Substantial health and economic burden of COVID-19 during the year after acute illness among US adults not at high risk of severe COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection and acute COVID-19 illness can experience a range of long-term post-acute effects. The potential clinical and economic burden of these outcomes in the USA is unclear. We evaluated diagnoses, medications, healthcare utilization, and medical costs before and after acute COVID-19 illness in US patients who were not at high risk of severe COVID-19. METHODS: This study included eligible adults who were diagnosed with COVID-19 from April 1 to May 31, 2020, who were 18 - 64 years of age, and enrolled within Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database for 12 months before and 13 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. Patients with any condition or risk factor placing them at high risk of progression to severe COVID-19 were excluded. Percentages of diagnoses, medications, healthcare utilization, and costs were calculated during baseline (12 months preceding diagnosis) and the post-acute phase (12 months after the 30-day acute phase of COVID-19). Data were stratified into 3 cohorts according to disposition during acute COVID-19 illness (i.e., not hospitalized, hospitalized without intensive care unit [ICU] admission, or admitted to the ICU). RESULTS: The study included 3792 patients; 56.5% of patients were men, 44% were White, and 94% did not require hospitalization. Compared with baseline, patients during the post-acute phase had percentage increases in the diagnosis of the following disorders: blood (166%), endocrine and metabolic (123%), nervous system (115%), digestive system (76%), and mental and behavioral (75%), along with increases in related prescriptions. Substantial increases in all measures of healthcare utilization were observed among all 3 cohorts. Total medical costs increased by 178% during the post-acute phase. Those who were hospitalized with or without ICU admission during the acute phase had the greatest increases in comorbidities and healthcare resource utilization. However, the burden was apparent across all cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: As evidenced by resource use in the post-acute phase, COVID-19 places a significant long-term clinical and economic burden among US individuals, even among patients whose acute infection did not merit hospitalization.

Vascular remodelling in cardiovascular diseases: hypertension, oxidation, and inflammation.

Optimal vascular structure and function are essential for maintaining the physiological functions of the cardiovascular system. Vascular remodelling involves changes in vessel structure, including its size, shape, cellular and molecular composition. These changes result from multiple risk factors and may be compensatory adaptations to sustain blood vessel function. They occur in diverse cardiovascular pathologies, from hypertension to heart failure and atherosclerosis. Dynamic changes in the endothelium, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, pericytes or other vascular wall cells underlie remodelling. In addition, immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, may infiltrate vessels and initiate inflammatory signalling. They contribute to a dynamic interplay between cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation, and extracellular matrix reorganisation, all critical mechanisms of vascular remodelling. Molecular pathways underlying these processes include growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor), inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1ß and tumour necrosis factor-α), reactive oxygen species, and signalling pathways, such as Rho/ROCK, MAPK, and TGF-ß/Smad, related to nitric oxide and superoxide biology. MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs are crucial epigenetic regulators of gene expression in vascular remodelling. We evaluate these pathways for potential therapeutic targeting from a clinical translational perspective. In summary, vascular remodelling, a coordinated modification of vascular structure and function, is crucial in cardiovascular disease pathology.

Reactivity of Resorcinol on Pt(511) Single-Crystal Surface and Its Effect on the Kinetics of Underpotentially Deposited Hydrogen and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in 0.1 M NaOH Electrolyte.

This article presents cyclic voltammetry, Tafel polarization, and ac. impedance spectroscopy examinations of resorcinol (RC) ion reactivity on Pt(511) single-crystal plane and the effect of surface-electrosorbed RC ions on the kinetics of UPD H (underpotentially deposited hydrogen) and HER (hydrogen evolution reaction) processes in 0.1 M NaOH solution. Obtained data delivered a proof for the RC ion surface adsorption and its later electroreduction over the potential range characteristic for the UPD H. A favourable role of platinum-adsorbed resorcinol anions on the kinetics of the UPD H and HER processes is also discussed. The above was explained via the recorded capacitance and charge-transfer resistance parameters (the presence of resorcinol at 1.5 × 10-3 M in 0.1 M NaOH caused significant reduction in the resistance parameter values by 3.9 and 2.6 times, correspondingly, for the UPD of H at 50 mV and the HER process, examined at -50 mV vs. RHE) along with the charge transients, produced by injecting small amounts of RC-based 0.1 M NaOH solution to initially RC-free base electrolyte on the Pt(511) electrode plane (a large cathodic charge-transient density of -90 µC cm-2 was recorded at the electrode potential of 50 mV).

