Microbial communities drive flux of acid orange 7 and crystal violet dyes in water-sediment system.

Unchecked dye effluent discharge poses escalating environmental and economic concerns, especially in developing nations. While dyes are well-recognized water pollutants, the mechanisms of their environmental spread are least understood. Therefore, the present study examines the partitioning of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) and Crystal Violet (CV) dyes using water-sediment microcosms and reports that native microbes significantly affect AO7 decolorization and transfer. Both dyes transition from infused to pristine matrices, reaching equilibrium in a fortnight. While microbes influence CV partitioning, their role in decolorization is minimal, emphasizing their varied impact on the environmental fate of dyes. Metagenomic analyses reveal contrasting microbial composition between control and AO7-infused samples. Control water samples displayed a dominance of Proteobacteria (62%), Firmicutes (24%), and Bacteroidetes (9%). However, AO7 exposure led to Proteobacteria reducing to 57% and Bacteroidetes to 3%, with Firmicutes increasing to 34%. Sediment samples, primarily comprising Firmicutes (47%) and Proteobacteria (39%), shifted post-AO7 exposure: Proteobacteria increased to 53%, and Firmicutes dropped to 38%. At the genus level, water samples dominated by Niveispirillum (34%) declined after AO7 exposure, while Bacillus and Pseudomonas increased. Notably, Serratia and Sphingomonas, known for azo dye degradation, rose post-exposure, hinting at their role in AO7 decolorization. Conversely, sediment samples showed a decrease in the growth of Bacillus and an increase in that of Pseudomonas and Serratia. These findings emphasize the significant role of microbial communities in determining the environmental fate of dyes, providing insights on its environmental implications and management.

Nano-enabled sensing of per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from aqueous systems - A review.

Per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an emerging class of environmental contaminants used as an additive across various commodity and fire-retardant products, for their unique thermo-chemical stability, and to alter their surface properties towards selective liquid repellence. These properties also make PFAS highly persistent and mobile across various environmental compartments, leading to bioaccumulation, and causing acute ecotoxicity at all trophic levels particularly to human populations, thus increasing the need for monitoring at their repositories or usage sites. In this review, current nano-enabled methods towards PFAS sensing and its monitoring in wastewater are critically discussed and benchmarked against conventional detection methods. The discussion correlates the materials' properties to the sensitivity, responsiveness, and reproducibility of the sensing performance for nano-enabled sensors in currently explored electrochemical, spectrophotometric, colorimetric, optical, fluorometric, and biochemical with limits of detection of 1.02 × 10-6 µg/L, 2.8 µg/L, 1 µg/L, 0.13 µg/L, 6.0 × 10-5 µg/L, and 4.141 × 10-7 µg/L respectively. The cost-effectiveness of sensing platforms plays an important role in the on-site analysis success and upscalability of nano-enabled sensors. Environmental monitoring of PFAS is a step closer to PFAS remediation. Electrochemical and biosensing methods have proven to be the most reliable tools for future PFAS sensing endeavors with very promising detection limits in an aqueous matrix, short detection times, and ease of fabrication.

Fast-changing life-styles and ecotoxicity of hair dyes drive the emergence of hidden toxicants threatening environmental sustainability in Asia.

The practice of hair dyeing is a rapidly expanding industry on a global scale; however, it has become a major concern for Asian countries because they have been undergoing rapid transformations of their environment and lifestyles. While the socio-economic benefits and impacts of this globalization trend are widely understood, the environmental effects are largely unknown. In particular, commonly available oxidative dyes potentially pose specific environmental risks due to their use of a toxic aromatic amine p-Phenylenediamine (PPD). In investigating the environmental impacts of PPD chemicals, we first provide context to the study by setting out the socio-psychological drivers to industrial expansion in Asian countries along with an overview of research into its effects, to show that its environmental impacts are under-researched. We then investigate the environmental toxicity of PPD by focusing on the role of microbes in metabolizing waste products. Results show that Acinetobacter baumannii EB1 isolated from dye effluent prevents autoxidation of PPD under oxygen-enriched (shaking) or oxygen-deficient (static) conditions representing different environmental settings. Microbes transformed PPD into more toxic metabolites, which then significantly reduced plant growth, thereby having a direct bearing on ecosystem services. Based on the findings, we argue that stricter regulatory controls on hair dye wastewater are necessary, particularly in newly industrialising Asian countries where the expansion of commercial practice is most prevalent.

