Insight in stable schizophrenia: relations with psychopathology and cognition.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the relationship among insight, sociodemographic and clinical variables, symptoms and cognitive functions in a population of outpatients with stable schizophrenia, in order to identify possible contributing factors to awareness. METHOD: Two-hundred and seventy-six consecutive outpatients with stable schizophrenia were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. All subjects were assessed by psychiatric scales and interview, and a wide neuropsychological battery. A factor analysis was performed to identify cognitive factors and multiple regression analyses were executed to test the contribution of variables considered to insight. RESULTS: Our results showed that positive and negative symptoms, executive functions, verbal memory-learning were contributors of awareness of mental illness; positive and negative symptoms explained variability in awareness of the need for treatment; positive symptoms and executive functions contributed to awareness of the social consequences of disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that insight was partially influenced by positive and negative symptoms and by cognitive functions. A complex system of overlapping variables may underlie impaired insight, contributing to a different extent to specific dimensions of poor insight in patients with stable schizophrenia.

Cognitive function and competitive employment in schizophrenia: relative contribution of insight and psychopathology.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the relationships among insight, psychopathology, cognitive function, and competitive employment in order to determine whether insight and/or psychopathology carried the influence of cognitive function to competitive employment. METHODS: We recruited 253 outpatients with stable schizophrenia and we further divided our sample into two groups of patients (unemployed and competitive employment subjects). Clinical and neuropsychological assessments were performed. All clinical variables significantly different between the two groups of subjects were subsequently analyzed using a binary logistic regression to assess their independent contribution to competitive employment in the two patients' groups. On the basis of the regression results two mediation analyses were performed. RESULTS: Verbal memory, general psychopathology, and awareness of mental illness were significantly associated with competitive employment in our sample. Both awareness of mental illness and general psychopathology had a role in mediating the verbal memory-competitive employment relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings confirmed the importance of cognitive function in obtaining competitive employment. Our results also highlighted the independent role of general psychopathology and awareness of illness on occupational functioning in schizophrenia. Thus, a greater attention must be given to the systematic investigation of insight and general psychopathology in light of an amelioration of vocational functioning in stable schizophrenia.

[Competitive employment in schizophrenia: clinical and neuropsychological correlates and quality of life]. / Lavoro competitivo nella schizofrenia: correlati clinici, neuropsicologici e qualità di vita.

AIM: To investigate the relationships among psychopatology, cognitive functioning, quality of life and competitive employment in patients with stable schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 143 consecutive outpatients with stable schizophrenia, divided into 2 groups (unemployed and competitive employed subjects). A clinical and a neuropsychological assessments were performed. The differences between the two groups were tested using chi-square test for categorical variables and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables. Variables significantly different between the two groups of subjects were analyzed using a logistic regression with a backward stepwise procedure to assess their independent contribution to competitive employment in the two patients' groups. RESULTS: The two groups of patients had similar demographic characteristics, except education. Negative symptoms (PANSS-N) and general psychopathology (PANSS-G) were significantly less severe in the group of patients with a competitive employment, that also showed higher scores at the Quality of Life Scale (QLS) and higher scores on verbal memory/learning (CVLT) and attentive functions (Stroop test). Binary logistic regression showed that education, verbal memory/learning and quality of life, were significantly associated with the presence of competitive employment. DISCUSSION: Our findings confirmed the importance of cognitive function in obtaining competitive employment and highlighted the independent role of quality of life and education on occupational functioning in schizophrenia.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms underlying caregiver stress and insight in Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE: Cluster analysis based on Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropsychiatric profile demonstrated validity on caregiver burden, nursing-home placement and survival. The aims of our study were to explore the validity of this approach on caregiver burden, lack of insight and cognitive impairment and to examine the impact of neuropsychiatric profiles on these variables. METHOD: A data-driven approach (two-step cluster analysis) identified groups of patients based on similarities of their neuropsychiatric symptom profile, as assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). ANOVAs and chi(2) tests were used to compare groups with regard to continuous and categorical variables. Linear regressions tested the relationships between NPI and clinical variables. RESULTS: Psychotic/behavioral, depressive and minimally symptomatic clusters differed for caregiver burden and lack of insight. Patients in the minimally symptomatic cluster showed better insight than those in the depressive cluster. Caregivers of the psychotic/behavioral cluster experienced the highest burden. We found positive relationships between NPI and lack of insight in the depressive and minimally symptomatic clusters and between NPI and caregiver burden in all three clusters. Caregiver burden was influenced by the type of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The cluster analysis was valid for lack of insight and caregiver burden. Symptoms predominant on caregiver burden could become targets for therapy.