The Role of Bradykinin Receptors in Hereditary Angioedema Due to C1-Inhibitor Deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare, genetic disease caused by the decreased level or function of the C1 inhibitor. The primary mediator of symptoms in HAE is bradykinin acting through its two receptors, namely receptors 1 (BR1) and 2 (BR2). Although BR2 is well characterized, the role of BR1 remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To study the role of bradykinin receptors 1 (BR1) in the etiopathogenesis of HAE. METHODS: A total of 70 individuals, 40 patients with HAE, and 30 healthy subjects were recruited to the study. HAE was diagnosed in accordance with the international guideline. The level of bradykinin receptors was determined in populations of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD14++CD16-, CD14++CD16+ monocytes. In addition, the level of disease activity-specific markers was measured. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the subpopulation of lymphocytes and monocytes between patients with HAE compared to healthy subjects. The level of BR1 and BR2 on PBMCs was comparable in healthy subjects and HAE patients during remission with significant overexpression of both receptors, triggered by HAE attack. Moreover, a significant increase in TNF-alpha and IL-1 plasma levels was observed among HAE patients. CONCLUSIONS: BR1 expression may play an important role in the pathomechanism of HAE.

Electrodegradation of Acid Mixture Dye through the Employment of Cu/Fe Macro-Corrosion Galvanic Cell in Na2SO4 Synthetic Wastewater.

Traditional wastewater purification processes are based on a combination of physical, chemical, and biological methods; however, typical electrochemical techniques for removing pollutants require large amounts of electrical energy. In this study, we report on a process of wastewater purification, through continuous anodic dissolution of iron anode for aerated Cu/Fe galvanic cell in synthetic Na2SO4 wastewater solution. Electrochemical experiments were conducted by means of a laboratory size electrolyzer, where electrocoagulation along with electrooxidation phenomena were examined for wastewater containing Acid Mixture dye. The above was visualized through the employment of electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy techniques) along with instrumental spectroscopy analyses.

The Role of Bradykinin Receptors in the Etiopathogenesis of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.

Background and Objectives: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a distressing skin condition, which manifests as red, swollen, itchy, and sometimes painful hives or wheals appearing on skin. Recently, CSU has been associated with bradykinin release, which was previously discovered to be the main trigger of hereditary angioedema attacks. To study the role of bradykinin receptors 1 (BR1) and 2 (BR2) in the etiopathogenesis of CSU. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 individuals, 30 patients with CSU and 30 healthy subjects, were recruited to the study. CSU was diagnosed in accordance with the standardized protocol of dermatological assessment of skin symptoms. The level of bradykinin receptors was determined in populations of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes as well as in CD14++CD16-, CD14++CD16+ and CD14+CD16+ monocytes. In addition, urticaria activity score summed over 7 days (UAS-7) was assessed and correlated with BR1 and BR2 expression. Results: A statistically significant higher concentration of BR1 expression in lymphocytes was found in patients with CSU, compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Moreover, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between UAS-7 and BR1/BR2 expression in CD14++CD16- cells (p = 0.03, R = 0.4). Conclusions: Bradykinin receptors are elevated in selected populations of lymphocytes in symptomatic CSU patients compared to healthy controls, indicating their role in the etiopathogenesis of the disease.

Causal association between periodontitis and hypertension: evidence from Mendelian randomization and a randomized controlled trial of non-surgical periodontal therapy.