Peroxidases from an invasive Mesquite species for management and restoration of fertility of phenolic-contaminated soil.

Phenolics drive the global economy, but they also pose threats to soil health and plant growth. Enzymes like peroxidase have the potential to remove the phenolic contaminants from the wastewater; however, their role in restoring soil health and improving plant growth has not yet been ascertained. We fractionated efficient peroxidases (MPx) from leaves of an invasive species of Mesquite, Prosopis juliflora, and demonstrated its superiority over horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in remediating phenol, 3-chlorophenol (3-CP), and a mixture of chlorophenols (CP-M), from contaminated soil. MPx removes phenolics over a broader range of pH (2.0-9.0) as compared with HRP (pH: 7.0-8.0). In soil, replacing H2O2 with CaO2 further increases the phenolic removal efficiency of MPx (≥90% of phenol, ≥ 70% of 3-CP, and ≥90% of CP-M). MPx maintains ~4-fold higher phenolic removal efficiency than purified HRP even in soils with extremely high contaminant concentration (2 g phenolics/kg of soil), which is desirable for environmental applications of enzymes for remediation. MPx treatment restores soil biological processes as evident by key enzymes of soil fertility viz. Acid- and alkaline-phosphatases, urease, and soil dehydrogenase, and improves potential biochemical fertility index of soil contaminated with phenolics. MPx treatment also assists the Vigna mungo test plant to overcome toxicant stress and grow healthy in contaminated soils. Optimization of MPx for application in the field environment would help both in the restoration of phenolic-contaminated soils and the management of invasive Mesquite.

Unexpected repeat immature oocyte response after IVF stimulation: a case report.

The purpose of ovarian stimulation in IVF is to recover mature oocytes at metaphase II stage which are capable of fertilization either when mixed with sperm or after ICSI. However, there have been instances when even after controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) and correct administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) trigger for final oocyte maturation, the oocytes were found to be arrested at germinal vesicle (GV) or metaphase I (MI) stage. Similar dilemma is faced in cases of empty follicle syndrome (either genuine or due to inadequate response), however, in this condition, there is no retrieval of oocytes despite presence of mature looking follicles. We present an interesting case where despite presence of normally growing follicles and documentation of correct response to trigger and rise in estradiol levels, two subsequent IVF cycles; one triggered with recombinant hCG and second with GnRH agonist, hCG failed to yield mature oocytes. Both cycles yielded expected number of oocytes but all at immature MI stage even after dual trigger.

Ecotoxic potential of a presumably non-toxic azo dye.

Microbes have potential to convert non-toxic azo dyes into hazardous products in the environment. However, the role of microbes in biotransforming such presumably non-toxic dyes has not been given proper attention, thereby, questions the environmental safety of such compounds. The present study assessed salinity driven microbial degradation of an unregulated azo dye, Acid orange 7 (AO7), under moderately halophilic conditions of textile effluent. The halophilic microbial consortium from effluent decolorized ~97% AO7 (50-500mgL-1). The consortium efficiently decolorized the dye at different pH (5-8) and salinity (5-18% NaCl). The 16S rRNA sequence analyses confirmed the presence of Halomonas and Escherichia in the consortium. The FTIR and GC-MS analyses suggested microbial consortium degrade AO7 following symmetric and asymmetric cleavage and yield carcinogenic/mutagenic aromatic byproducts viz. aniline, 1-amino-2-naphthol, naphthalene, and phenyldiazene. In contrast to AO7, the biodegraded products caused molecular, cellular and organism level toxicity. The degraded products significantly reduced: radicle length in root elongation assay; shoot length/biomass in plant growth assays; and caused chromosomal abnormalities and reduced mitotic index in Allium cepa bioassay. We demonstrated that under saline conditions of textile effluent, halophilic microbes convert a presumably non-toxic azo dye into hazardous products. The study calls to review the current toxicity classification of azo dyes and develop environmentally sound regulatory policies by incorporating the role of environmental factors in governing dye toxicity, for environmental safety.