[Functional outcome in schizophrenia: a comparative cross-sectional study on first versus second generation antipsychotics]. / Esito funzionale nella schizofrenia: uno studio trasversale di confronto tra antipsicotici di prima e di seconda generazione.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to compare outpatients with stable schizophrenia who were treated with either first or second generation antipsychotics in terms of executive functions, social functioning and quality of life. METHODS: One-hundred and sixty-eight consecutive outpatients with stable schizophrenia were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. At the time of assessment all patients were receiving antipsychotic medication with first (FGAs) or second generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Executive functions were evaluated by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). We adopted the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), in order to assess psychological, social and occupational functioning, and the Quality of Life Scale (QLS), to evaluate patients' quality of life. The one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was used to compare the two treatment groups with respect to all variables. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients (40%) were on treatment with FGAs, while 101 patients (60%) were treated with SGAs. Patients treated with SGAs showed better results at WCST, in particular a significantly higher number of completed categories (p=0.009) and a lower percentage of perseverative errors (p=0.001). The subpopulation on SGAs treatment had significantly higher scores at the GAF scale (p=0.004) and at subscale of the QLS evaluating the instrumental role of patients (p=0.043). DISCUSSION: The results of our study suggest that patients treated with SGAs present better outcomes in terms of neurocognition, social functioning and working skills.

Coping strategies in schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia: Differences and similarities.

Aims of the current study were to explore differences in coping between 58 patients with schizoaffective disorder (SAD) and 89 with schizophrenia (SZ) and to identify factors associated with coping in both disorders. The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with SAD and with SZ were compared using ANOVA and χ(2). Pearson's correlations were calculated between coping styles and socio-demographic and clinical variables in each group. The significant ones were subsequently analyzed using multiple regressions. Patients with SAD used emotion oriented coping more frequently than patients 2016with SZ. In patients with SAD, self-esteem contributed to task-oriented; avolition-anhedonia (AA) to emotion-oriented; duration of illness and years of education to distraction; AA to social diversion. In patients with SZ, AA, the mental component summary score of the Short Form - 36 Health Survey (SF-36) and self-esteem contributed to emotion oriented coping; the mental component summary score of SF-36 to distraction; AA to social diversion. Our results suggest that patients with SAD and SZ use diverse coping strategies. A greater attention must be given to the presence of self-esteem and AA in individuals with both disorders. These factors are potentially modifiable from specific therapeutic interventions, which can produce effects on coping strategies.

[Long acting injectable antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: a review of literature]. / Antipsicotici a rilascio prolungato nel trattamento della schizofrenia: una revisione della letteratura.

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic medications are the key of the treatment in schizophrenia, and a large body of data confirms the value of ongoing and continuous antipsychotic pharmacotherapy in controlling symptoms and preventing relapse. Even so medication non-adherence in patients with schizophrenia continues to be a significant problem and threatens successful treatment outcomes. Estimates is ranging from 40% to 90%. The introduction of the long acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI) had as its primary objective to overcome the poor adherence. AIM: This review focuses on the role of LAI in the treatment of schizophrenia, particularly on new generation antipsychotics. The existing literature, with an emphasis on clinical evidence, is assessed. Both advantages and limitations are discussed. RESULTS: Clinical evidence suggest that treatment with LAI is associated with a better outcome, both global and as a reduced number of rehospitalization, and better adherence. The LAI ensure a better bioavailability, more predictable correlation between drug dose and plasma concentrations, a better pharmacokinetic profile allowing the prescription of lower doses and less risk of side effects. First generation antipsychotic LAI (FGA-LAI) share with their equivalent oral compounds an increased susceptibility to induce extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia, with minor differences between the compounds. The second-generation LAI (SGA-LAI), as their oral formulations, compared to first generation antipsychotics, have the advantage of not causing movement disorders, but their use is complicated by the delayed release (risperidone) and the risk of the syndrome post-injection (olanzapine) and the high cost (paliperidone). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Despite identified advantages, LAIs are not used as widely as might be expected. It would seem that clinicians are at least partly responsible for this, influenced by our own misperceptions (e.g., that LAIs are not acceptable to patients) and misinformation (e.g., increate side effect risk). Current guidelines on the treatment of schizophrenia recommend the use of LAI in patients who have demonstrated non-adherence or recurrent relapses related to poor or no adherence and underline the importance of patient preference. The prescription of LAI will increase in coming years as more number of LAI will be available and the increasing use of compulsory community treatment may contribute to this.

Quality of life in stable schizophrenia: the relative contributions of disorganization and cognitive dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative contributions of disorganization and cognitive dysfunction to quality of life (QOL) in patients with stable schizophrenia. METHODS: A total of 276 consecutive outpatients with stable schizophrenia were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. We performed a mediation analysis to assess the specific effect of disorganization on QOL, as assessed by the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale (QLS), and the possible mediating role of cognitive dysfunction. RESULTS: Our findings were as follows: (i) disorganization was negatively related to the total QLS score; (ii) disorganization was negatively related to two of the four QLS domains, namely the role-functioning domain (occupational/educational) and the intrapsychic functioning domain (e.g., motivation, curiosity, and empathy); and (iii) verbal memory was a partial mediator of the relationship between disorganization and QLS (the total score and the two above-mentioned domains). CONCLUSIONS: Disorganization demonstrated direct and indirect effects via verbal memory on two domains of functioning, as measured by the QLS. These results highlight the importance of improving disorganization and cognition (particularly verbal memory) to improve the functional outcomes of patients with schizophrenia.