AIMS: Inflammation is an important driver of hypertension. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which could provide a mechanism for pro-hypertensive immune activation, but evidence of a causal relationship in humans is scarce. We aimed to investigate the nature of the association between periodontitis and hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis in the ∼750 000 UK-Biobank/International Consortium of Blood Pressure-Genome-Wide Association Studies participants using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SIGLEC5, DEFA1A3, MTND1P5, and LOC107984137 loci GWAS-linked to periodontitis, to ascertain their effect on blood pressure (BP) estimates. This demonstrated a significant relationship between periodontitis-linked SNPs and BP phenotypes. We then performed a randomized intervention trial on the effects of treatment of periodontitis on BP. One hundred and one hypertensive patients with moderate/severe periodontitis were randomized to intensive periodontal treatment (IPT; sub- and supragingival scaling/chlorhexidine; n = 50) or control periodontal treatment (CPT; supragingival scaling; n = 51) with mean ambulatory 24-h (ABPM) systolic BP (SBP) as primary outcome. Intensive periodontal treatment improved periodontal status at 2 months, compared to CPT. This was accompanied by a substantial reduction in mean SBP in IPT compared to the CPT (mean difference of -11.1 mmHg; 95% CI 6.5-15.8; P < 0.001). Systolic BP reduction was correlated to periodontal status improvement. Diastolic BP and endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation) were also improved by IPT. These cardiovascular changes were accompanied by reductions in circulating IFN-γ and IL-6 as well as activated (CD38+) and immunosenescent (CD57+CD28null) CD8+T cells, previously implicated in hypertension. CONCLUSION: A causal relationship between periodontitis and BP was observed providing proof of concept for development of clinical trial in a large cohort of hypertensive patients. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02131922.

Electrochemical Degradation of Industrial Dyes in Wastewater through the Dissolution of Aluminum Sacrificial Anode of Cu/Al Macro-Corrosion Galvanic Cell.

This paper reports on the process of industrial-type wastewater purification carried-out through continuous anodic dissolution of aluminum alloy sacrificial anode for artificially aerated Cu-Al alloy galvanic (macro-corrosion) cells and synthetically prepared wastewater solutions. Electrochemical experiments were performed by means of a laboratory size electrolyzer unit, where the electrocoagulation process along with surface-induced electrooxidation phenomena were examined for wastewater containing Acid Mixture and Disperse Red 167 dyes. Final reduction of the dyes concentrations came to 32 and 99% for Acid Mixture and Disperse Red 167, correspondingly. The above was visualized through the employment of electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and a.c. impedance spectroscopy techniques) and instrumental spectroscopy analyses.

Adaptive Immunity in Hypertension.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In recent years, a vast body of evidence has accumulated indicating the role of the immune system in the regulation of blood pressure and modulation of hypertensive pathology. Numerous cells of the immune system, both innate and adaptive immunity, have been indicated to play an important role in the development and maintenance of hypertension. The purpose of this review was to summarize the role of adaptive immunity in experimental models of hypertension (genetic, salt-sensitive, and Angiotensin (Ang) II induced) and in human studies. In particular, the role of T and B cells is discussed. RECENT FINDINGS: In response to hypertensive stimuli such as Ang II and high salt, T cells become pro-inflammatory and they infiltrate the brain, blood vessel adventitia and periadventitial fat, heart, and the kidney. Pro-inflammatory T cell-derived cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α (from CD8+ and CD4+Th1) and IL-17A (from the γδ-T cell and CD4+Th17) exacerbate hypertensive responses mediating both endothelial dysfunction and cardiac, renal, and neurodegenerative injury. The modulation of adaptive immune activation in hypertension has been attributed to target organ oxidative stress that leads to the generation of neoantigens, including isolevuglandin-modified proteins. The role of adaptive immunity is sex-specific with much more pronounced mechanisms in males than that in females. Hypertension is also associated with B cell activation and production of autoantibodies (anti-Hsp70, anti-Hsp65, anti-Hsp60, anti-AT1R, anti-α1AR, and anti-ß1AR). The hypertensive responses can be inhibited by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs) and their anti-inflammatory IL-10. Adaptive immunity and its interface with innate mechanisms may represent valuable targets in the modulation of blood pressure, as well as hypertension-related residual risk.

