1 in participants with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Thus, no avacopan dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment.
RESUMEN
Avacopan 30 mg twice daily (BID) is approved for the treatment of severe active antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis). Food effect on avacopan pharmacokinetics (PKs) and PK bridging in Japanese participants were examined through 2 phase 1 studies involving healthy adult participants. In Study 1, an open-label, crossover trial, participants received oral administration of a single 30-mg dose of avacopan under fasted and fed conditions. Study 2 was a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Caucasian and Japanese participants: Part A investigated single doses of 10 and 30 mg of avacopan under fasted and fed conditions and Part B investigated 30 and 50 mg BID avacopan. The PKs of single-dose administrations of 10 and 30 mg in Japanese participants was compared with that in Caucasian participants under fasted conditions. Food substantially increased plasma avacopan area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to time infinity (AUC0-inf) by 1.72-fold, supporting the recommendation of taking avacopan with food. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) remained relatively unchanged. The median time to reach Cmax (tmax) was delayed by 3 hours. No significant food effect was observed on the active metabolite CCX168-M1 (M1) AUC. Avacopan and M1 exposures were <1.5-fold higher in Japanese participants than in Caucasian participants following multiple-dose administration of avacopan.
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This phase I thorough QTc, double-blind, randomized, placebo- and positive-controlled, parallel group, multiple-dose study evaluated avacopan's effect on cardiac repolarization using concentration-QTc (C-QTc) as the primary analysis. Avacopan 30 mg b.i.d. (therapeutic dose) was administered orally on days 1 through 7 followed by avacopan 100 mg b.i.d. (supratherapeutic dose) on days 8 through 14 in 29 healthy participants. Moxifloxacin 400 mg and placebo were administered on days 1 and 15 in a nested crossover design for assay sensitivity in separate cohorts to 28 participants. Time-matched plasma concentrations and up to 10 replicate ECGs were obtained on prespecified days at baseline and postdose on days 1, 7, 14, and 15. The mean change from baseline on QTcF for avacopan (-5.5 to 3.5 ms) was similar to placebo (-6.9 to 1.4 ms) across days 1, 7, and 14. The mean effect on ΔΔQTcF (90% CI) was estimated as 1.5 ms (-0.17 to 3.09) and 0.8 ms (-2.41 to 4.05) for 30 and 100 mg avacopan b.i.d. treatments, respectively. Based on the C-QTc analysis, avacopan's effect on ΔΔQTcF >10 ms can be excluded within the observed plasma concentration range of up to ~1220 and ~335 ng/mL for avacopan and active major metabolite, M1, respectively. The estimated population slopes showed a shallow relationship, which was not statistically significant. There was no clinically meaningful effect of avacopan on heart rate or cardiac conduction (PR and QRS intervals). Avacopan appeared to be generally well tolerated in this study population.
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Estudios Cruzados , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Electrocardiografía , Voluntarios Sanos , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Femenino , Método Doble Ciego , Adulto Joven , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Moxifloxacino/administración & dosificación , Moxifloxacino/efectos adversos , Moxifloxacino/farmacocinética , AdolescenteRESUMEN
Avacopan, a complement 5a receptor (C5aR) antagonist approved for treating severe active antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, was evaluated in 2 clinical drug-drug interaction studies. The studies assessed the impact of avacopan on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of CYP3A4 substrates midazolam and simvastatin and CYP2C9 substrate celecoxib, and the influence of CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole and inducer rifampin on the PKs of avacopan. The results indicated that twice-daily oral administration of 30 mg of avacopan increased the area under the curve (AUC) of midazolam by 1.81-fold and celecoxib by 1.15-fold when administered without food, and twice-daily oral administration of 30 or 60 mg of avacopan increased the AUC of simvastatin by approximately 2.6-3.5-fold and the AUC of the active metabolite ß-hydroxy-simvastatin acid by approximately 1.4-1.7-fold when co-administered with food. Furthermore, the AUC of avacopan increased by approximately 2.19-fold when co-administered with itraconazole and decreased by approximately 13.5-fold when co-administered with rifampin. These findings provide critical insights into the potential drug-drug interactions involving avacopan, which could have significant implications for patient care and treatment planning. (NCT06207682).
