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To date, more than 400 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified. Despite the creation of effective prophylactic vaccines against the most common genital HPVs, the viruses remain among the most prevalent pathogens found in humans. According to WHO data, they are the cause of 5% of all cancers. Even more frequent are persistent and recurrent benign lesions such as genital and common warts. HPVs are resistant to many disinfectants and relatively unsusceptible to external conditions. There is still no drug available to inhibit viral replication, and treatment is based on removing lesions or stimulating the host immune system. This paper presents the systematics of HPV and the differences in HPV structure between different genetic types, lineages, and sublineages, based on the literature and GenBank data. We also present the pathogenesis of diseases caused by HPV, with a special focus on the role played by E6, E7, and other viral proteins in the development of benign and cancerous lesions. We discuss further prospects for the treatment of HPV infections, including, among others, substances that block the entry of HPV into cells, inhibitors of viral early proteins, and some substances of plant origin that inhibit viral replication, as well as new possibilities for therapeutic vaccines.
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Papillomaviridae , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Humanos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Papillomaviridae/fisiología , Papillomaviridae/patogenicidad , Papillomaviridae/clasificación , Papillomaviridae/genética , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/uso terapéutico , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/inmunología , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Antivirales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 HSV1 and 2, namely varicella-zoster VZV and cytomegalovirus CMV, are among the most common pathogens worldwide. They remain in the host body for life. The course of infection with these viruses is often asymptomatic or mild and self-limiting, but in immunocompromised patients, such as solid organ or bone marrow transplant recipients, the course can be very severe or even life-threatening. Unfortunately, in the latter group, the highest percentage of infections with strains resistant to routinely used drugs is observed. On the other hand, frequent recurrences of genital herpes can be a problem even in people with normal immunity. Genital herpes also increases the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection and, if present in pregnant women, poses a risk to the fetus and newborn. Even more frequently than herpes simplex, congenital infections can be caused by cytomegalovirus. We present the most important anti-herpesviral agents, the mechanisms of resistance to these drugs, and the associated mutations in the viral genome. Special emphasis was placed on newly introduced drugs such as maribavir and brincidofovir. We also briefly discuss the most promising substances in preclinical testing as well as immunotherapy options and vaccines currently in use and under investigation.
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Infecciones por VIH , Herpes Genital , Herpes Simple , Herpes Zóster , Infecciones por Herpesviridae , Aciclovir/farmacología , Aciclovir/uso terapéutico , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Citomegalovirus , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Herpes Genital/tratamiento farmacológico , Herpes Simple/tratamiento farmacológico , Herpes Zóster/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Recién Nacido , EmbarazoRESUMEN
The paper presents various issues related to the increasing drug resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the occurrence and spread of multidrug-resistant clones. One of the most important is the incidence and evolution of resistance mechanisms of N. gonorrhoeae to beta-lactam antibiotics. Chromosomal resistance to penicillins and oxyimino-cephalosporins and plasmid resistance to penicillins are discussed. Chromosomal resistance is associated with the presence of mutations in the PBP2 protein, containing mosaic variants and nonmosaic amino acid substitutions in the transpeptidase domain, and their correlation with mutations in the mtrR gene and its promoter regions (the MtrCDE membrane pump repressor) and in several other genes, which together determine reduced sensitivity or resistance to ceftriaxone and cefixime. Plasmid resistance to penicillins results from the production of beta-lactamases. There are different types of beta-lactamases as well as penicillinase plasmids. In addition to resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, the paper covers the mechanisms and occurrence of resistance to macrolides (azithromycin), fluoroquinolones and some other antibiotics. Moreover, the most important epidemiological types of multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae, prevalent in specific years and regions, are discussed. Epidemiological types are defined as sequence types, clonal complexes and genogroups obtained by various typing systems such as NG-STAR, NG-MAST and MLST. New perspectives on the treatment of N. gonorrhoeae infections are also presented, including new drugs active against multidrug-resistant strains.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Peptidil Transferasas , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Azitromicina , Cefixima , Ceftriaxona , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Fluoroquinolonas , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Epidemiología Molecular , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Penicilinasa , Penicilinas , beta-LactamasasRESUMEN