TNF-α Inhibitors Decrease Classical CD14hiCD16- Monocyte Subsets in Highly Active, Conventional Treatment Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis.

Monocytes are pivotal cells in inflammatory joint diseases. We aimed to determine the effect of TNF-α inhibitors (TNFi) on peripheral blood monocyte subpopulations and their activation in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with high disease activity. To address this, we studied 50 (32 AS, 18 RA) patients with highly active disease with no prior history of TNFi use who were recruited and assigned to TNFi or placebo treatment for 12 weeks. Cytometric and clinical assessment was determined at baseline, four, and 12 weeks after initiation of TNFi treatment. We observed that treatment with TNFi led to a significant decrease in CD14hiCD16- monocytes in comparison to placebo, while circulating CD14dimCD16+ monocytes significantly increased. The TNFi-induced monocyte subset shifts were similar in RA and AS patients. While the percentage of CD14dimCD16+ monocytes increased, expression of CD11b and CD11c integrins on their surface was significantly reduced by TNFi. Additionally, CD45RA+ cells were more frequent. The shift towards nonclassical CD14dimCD16+ monocytes in peripheral blood due to TNFi treatment was seen in both AS and RA. This may reflect reduced recruitment of these cells to sites of inflammation due to lower inflammatory burden, which is associated with decreased disease activity.

The Influence of Solution pH on the Kinetics of Resorcinol Electrooxidation (Degradation) on Polycrystalline Platinum.

Electrochemical oxidation of resorcinol on a polycrystalline platinum electrode was investigated in five different solutions, namely 0.5 and 0.1 M H2SO4, 0.5 M Na2SO4, 0.5 and 0.1 M NaOH. The rates of electrochemical degradation of resorcinol were determined based on the obtained reaction parameters, such as resistance, capacitance and current-density. The electrochemical analyses (cyclic voltammetry and a.c. impedance spectroscopy) were carried-out by means of a three-compartment, Pyrex glass cell. These results showed that the electrochemical oxidation of resorcinol is strongly pH-dependent. In addition, the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy technique was employed for Pt electrode surface characterization. Additionally, the quantitative determination of resorcinol removal was performed by means of instrumental high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) methodology.

Involvement of CD8+ T cell subsets in early response to vascular injury in patients with peripheral artery disease in vivo.

AIMS: Adaptive immunity is critical in vascular remodelling following arterial injury. We hypothesized that acute changes in T cells at a percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) site could serve as an index of their potential interaction with the injured vascular wall. METHODS AND RESULTS: T cell subsets were characterised in 45 patients with Rutherford 3-4 peripheral artery disease (PAD) undergoing PTA. Direct angioplasty catheter blood sampling was performed before and immediately after the procedure. PTA was associated with an acute reduction of α/ß-TcR CD8+ T cells. Further characterisation revealed significant reduction in pro-atherosclerotic CD28nullCD57+ T cells, effector (CD45RA+CCR7-) and effector memory (CD45RA-CCR7-) cells, in addition to cells bearing activation (CD69, CD38) and tissue homing/adhesion markers (CD38, CCR5). CONCLUSIONS: The acute reduction observed here is likely due to the adhesion of cells to the injured vascular wall, suggesting that immunosenescent, activated effector CD8+ cells have a role in the early vascular injury immune response following PTA in PAD patients.

Electrodegradation of Resorcinol on Pure and Catalyst-Modified Ni Foam Anodes, Studied under Alkaline and Neutral pH Conditions.