Articulatin-D induces apoptosis via activation of caspase-8 in acute T-cell leukemia cell line.

Leukemia is among the most aggressive and prevalent human malignant carcinoma. Chemotherapy is the preferred therapeutic strategy; however, recurrence of cancer and non-selective cytotoxicity are the major concerns. Unlike synthetic chemotherapeutic agents, mistletoe ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) displays anti-tumor function in various types of cancers. However, its effect on leukemia cells is little explored. In this study, we assessed the impact of Viscum articulatum RIP (Articulatin-D) on the survival of acute T-cell leukemia cells and the involved molecular and cellular mechanisms. Cell proliferation assay showed that Articulatin-D suppressed the viability of leukemia cells selectively. We further confirmed that the elevation of mitochondrial membrane potential and exposure of phosphatidylserine are the early events of apoptosis induction in Articulatin-D-treated Jurkat cells. Subsequently, we found that Articulatin-D treatment induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, we provided evidence that Articulatin-D efficiently activates caspase-8 involved in extrinsic pathway of apoptosis induction, which ultimately results in caspase-3-dependent DNA fragmentation of Jurkat cells. Further evaluation of Articulatin-D in cell culture and animal models may provide novel information on selective cytotoxicity to acute T-cell leukemia and its involvement in targeting tumor cell survival pathways.

Increased iron-stress resilience of maize through inoculation of siderophore-producing Arthrobacter globiformis from mine.

Iron deficiency is common among graminaceous crops. Ecologically successful wild grasses from iron-limiting habitats are likely to harbour bacteria which secrete efficient high-affinity iron-chelating molecules (siderophores) to solubilize and mobilize iron. Such siderophore-producing rhizobacteria may increase the iron-stress resilience of graminaceous crops. Considering this, 51 rhizobacterial isolates of Dichanthium annulatum from iron-limiting abandoned mine (∼84% biologically unavailable iron) were purified and tested for siderophore production; and efficacy of Arthrobacter globiformis inoculation to increase iron-stress resilience of maize and wheat was also evaluated. 16S rRNA sequence analyses demonstrated that siderophore-producing bacteria were taxonomically diverse (seven genera, nineteen species). Among these, Gram-positive Bacillus (eleven species) was prevalent (76.92%). A. globiformis, a commonly found rhizobacterium of graminaceous crops was investigated in detail. Its siderophore has high iron-chelation capacity (ICC: 13.0 ± 2.4 µM) and effectively dissolutes diverse iron-complexes (FeCl3 : 256.13 ± 26.56 µM/ml; Fe2 O3 red: 84.3 ± 4.74 µM/ml; mine spoil: 123.84 ± 4.38 µM/ml). Siderophore production (ICC) of A. globiformis BGDa404 also varied with supplementation of different iron complexes. In plant bioassay with iron-deficiency sensitive species maize, A. globiformis inoculation triggered stress-associated traits (peroxidase and proline) in roots, enhanced plant biomass, uptake of iron and phosphate, and protein and chlorophyll contents. However, in iron deficiency tolerant species wheat, growth improvement was marginal. The present study illustrates: (i) rhizosphere of D. annulatum colonizing abandoned mine as a "hotspot" of siderophore-producing bacteria; and (ii) potential of A. globiformis BGDa404 inoculation to increase iron-stress resilience in maize. A. globiformis BGDa404 has the potential to develop as bioinoculant to alleviate iron-stress in maize.

Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsins by drugs targeting HIV-1 protease: A way forward for antimalarial drug discovery.

Plasmodium species are causative agents of malaria, a disease that is a serious global health concern. FDA-approved HIV-1 protease inhibitors (HIV-1 PIs) have been reported to be effective in reducing the infection by Plasmodium parasites in the population co-infected with both HIV-1 and malaria. However, the mechanism of HIV-1 PIs in mitigating Plasmodium pathogenesis during malaria/HIV-1 co-infection is not fully understood. In this study we demonstrate that HIV-1 drugs ritonavir (RTV) and lopinavir (LPV) exhibit the highest inhibition activity against plasmepsin II (PMII) and plasmepsin X (PMX) of P. falciparum. Crystal structures of the complexes of PMII with both drugs have been determined. The inhibitors interact with PMII via multiple hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The P4 moiety of RTV forms additional interactions compared to LPV and exhibits conformational flexibility in a large S4 pocket of PMII. Our study is also the first to report inhibition of P. falciparum PMX by RTV and the mode of binding of the drug to the PMX active site. Analysis of the crystal structures implies that PMs can accommodate bulkier groups of these inhibitors in their S4 binding pockets. Structurally similar active sites of different vacuolar and non-vacuolar PMs suggest the potential of HIV-1 PIs in targeting these enzymes with differential affinities. Our structural investigations and biochemical data emphasize PMs as crucial targets for repurposing HIV-1 PIs as antimalarial drugs.

Dimerization-dependent serine protease activity of FAM111A prevents replication fork stalling at topoisomerase 1 cleavage complexes.

FAM111A, a serine protease, plays roles in DNA replication and antiviral defense. Missense mutations in the catalytic domain cause hyper-autocleavage and are associated with genetic disorders with developmental defects. Despite the enzyme's biological significance, the molecular architecture of the FAM111A serine protease domain (SPD) is unknown. Here, we show that FAM111A is a dimerization-dependent protease containing a narrow, recessed active site that cleaves substrates with a chymotrypsin-like specificity. X-ray crystal structures and mutagenesis studies reveal that FAM111A dimerizes via the N-terminal helix within the SPD. This dimerization induces an activation cascade from the dimerization sensor loop to the oxyanion hole through disorder-to-order transitions. Dimerization is essential for proteolytic activity in vitro and for facilitating DNA replication at DNA-protein crosslink obstacles in cells, while it is dispensable for autocleavage. These findings underscore the role of dimerization in FAM111A's function and highlight the distinction in its dimerization dependency between substrate cleavage and autocleavage.

Shock absorption ability of laminate mouth guards in two different malocclusions using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor.

PURPOSE: The majority of orofacial injuries affect the upper jaw, with the maxillary incisors being most prone to injury, often accounting for as many as 80% of all cases. Children with malocclusion in the anterior segment of the maxilla are more prone to traumatic injuries than those exhibiting normal occlusion, because most often the damaging force impacts directly against the maxillary anterior teeth. Hence, because of the difference of dissipation of the impact force because of the presence or absence of malocclusion, the mouthguard's shock absorption capacity would be influenced by certain factors. In the present study, a unique in vitro experiment utilizing fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) as distributed strain sensors was carried out to evaluate the shock absorption ability of laminate customized mouthguards in two different malocclusions compared with normal occlusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The impact was produced using a customized pendulum device with three interchangeable impact objects on typhodont models with two different malocclusions and normal occlusion from different heights. Response of gratings was monitored using an optical spectrum analyzer. Strain induced because each impact was determined from the Bragg's wavelength shifts for each grating. For every model, 12 impact strikes were measured using three different impact objects on the two specified sites by releasing the object from two different heights. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The laminated mouthguards showed significant variation in shock absorption ability when different malocclusions were compared. Hence, modifications in the original design of the laminated mouthguards should be considered for athletic competitors with malocclusion to provide adequate protection against impact. FBG sensor has shown the unique advantage of high sensitivity to strain measurement and can be used in further studies. The height of the impact is an important variable in determining the shock absorption ability of mouthguards.

