RESUMEN
Activation of free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40) by synthetic partial and full agonists occur via distinct allosteric sites. A crystal structure of GPR40-TAK-875 complex revealed the allosteric site for the partial agonist. Here we report the 2.76-Å crystal structure of human GPR40 in complex with a synthetic full agonist, compound 1, bound to the second allosteric site. Unlike TAK-875, which acts as a Gαq-coupled partial agonist, compound 1 is a dual Gαq and Gαs-coupled full agonist. compound 1 binds in the lipid-rich region of the receptor near intracellular loop 2 (ICL2), in which the stabilization of ICL2 by the ligand is likely the primary mechanism for the enhanced G protein activities. The endogenous free fatty acid (FFA), γ-linolenic acid, can be computationally modeled in this site. Both γ-linolenic acid and compound 1 exhibit positive cooperativity with TAK-875, suggesting that this site could also serve as a FFA binding site.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Incretinas/metabolismo , Secreción de Insulina , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Sitio Alostérico/genética , Animales , Benzofuranos/farmacología , Benzofuranos/uso terapéutico , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Insulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Ratones Noqueados , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/química , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Sulfonas/farmacología , Sulfonas/uso terapéutico , Ácido gammalinolénico/metabolismoRESUMEN
As the incidence of Type 2 diabetes has reached near epidemic proportions, the quest for novel therapies to combat this disorder has intensified dramatically. In recent years, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family has received tremendous attention as perhaps an ideal target class to address the multiple metabolic anomalies associated with the diabetic state. This review focuses on a variety of novel PPAR approaches currently being investigated for Type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome, including the highly potent selective PPAR agonists, PPAR combination agonists and alternative PPAR ligands.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome Metabólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/agonistas , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Transcripción/agonistas , Factores de Transcripción/antagonistas & inhibidores , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligandos , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The tremendous increase in the global prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its conglomeration of metabolic disorders has dramatically intensified the search for innovative therapies to fight this emerging epidemic. Over the last decade, the family of nuclear receptors, especially the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), has emerged as one of the most important drug targets aimed at combating the metabolic syndrome. Consequently, compounds that activate the PPARs have served as potential therapeutics for the treatment of T2D and the metabolic anomalies associated with this disorder. This review focuses on the currently marketed compounds and also describes the discovery and development of the next generation of PPAR ligands that are under investigation for the potential treatment of T2D and the metabolic syndrome.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Drogas en Investigación/uso terapéutico , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , PPAR gamma/agonistas , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Animales , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/inducido químicamente , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Cricetinae , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diseño de Fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Drogas en Investigación/farmacología , Drogas en Investigación/toxicidad , Dislipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Glucosa/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Hipolipemiantes/farmacología , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapéutico , Insulina/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina , Secreción de Insulina , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Síndrome Metabólico/complicaciones , Síndrome Metabólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Mutantes , Células Musculares/metabolismo , Especificidad de Órganos , PPAR alfa/agonistas , PPAR delta/agonistas , PPAR delta/fisiología , PPAR gamma/química , PPAR gamma/fisiología , Isoformas de Proteínas/efectos de los fármacos , Isoformas de Proteínas/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ratas Zucker , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
PPAR ligands with varied subtype selectivity have been synthesized using an achiral aminomethyl dihydrocinnamate template. Several compounds in this series have demonstrated potent plasma glucose and triglyceride lowering capability in rodent models of type 2 diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Cinamatos/síntesis química , Cinamatos/farmacocinética , Receptores Activados del Proliferador del Peroxisoma/fisiología , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Ligandos , PPAR alfa/fisiología , PPAR gamma/fisiología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiazolidinedionas/síntesis química , Tiazolidinedionas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The oxysterol receptors LXR (liver X receptor)-alpha and LXRbeta are nuclear receptors that play a key role in regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. We found that LXRs also play a significant role in glucose metabolism. Treatment of diabetic rodents with the LXR agonist, T0901317, resulted in dramatic reduction of plasma glucose. In insulin-resistant Zucker (fa/fa) rats, T0901317 significantly improved insulin sensitivity. Activation of LXR did not induce robust adipogenesis but rather inhibited the expression of several genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Hepatic glucose output was dramatically reduced as a result of this regulation. Nuclear run-on studies indicated that transcriptional repression was primarily responsible for the inhibition of PEPCK by the LXR agonist. In addition, we show that the regulation of the liver gluconeogenic pathway by LXR agonists was a direct effect on hepatocytes. These data not only suggest that LXRs are novel targets for diabetes but also reveal an unanticipated role for these receptors, further linking lipid and glucose metabolism.