This work reports on the kinetics of electrochemical degradation of the resorcinol molecule, examined on nickel foam-based electrodes in contact with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.5 M Na2SO4 supporting electrolytes. The electrooxidation of resorcinol was examined on as-received, as well as on Pd-modified, nickel foam catalyst materials, produced via spontaneous deposition of trace amounts of palladium element. Electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and a.c. impedance) experiments were carried out by means of a three-compartment, pyrex glass electrochemical cell, whereas continuous resorcinol electrooxidation tests were conducted galvanostatically (or potentistatically) with a laboratory-size, single-cell electrolyzer unit. In addition, quantitative determination of resorcinol and its possible electrodegradation products was performed by means of instrumental HPLC: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/MS: Mass Spectrometry methodology. Also, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) techniques were employed for Ni foam (Pd-modified Ni foam) surface characterizations.

Role of chemokine RANTES in the regulation of perivascular inflammation, T-cell accumulation, and vascular dysfunction in hypertension.

Recent studies have emphasized the role of perivascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease. We studied mechanisms of perivascular leukocyte infiltration in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension and their links to vascular dysfunction. Chronic Ang II infusion in mice increased immune cell content of T cells (255 ± 130 to 1664 ± 349 cells/mg; P < 0.01), M1 and M2 macrophages, and dendritic cells in perivascular adipose tissue. In particular, the content of T lymphocytes bearing CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 1, CCR3, and CCR5 receptors for RANTES chemokine was increased by Ang II (CCR1, 15.6 ± 1.5% vs. 31 ± 5%; P < 0.01). Hypertension was associated with an increase in perivascular adipose tissue expression of the chemokine RANTES (relative quantification, 1.2 ± 0.2 vs. 3.5 ± 1.1; P < 0.05), which induced T-cell chemotaxis and vascular accumulation of T cells expressing the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5. Mechanistically, RANTES(-/-) knockout protected against vascular leukocyte, and in particular T lymphocyte infiltration (26 ± 5% in wild type Ang II vs. 15 ± 4% in RANTES(-/-)), which was associated with protection from endothelial dysfunction induced by Ang II. This effect was linked with diminished infiltration of IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) and double-negative CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells in perivascular space and reduced vascular oxidative stress while FoxP3(+) T-regulatory cells were unaltered. IFN-γ ex vivo caused significant endothelial dysfunction, which was reduced by superoxide anion scavenging. In a human cohort, a significant inverse correlation was observed between circulating RANTES levels as a biomarker and vascular function measured as flow-mediated dilatation (R = -0.3, P < 0.01) or endothelial injury marker von Willebrand factor (R = +0.3; P < 0.01). Thus, chemokine RANTES is important in the regulation of vascular dysfunction through modulation of perivascular inflammation.-Mikolajczyk, T. P., Nosalski, R., Szczepaniak, P., Budzyn, K., Osmenda, G., Skiba, D., Sagan, A., Wu, J., Vinh, A., Marvar, P. J., Guzik, B., Podolec, J., Drummond, G., Lob, H. E., Harrison, D. G., Guzik, T. J. Role of chemokine RANTES in the regulation of perivascular inflammation, T-cell accumulation, and vascular dysfunction in hypertension.

Endothelial dysfunction is independent of inflammation and altered CCR7 T cell expression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVES: The accumulation of CCR7 (chemokine receptor 7) positive cells in the vessel wall may be involved in endothelial dysfunction and subsequent accelerated atherogenesis. CCR7 plays a crucial role in T cell and monocyte migration/homing and in priming of naive T lymphocytes in non-lymphoid tissues in chronic inflammatory diseases. Our objective was to investigate the endothelial function and inflammation-driven expression of CCR7 on T lymphocytes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: We performed flow cytometry to assess the distribution of peripheral blood T cell subpopulations in the context of serum inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, sICAM-1) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in 38 patients with AS with active disease, and in 20 healthy controls. RESULTS: Patients with AS demonstrated higher ADMA (0.74±0.2 µmol/l vs. 0.64±0.15 µmol/l; p=0.03), as well as elevated inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL-6, sICAM-1) and increased proportions of circulating CCR7-positive lymphocytes largely attributable to elevated CD8+ naive T cells (47.1±17 vs. 34.3±13.1%; p=0.005). However, ADMA did not correlate with either CCR7-positive lymphocytes or inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS: We found an increased percentage of peripheral CCR7 T cells accompanied by endothelial dysfunction in patients with AS. The lack of direct associations between ADMA and inflammation may suggest the presence of other pathogenic mechanisms contributing to accelerated atherogenesis and increased cardiovascular risk in AS.