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Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9 , Inhibidores del Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Voluntarios Sanos , Itraconazol , Midazolam , Rifampin , Simvastatina , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Administración Oral , Área Bajo la Curva , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Inhibidores del Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/farmacología , Inhibidores del Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores del Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/farmacocinética , Interacciones Alimento-Droga , Itraconazol/farmacología , Itraconazol/administración & dosificación , Itraconazol/farmacocinética , Midazolam/farmacocinética , Midazolam/administración & dosificación , Rifampin/farmacología , Rifampin/administración & dosificación , Rifampin/farmacocinética , Simvastatina/farmacocinética , Simvastatina/administración & dosificación , Simvastatina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: CCX354-C is a specific, orally administered antagonist of the C-C chemokine receptor 1, which regulates migration of monocytes and macrophages to synovial tissue. This clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of CCX354-C in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: CARAT-2 is a 12-week double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial in 160 patients with RA, with 68 tender joint count and 66 swollen joint count ≥8 and C-reactive protein (CRP) >5 mg/l, despite being on methotrexate for at least 16 weeks. Subjects received placebo, CCX354-C 100 mg twice daily, or 200 mg once daily for 12 weeks. Endpoints included safety (primary) and RA disease activity assessments based on American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response, and changes in 28-joint disease activity score-CRP, individual ACR components, as well as soluble bone turnover markers. RESULTS: CCX354-C was generally well tolerated by study subjects. The ACR20 response at week 12 was 39% in the placebo group, 43% in the 100 mg twice daily group (difference and 95% CI compared with placebo, 4.5 (-14.1 to 23.1); p=0.62) and 52% in the 200 mg once daily group (13.0 (-5.8 to 31.8); p=0.17) in the intention-to-treat population, and 30% in the placebo group, 44% in the 100 mg twice daily group (14.4 (-5.9 to 34.8); p=0.17), and 56% in the 200 mg once daily group (25.8 (5.3 to 46.4); p=0.01) in the prespecified population of patients satisfying CRP and joint count eligibility criteria at the screening and day 1 (predose) visits. CONCLUSIONS: CCX354-C exhibited a good safety and tolerability profile and evidence of clinical activity in RA.
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Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Receptores CCR1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PPARγ is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family and plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. This Letter describes the discovery of a novel chemical class of diarylsulfonamide partial agonists that act as selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARγMs) and display a unique pharmacological profile compared to the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of PPARγ full agonists. Herein we report the initial discovery of partial agonist 4 and the structure-activity relationship studies that led to the selection of clinical compound INT131 (3), a potent PPARγ partial agonist that displays robust glucose-lowering activity in rodent models of diabetes while exhibiting a reduced side-effects profile compared to marketed TZDs.
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PPAR gamma/agonistas , Quinolinas/química , Sulfonamidas/química , Administración Oral , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450 , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Semivida , Resistencia a la Insulina , Masculino , Ratones , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Quinolinas/farmacocinética , Quinolinas/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ratas Zucker , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonamidas/síntesis química , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , Sulfonamidas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The interaction of PD-L1 with PD-1 is a major immune checkpoint that limits effector T cell function against cancer cells; monoclonal antibodies that block this pathway have been approved in multiple tumor indications. As a next generation therapy, small molecule inhibitors of PD-L1 have inherent drug properties that may be advantageous for certain patient populations compared to antibody therapies. In this report we present the pharmacology of the orally-available, small molecule PD-L1 inhibitor CCX559 for cancer immunotherapy. CCX559 potently and selectively inhibited PD-L1 binding to PD-1 and CD80 in vitro, and increased activation of primary human T cells in a T cell receptor-dependent fashion. Oral administration of CCX559 demonstrated anti-tumor activity similar to an anti-human PD-L1 antibody in two murine tumor models. Treatment of cells with CCX559 induced PD-L1 dimer formation and internalization, which prevented interaction with PD-1. Cell surface PD-L1 expression recovered in MC38 tumors upon CCX559 clearance post dosing. In a cynomolgus monkey pharmacodynamic study, CCX559 increased plasma levels of soluble PD-L1. These results support the clinical development of CCX559 for solid tumors; CCX559 is currently in a Phase 1, first in patient, multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation study (ACTRN12621001342808).
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Antígeno B7-H1 , Neoplasias , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1 , Macaca fascicularis , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Inmunoterapia/métodosRESUMEN
The following manuscript was published as a Fast Forward article on February 29, 2012: Sullivan TJ, Dairaghi DJ, Krasinski A, Miao Z, Wang Y, Zhao BN, Baumgart T, Berahovich R, Ertl LS, Pennell A, Seitz L, Miao S, Ungashe S, Wei Z, Johnson D, Boring L, Tsou C-L, Charo IF, Bekker P, Schall TJ, and Jaen JC, Characterization of CCX140-B, an orally bioavailable antagonist of the CCR2 chemokine receptor, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated complications. J Pharmacol Exp Ther jpet.111.190918; doi:10.1124/jpet.111.190918 It was later found that the chemical identity of a compound cited in the article, CCX140-B, was not sufficiently disclosed. The authors are unable, at this time, to provide the chemical identity of CCX140-B in accordance with the editorial policies of The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. As a result, the authors have voluntarily withdrawn this manuscript from publication. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause JPET's readers.