Ecological life strategies of microbes in response to antibiotics as a driving factor in soils.

Antibiotics as a selection pressure driving the evolution of soil microbial communities is not well understood. Since microbial functions govern ecosystem services, an ecological framework is required to understand and predict antibiotic-induced functional and structural changes in microbial communities. Therefore, metagenomic studies explaining the impacts of antibiotics on soil microbial communities were mined, and alterations in microbial taxa were analyzed through an ecological lens using Grimes's Competitor-Stress tolerator-Ruderal (CSR) model. We propose considering antibiotics as the primary abiotic factor mentioned in the CSR model and classifying non-susceptible microbial taxa as degraders, resistant, and resilient groups analogous to competitors, stress tolerators, and ruderal strategists, respectively. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were among the phyla harboring most members with antibiotic-resistant groups. However, some antibiotic-resistant microbes in these phyla could not only tolerate but also subsist solely on antibiotics, while others degraded antibiotics as a part of secondary metabolism. Irrespective of their taxonomic affiliation, microbes with each life strategy displayed similar phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, it is recommended to consider microbial functional traits associated with each life strategy while analyzing the ecological impacts of antibiotics. Also, potential ecological crises posed by antibiotics through changes in microbial community and ecosystem functions were visualized. Applying ecological theory to understand and predict antibiotics-induced changes in microbial communities will also provide better insight into microbial behavior in the background of emerging contaminants and help develop a robust ecological classification system of microbes.

Putative interactions between transthyretin and endosulfan II and its relevance in breast cancer.

The unregulated use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has been linked to spread of breast cancer (BC), but the underlying biomolecular interactions are unknown. Using a case-control study, we compared OCP blood levels and protein signatures among BC patients. Five pesticides were found in significantly higher concentrations in breast cancer patients than in healthy controls: p',p' dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), p'p' dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane (DDD), endosulfan II, delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (dHCH), and heptachlor epoxide A (HTEA). According to the odds ratio analysis, these OCPs, which have been banned for decades, continue to raise the risk of cancer in Indian women. Proteomic analysis of plasma from estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients revealed 17 dysregulated proteins, but transthyretin (TTR) was three times higher than in healthy controls, which is further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies revealed a competitive affinity between endosulfan II and the thyroxine-binding site of TTR, pointing towards the significance of the competition between thyroxin and endosulfan, resulting in endocrine disruption leading to breast cancer. Our study sheds light on the putative role of TTR in OCP-mediated BC, but more research is needed to decipher the underlying mechanisms that can be used to prevent the carcinogenic effects of these pesticides on women's health.

Regulation and safety measures for nanotechnology-based agri-products.

There is a wide range of application for nanotechnology in agriculture, including fertilizers, aquaculture, irrigation, water filtration, animal feed, animal vaccines, food processing, and packaging. In recent decades, nanotechnology emerged as a prospective and promising approach for the advancement of Agri-sector such as pest/disease prevention, fertilizers, agrochemicals, biofertilizers, bio-stimulants, post-harvest storage, pheromones-, and nutrient-delivery, and genetic manipulation in plants for crop improvement by using nanomaterial as a carrier system. Exponential increase in global population has enhanced food demand, so to fulfil the demand markets already included nano-based product likewise nano-encapsulated nutrients/agrochemicals, antimicrobial and packaging of food. For the approval of nano-based product, applicants for a marketing approval must show that such novel items can be used safely without endangering the consumer and environment. Several nations throughout the world have been actively looking at whether their regulatory frameworks are suitable for handling nanotechnologies. As a result, many techniques to regulate nano-based products in agriculture, feed, and food have been used. Here, we have contextualized different regulatory measures of several countries for nano-based products in agriculture, from feed to food, including guidance and legislation for safety assessment worldwide.