The Effect of Treatment of Denture-related Stomatitis on Peripheral T Cells and Monocytes.

PURPOSE: Systemic immune activation has been recently linked to chronic inflammatory disorders of the oral cavity, particularly to periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether treatment of a fungus-induced oral inflammation, namely denture-related stomatitis (DRS), can affect the activation of the systemic immune response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood from patients with denture-related stomatitis caused by Candida albicans infection (n = 15) was collected at three time points: before treatment with nystatin, at the end of therapy and 2 months after finishing therapy. Activation of T cells and monocytes was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The percentages of peripheral lymphocytes, T cells and their subpopulations, as well as monocytes were similar before, immediately following and two months after nystatin treatment. Cells expressing early activation marker CD69 and RANTES C-C chemokine receptor type 5 significantly increased immediately after treatment and returned to baseline levels after two months. Th17 cells, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of DRS, remained unchanged. Central memory CD4+ subset and intermediate subset of monocytes were lower after therapy and this effect was sustained for two months. CONCLUSION: Treatment of denture-related stomatitis does not seem to affect the general state of the cellular components of the immune system. The results suggest a potential proinflammatory effect of the antifungal agent, nystatin. Although transient and not intense, this effect might be of particular clinical importance, because of relationships between inflammation and certain diseases. Further studies are required to clarify this aspect.

Systemic T Cells and Monocyte Characteristics in Patients with Denture Stomatitis.

PURPOSE: Chronic inflammatory disorders of the oral cavity, such as periodontitis, were recently linked to systemic immune activation. Since fungal oral infections have not yet been studied in this respect, the aim of our study is to determine whether the local inflammation caused by oral fungal infection of the palatal tissue (denture stomatitis-DS) is associated with the systemic inflammatory response. This question is becoming essential as the population ages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood of DS patients (n = 20) and control patients (n = 24) was assessed with flow cytometry to determine lymphocyte and monocyte profiles. Intracellular cytometric analysis was carried out to establish cytokine production by T cells. DS was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms of DS such as swelling and redness of oral mucosa, confirmed by microbiological swabs for fungal colonization with Candida species. The control group was recruited from denture users without clinical and microbiological signs of oral infections. RESULTS: Percentages of peripheral lymphocytes, T cells, monocytes, and their subpopulations were similar in both studied groups. The exception was median percentages of CD25+ T cell subsets, which were significantly lower in DS patients than in control subjects. This reduction was observed in both CD4 T cell subset (16.7% and 28.1%; p = 0.0006) and CD8 T cell subset (4.6% and 7.0%; p = 0.007) CONCLUSIONS: While DS and associated local fungal infection do not overtly affect activation of monocytes or lymphocytes, the number of CD 25+ T cells is significantly lower in the DS patients, possibly indicating limited potential for the infection clearance in denture-using aging patients.

Acute Pulmonary Embolism and Immunity in Animal Models.

Venous thromboembolism, encompassing acute pulmonary embolism (APE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), is a potentially fatal disease with complex pathophysiology. Traditionally, the Virchow triad provided a framework for understanding the pathogenic contributors to thrombus formation, which include endothelial dysfunction, alterations in blood flow and blood hypercoagulability. In the last years, it has become apparent that immunity plays a central role in thrombosis, interacting with classical prothrombotic mechanisms, oxidative stress and vascular factors. Thrombosis amplifies inflammation, and exaggerated inflammatory processes can trigger thrombosis mainly due to the activation of leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells. APE-related endothelium injury is a major trigger for immune system activation. Endothelium is also a key component mediating inflammatory reaction and it is relevant to maintain vascular permeability. Exaggerated right ventricular wall stress and overload, with coexisting systemic hypotension and hypoxemia, result in myocardial injury and necrosis. Hypoxia, tissue factor activation and cytokine storm are engaged in the thrombo-inflammatory processes. Thrombus development is characterized by inflammatory state vascular wall caused mainly by an early extravasation of leukocytes and intense selectins and cytokines production. Nevertheless, immunity of DVT is well described, little is known about potential chemokine and cellular differences between thrombus that develops in the vein and thrombus that detaches and lodges in the pulmonary circulation being a cause of APE. There is a paucity of data considering inflammatory state in the pulmonary artery wall during an acute episode of pulmonary embolism. The main aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge of immunity in acute phase of pulmonary embolism in experimental models.