RESUMEN
The optimization of a series of 8-aza-quinazolinone analogs for antagonist activity against the CXCR3 receptor is reported. Compounds were optimized to avoid the formation of active metabolites and time-dependent-inhibitors of CYP3A4. In addition, antagonists showed potent against CXCR3 activity in whole blood and optimized to avoid activity in the chromosomal aberration assay. Compound 25 was identified as having the optimal balance of CXCR3 activity and pharmacokinetic properties across multiple pre-clinical species, which are reported herein.
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Quinazolinas/síntesis química , Quinazolinonas/síntesis química , Receptores CXCR3/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Bleomicina/toxicidad , Aberraciones Cromosómicas , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Inhibidores del Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Perros , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Diseño de Fármacos , Humanos , Inflamación , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Leucocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Macaca fascicularis , Ratones , Modelos Químicos , Quinazolinas/farmacología , Quinazolinonas/farmacología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Background: Improvement of proteinuria as a marker for disease activity is associated with a better renal outcome in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Complement is an effector pathway in IgA-mediated kidney injury. Avacopan, a selective C5a receptor inhibitor, has previously shown efficacy in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of avacopan in patients with IgAN with persistent proteinuria despite a maximally tolerated dose of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade. The efficacy evaluation was based on the change in proteinuria. Methods: This open-label pilot trial enrolled adult patients with biopsy-proven IgAN, urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPCR) >1 g/g creatinine and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or >45 mL/min/1.73 m2 if eGFR has not declined >10 mL/min/1.73 m2 over the previous 24 weeks. If the UPCR remained at >1 g/g creatinine after an 8-week run-in period, patients started avacopan 30 mg twice daily. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in the slope of the UPCR from the 8-week run-in period to the slope in the 12-week avacopan dosing period. Results: A total of 10 of 15 screened patients entered the run-in period. Seven patients with a UPCR >1 g/g creatinine received avacopan. Six of seven patients had numerical improvement in the UPCR during the avacopan treatment period, three of whom had a numerical improvement of â¼50% at week 12. At week 24, five of seven patients still showed numerical improvement in the UPCR compared with baseline. The urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1:creatinine ratio decreased numerically 30% by week 8, possibly reflecting the anti-inflammatory activity of avacopan. Avacopan was well tolerated. There was one serious adverse event of unstable angina, which was deemed to be unrelated to avacopan. Conclusions: This short-term pilot study showed an improvement in the slope of the UPCR, with â¼50% improvement in three of seven patients with IgAN. Longer avacopan treatment duration may be indicated for maximal benefit.
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Background: Osteoporosis is a common orthopedic disease with high prevalence in patients older than 50 years. Osteoporosis is often detected only after the fracture and is hard to treat. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the molecular mechanism of the occurrence of osteoporosis. Methods: The expression of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in people with different bone mineral density (BMD) was analyzed based on public databases. GenHacncer and JASPAR databases were adopted to search and verify the upstream transcription factor of HO-1. qRT-PCR, western blot and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase assays were performed to explore the impact of HO-1 and Kruppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) on osteoclast differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed the binding relationship between KLF7 and HO-1. Finally, Hemin, the agonist of HO-1, was applied in rescue assays, thereby verifying the mechanism of KLF7 modulating osteoclast differentiation by HO-1. Results: Bioinformatics analysis revealed that HO-1 was highly-expressed while KLF7 lowly-expressed in people with high BMD. Besides, a potential binding site of KLF7 was found on the promoter region of HO-1. ChIP assay further manifested the targeting relationship between HO-1 and KLF7. Western blot and TRAP staining unveiled that osteoclast differentiation was suppressed by HO-1, while facilitated by KLF7. Rescue experiments indicated that over-expressed HO-1 could reverse of the promoting effect of KLF7 on osteoclast differentiation. Conclusion: The study confirmed that osteoclast differentiation was promoted by KLF7 constraining HO-1, thereby facilitating osteoporosis. The cognation of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis was further enriched. New treatment could be developed on this basis.
RESUMEN
A novel series of (E)-1-((2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl) quinolin-4-yl) methylene) thiosemicarbazides was discovered as potent inhibitors of IKKß. In this Letter we document our efforts at further optimization of this series, culminating in 2 with submicromolar potency in a HWB assay and efficacy in a CIA mouse model.
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Quinasa I-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Quinolinas/química , Semicarbacidas/química , Tiourea/análogos & derivados , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Quinasa I-kappa B/metabolismo , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Ratones , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Quinolinas/síntesis química , Quinolinas/farmacocinética , Ratas , Semicarbacidas/síntesis química , Semicarbacidas/farmacocinética , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiourea/síntesis química , Tiourea/química , Tiourea/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
A novel series of (E)-1-((2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl) quinolin-4-yl) methylene) thiosemicarbazides was discovered as potent inhibitors of IKKß. In this Letter we document our early efforts at optimization of the quinoline core, the imidazole and the semithiocarbazone moiety. Most potency gains came from substitution around the 6- and 7-positions of the quinoline ring. Replacement of the semithiocarbazone with a semicarbazone decreased potency but led to some measurable exposure.