Ribosome inactivating proteins - An unfathomed biomolecule for developing multi-stress tolerant transgenic plants.

Transgenic crops would serve as a tool to overcome the forthcoming crisis in food security and environmental safety posed by degrading land and changing global climate. Commercial transgenic crops developed so far focus on single stress; however, sustaining crop yield to ensure food security requires transgenics tolerant to multiple environmental stresses. Here we argue and demonstrate the untapped potential of ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), translation inhibitors, as potential transgenes in developing transgenics to combat multiple stresses in the environment. Plant RIPs target the fundamental processes of the cell with very high specificity to the infecting pests. While controlling pathogens, RIPs also cause ectopic expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and trigger systemic acquired resistance. On the other hand, during abiotic stress, RIPs show antioxidant activity and trigger both enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent metabolic pathways, alleviating abiotic stress such as drought, salinity, temperature, etc. RIPs express in response to specific environmental signals; therefore, their expression obviates additional physiological load on the transgenic plants instead of the constitutive expression. Based on evidence from its biological significance, ecological roles, laboratory- and controlled-environment success of its transgenics, and ethical merits, we unravel the potential of RIPs in developing transgenic plants showing co-tolerance to multiple environmental stresses.

Inter-subunit crosstalk via PDZ synergistically governs allosteric activation of proapoptotic HtrA2.

The mitochondrial serine protease High-temperature requirement A2 (HtrA2) is associated with various diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Despite availability of structural details, the reports on HtrA2's mechanistic regulation that varies with the type of activation signals still remain non-concordant. To expound the role of regulatory PDZ (Postsynaptic density-95/Discs large/Zonula occludens-1) domains in multimodal activation of HtrA2, we generated heterotrimeric HtrA2 variants comprising different numbers of PDZs and/or active-site mutations. Sequential deletion of PDZs from the trimeric ensemble significantly affected its residual activity in a way that proffered a hypothesis advocating inter-molecular allosteric crosstalk via PDZs in HtrA2. Furthermore, structural and computational snapshots affirmed the role of PDZs in secondary structural element formation around the regulatory loops and coordinated reorganization of the N-terminal region. Therefore, apart from providing cues for devising structure-guided therapeutic strategies, this study establishes a physiologically relevant working model of complex allosteric regulation through a trans-mediated cooperatively shared energy landscape.

Progranulin Preserves Autophagy Flux and Mitochondrial Function in Rat Cortical Neurons Under High Glucose Stress.

Chronic hyperglycemia in type II diabetes results in impaired autophagy function, accumulation of protein aggregates, and neurodegeneration. However, little is known about how to preserve autophagy function under hyperglycemic conditions. In this study, we tested whether progranulin (PGRN), a neurotrophic factor required for proper lysosome function, can restore autophagy function in neurons under high-glucose stress. We cultured primary cortical neurons derived from E18 Sprague-Dawley rat pups to maturity at 10 days in vitro (DIV) before incubation in high glucose medium and PGRN for 24-72 h before testing for autophagy flux, protein turnover, and mitochondrial function. We found that although PGRN by itself did not upregulate autophagy, it attenuated impairments in autophagy seen under high-glucose conditions. Additionally, buildup of the autophagosome marker light chain 3B (LC3B) and lysosome marker lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP2A) changed in both neurons and astrocytes, indicating a possible role for glia in autophagy flux. Protein turnover, assessed by remaining advanced glycation end-product levels after a 6-h incubation, was preserved with PGRN treatment. Mitochondrial activity differed by complex, although PGRN appeared to increase overall activity in high glucose. We also found that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß), kinases implicated in autophagy function, increased with PGRN treatment under stress. Together, our data suggest that PGRN prevents hyperglycemia-induced decreases in autophagy by increasing autophagy flux via increased ERK1/2 kinase activity in primary rat cortical neurons.

Comparative analysis of inter-observer variability between conventional reporting system of salivary gland cytology with Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology.