Sex-specific associations between the environmental exposures and low-grade inflammation and increased blood pressure in young, healthy subjects.

Long-term exposures to environmental factors including airborne as well as noise pollutants, are associated with cardiovascular risk. However, the influence of environmental pollution on the young population is controversial. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the relationships between long-term exposures to different environmental factors and major cardiovascular and inflammatory parameters and biomarkers in young, healthy subjects. Representative sample of permanent residents of two cities differing in air and noise pollution levels, aged 15-21 years, were recruited. Krakow and Lublin, both located in southern Poland, were chosen in relation to their similarities in demographic and geopolitical characteristics, but differences in air pollution (higher in Krakow) and noise parameters (higher in Lublin). A total of 576 subjects were studied: 292 in Krakow and 284 in Lublin. All subjects underwent health questionnaire, blood pressure measurements and biomarker determinations. Inflammatory biomarkers, such as CRP, hs-CRP, fibrinogen as well as homocysteine were all significantly higher in subjects living in Krakow as opposed to subjects living in Lublin (for hsCRP: 0.52 (0.32-0.98) mg/l vs. 0.35 (0.22-0.67) mg/l; p < 0.001). Increased inflammatory biomarker levels were observed in Krakow in both male and female young adults. Interestingly, significant differences were observed in blood pressure between male and female subjects. Males from Krakow had significantly higher mean systolic blood pressure (127.7 ± 10.4 mm/Hg vs. 122.4 ± 13.0 mm/Hg; p = 0.001), pulse pressure (58.7 ± 8.9 mm/Hg vs. 51.4 ± 12.3 mm/Hg; p < 0.001) and lower heart rate (p < 0.001) as compared to males living in Lublin. This was not observed in young adult females. Long-term exposure to environmental factors related to the place of residence can significantly influence inflammatory and cardiovascular parameters, even in young individuals. Interestingly, among otherwise healthy young adults, blood pressure differences exhibited significant variations based on biological sex.

Anode Modification with Fe2O3 Affects the Anode Microbiome and Improves Energy Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells Powered by Wastewater.

This study investigated how anode electrode modification with iron affects the microbiome and electricity generation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) fed with municipal wastewater. Doses of 0.0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g Fe2O3 per the total anode electrode area were tested. Fe2O3 doses from 0.05 to 0.2 g improved electricity generation; with a dose of 0.10 g Fe2O3, the cell power was highest (1.39 mW/m2), and the internal resistance was lowest (184.9 Ω). Although acetate was the main source of organics in the municipal wastewater, propionic and valeric acids predominated in the outflows from all MFCs. In addition, Fe-modification stimulated the growth of the extracellular polymer producers Zoogloea sp. and Acidovorax sp., which favored biofilm formation. Electrogenic Geobacter sp. had the highest percent abundance in the anode of the control MFC, which generated the least electricity. However, with 0.05 and 0.10 g Fe2O3 doses, Pseudomonas sp., Oscillochloris sp., and Rhizobium sp. predominated in the anode microbiomes, and with 0.2 and 0.4 g doses, the electrogens Dechloromonas sp. and Desulfobacter sp. predominated. This is the first study to holistically examine how different amounts of Fe on the anode affect electricity generation, the microbiome, and metabolic products in the outflow of MFCs fed with synthetic municipal wastewater.