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Quinasa I-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Semicarbacidas/química , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento , Quinasa I-kappa B/metabolismo , Masculino , Microsomas/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Quinolinas/química , Ratas , Semicarbacidas/síntesis química , Semicarbacidas/farmacocinética , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
This study was designed to study functions of Circ_0000020 during osteogenic differentiation. First, we used RT-qPCR to detect the expression of Circ_0000020, miR-142-5p and osteogenesis-related genes, whereas western blot analysis detected the expression of osteogenesis markers after the osteogenic differentiation of primary BMSCs isolated from rats. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red Sstaining validated osteoblast phenotypes. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. Sh-Circ_0000020 was used to study the function of Circ_0000020 in osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Luciferase assay and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to validate the interaction between Circ_0000020 and miR-142-5p, and BMP2 and miR-142-5p. Co-transfection of miR-142-5p and sh-Circ_0000020 was used to verify the downstream signaling pathway. Circ_0000020 expression was up-regulated during osteogenic differentiation, whereas miR-142-5p expression was significantly decreased. Silencing Circ_0000020 inhibited osteogenic differentiation and promoted apoptosis, and inhibited ALP activity and mineralization ability. Moreover, Circ_0000020 interacts directly with miR-142-5p which binds to the BMP2 3'UTR and inhibits its expression. Additionally, co-transfection of miR-142-5p inhibitors and sh-Circ_0000020 rescued down-regulated BMP2, increased the expression osteogenesis-related gene expressions, and thereby rescued the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation induced by Circ_0000020 silencing. Furthermore, co-transfection of miR-142-5p inhibitors and sh-Circ_0000020 reversed Circ_0000020 silencing-induced downregulation of p-Smad1/5/8, Runx2, and Osterix protein levels. Circ_0000020 regulates BMP2 expression through sponging miR-142-5p as ceRNA, thereby positively regulating BMSCs osteogenic differentiation through Circ_0000020/miR-142-5p/BMP2/SMAD-dependent signaling pathway.
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Proteína Morfogenética Ósea 2/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Osteogénesis/genética , Osteoporosis/metabolismo , ARN Circular/genética , Animales , Proteína Morfogenética Ósea 2/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Células Cultivadas , Femenino , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Collision induced dissociation (CID) has been extensively used for structure elucidation. CID in the electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) modes has been found to generate mostly even-electron fragment ions while it has been occasionally reported to form odd-electron free radical ions. However, the structural requirements and the fragmentation mechanisms for free-radical CIDs have not been well characterized in the literature. For this purpose, we studied a series of aromatic and non-aromatic compounds such as sulfonamides, N-aryl amides, tert-butyl-substituted aromatic compounds, aryl alkyl ethers, and O-alkyl aryl oximes using the LTQ and LTQ Orbitrap linear ion trap mass spectrometers. The accurate measurement of the fragment ion masses established the unambiguous assignment of the fragment structures resulting from the test compounds. Our results showed that free radical fragmentation is structure dependent and is to a large extent correlated with the neighboring groups in the structures that stabilize the newly formed free radical ions.
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Electrones , Iones/química , Compuestos Orgánicos/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Amidas/química , Éteres/química , Hidrocarburos Aromáticos/química , Estructura Molecular , Oximas/química , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMEN
In this communication, human 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ß-HSD1) inhibitory activities of a novel series of diarylsulfones are described. Optimization of this series resulted in several highly potent 11ß-HSD1 inhibitors with excellent pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Compound (S)-25 showed excellent efficacy in a non-human primate ex vivo pharmacodynamic model.
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Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Sulfonas/síntesis química , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasa de Tipo 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Farmacocinética , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonas/química , Sulfonas/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
A series of tetrahydroquinoline-derived inhibitors of the CRTH2 receptor was discovered by a high throughput screen. Optimization of these compounds for potency and pharmacokinetic properties led to the discovery of potent and orally bioavailable CRTH2 antagonists.
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Antialérgicos/química , Quinolinas/química , Receptores Inmunológicos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de Prostaglandina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antialérgicos/farmacocinética , Antialérgicos/farmacología , Línea Celular , Forma de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Eosinófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Eosinófilos/inmunología , Humanos , Quinolinas/farmacocinética , Quinolinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A general way of improving the potency of CXCR3 antagonists with fused hetero-bicyclic cores was identified. Optimization efforts led to the discovery of a series of imidazo-pyrazine derivatives with improved pharmacokinetic properties in addition to increased potency. The efficacy of the lead compound 21 is evaluated in a mouse lung inflammation model.