BACKGROUND: Interpretation of salivary gland cytology often leads to inter-observer variability due to heterogenous and complex nature of these lesions. This creates a dilemma regarding their management by clinicians. Proposal of a universal system of reporting of salivary gland lesions leading to agreement in diagnosis and better understanding among clinicians was the need of the hour. Hence Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology (MSRSGC) was proposed in 2015 by the American society of cytopathology and the International Academy of Cytology. Present study was undertaken to assess inter-observer variability in reporting by conventional system and MSRSGC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy-six cases of salivary gland lesions were subjected to fine needle aspiration cytology. Cases were interpreted by two experienced cytopathologists and were reported by both conventional system and MSRSGC. Histopathological correlation was available in 81 cases. RESULTS: Inter-observer variability was noted in six cases reported by conventional system and in two cases by MSRSGC. Moreover three cases out six cases had different management protocols while both cases of Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytology had same management. Thirteen cases diagnosed by Milan system and 17 cases diagnosed by conventional system were discordant with histopathological diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytology has an edge over conventional system of reporting as it provides better agreement among cytopathologists and better management guidelines for clinicians with the added advantage of assessment of risk of malignancy.

Achilles Tendon Softness and Thickness in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia.

Background Hypercholesterolemia is a condition where blood levels of cholesterol are high. It is of two types: The first type is familial hypercholesterolemia, which is hereditary, and the second one is due to diseases like diabetes, thyroid, etc. Achilles tendon xanthomas are noted in both types of hypercholesterolemia, which can be used as an indicator that predicts early cardiovascular disease. The aim of the study is to estimate the Achilles tendon thickness (ATT) and softness among hypercholesterolemia patients and to find the correlation between ATT and total cholesterol. Methodology A hospital-based cross-sectional, analytical study was done in a tertiary care hospital, Salem, for eight months. Patients of age over 18 years of both sexes who came for screening of total cholesterol in the outpatient department were included in the study. Those patients with a history of previous leg injury involving the Achilles tendon were excluded from the study. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data, and analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The analysts performed the Pearson correlation test to determine the correlation between two continuous variables. A p-value of less than 0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance. Results In this study, there are 40 participants in the normal group and about 60 participants in the secondary hypercholesterolemia group. The mean ATT value among males and females was 9.3 and 6.1 mm, respectively. A positive correlation was noted between the ATT and total cholesterol value (p-value = 0.0001). Conclusion The thickness and softness of the Achilles tendon are positively correlated with the serum total cholesterol level. Males are the group where this correlation is most significant. As a result, men have a higher risk of developing Achilles tendon thickening than women. The thickness of the Achilles tendon can therefore be one of the early signs of high cholesterol levels. The clinician can utilize this indicator to evaluate early abnormal cardiac illness.

Patent intelligence of RNA viruses: Implications for combating emerging and re-emerging RNA virus based infectious diseases.

The recent outbreak of one of the RNA viruses (2019-nCoV) has affected most of the population and the fatalities reported may label it as a modern-day scourge. Active research on RNA virus infections and vaccine development had more commercial impact which leads to an increase in patent filings. Patents are a goldmine of information whose mining yields crucial technological inputs for further research. In this research article, we have investigated both the patent applications and granted patents, to identify the technological trends and their impact on 2019-nCoV infection using biotechnology-related keywords such as genes, proteins, nucleic acid etc. related to the RNA virus infection. In our research, patent analysis was majorly focused on prospecting for patent data related to the RNA virus infections. Our patent analysis specifically identified spike protein (S protein) and nucleocapsid proteins (N proteins) as the most actively researched macromolecules for vaccine and/or drug development for diagnosis and treatment of RNA virus based infectious diseases. The outcomes of this patent intelligence study will be useful for the researchers who are actively working in the area of vaccine or drug development for RNA virus-based infections including 2019-nCoV and other emerging and re-emerging viral infections in the near future.