This paper discusses the mechanisms of S. aureus drug resistance including: (1) introduction. (2) resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, with particular emphasis on the mec genes found in the Staphylococcaceae family, the structure and occurrence of SCCmec cassettes, as well as differences in the presence of some virulence genes and its expression in major epidemiological types and clones of HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA, and LA-MRSA strains. Other mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics will also be discussed, such as mutations in the gdpP gene, BORSA or MODSA phenotypes, as well as resistance to ceftobiprole and ceftaroline. (3) Resistance to glycopeptides (VRSA, VISA, hVISA strains, vancomycin tolerance). (4) Resistance to oxazolidinones (mutational and enzymatic resistance to linezolid). (5) Resistance to MLS-B (macrolides, lincosamides, ketolides, and streptogramin B). (6) Aminoglycosides and spectinomicin, including resistance genes, their regulation and localization (plasmids, transposons, class I integrons, SCCmec), and types and spectrum of enzymes that inactivate aminoglycosides. (7). Fluoroquinolones (8) Tetracyclines, including the mechanisms of active protection of the drug target site and active efflux of the drug from the bacterial cell. (9) Mupirocin. (10) Fusidic acid. (11) Daptomycin. (12) Resistance to other antibiotics and chemioterapeutics (e.g., streptogramins A, quinupristin/dalfopristin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, fosfomycin, trimethoprim) (13) Molecular epidemiology of MRSA.
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Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Aminoglicósidos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMEN
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted disease that increases in incidence, particularly in more developed countries worldwide. LGV is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars/genovars L1-3, including their subvariants, and in Europe mostly affects men who have sex with men (MSM). It can be asymptomatic but has now emerged as a frequent cause of severe proctitis/proctocolitis, especially in MSM. LGV has often been misdiagnosed as C. trachomatis serovars/genovars D-K infection. It is essential with accurate diagnosis that ensures appropriate treatment and protects the patient from complications and sequelae as well as from the consequences of misdiagnosis, e.g. as inflammatory bowel disease or cancer. We present a systematic review of LGV and two new LGV cases diagnosed in Poland.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium are a common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can lead to tubal factor infertility (TFI). TFI is one of the most common causes of infertility, accounting for 30% of female fertility problems. STIs can also have an impact on pregnancy, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Escalating antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium represents a significant problem and can be therapeutically challenging. We present a comprehensive review of the current treatment options, as well as the molecular approach to this subject. We have given special attention to molecular epidemiology, molecular diagnostics, current and new treatments, and drug resistance.
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Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Infertilidad Femenina/microbiología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/etiología , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/complicaciones , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/tratamiento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Chlamydia/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Chlamydia/etiología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/microbiología , Trompas Uterinas/microbiología , Trompas Uterinas/patología , Femenino , Gonorrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Gonorrea/etiología , Humanos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Epidemiología Molecular/métodos , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/etiología , Mycoplasma genitalium/patogenicidad , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an etiologic agent of gonorrhoea, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria. For many years, infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae were considered to be relatively easy to treat; however, resistance has emerged successively to all therapeutic agents used in treatment of the disease, e.g., penicillin, ciprofloxacin or azithromycin. Currently, the global problem is the emergence and a threat of spread of N. gonorrhoeae strains resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC), such as injectable ceftriaxone and oral-used cefixime. Especially, dangerous are multi-resistant strains resistant simultaneously to ESC and azithromycin. Three strains with high-level resistance to azithromycin and resistant to ESC were first time isolated in 2018. Moreover, in 2018, the first ESBL was described in N. gonorrhoeae and that makes the threat of appearing the ESBL mechanism of resistance in N. gonorrhoeae more real, even though the strain was sensitive to ceftriaxone. Molecular typing revealed that variants resistant to ESC occurred also among strains belonging to epidemic clonal complex CC1 (genogroup G1407) distinguished in NG-MAST typing system. The G1407 genogroup, in particular the ST1407 sequence type, is currently dominant in most European countries. The presence of different mechanisms of drug resistance significantly affects clinical practice and force changes in treatment regimens and introduction of new drugs.
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Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Gonorrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Gonorrea/microbiología , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efectos de los fármacos , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Azitromicina/farmacología , Azitromicina/uso terapéutico , Cefixima/farmacología , Cefixima/uso terapéutico , Ceftriaxona/farmacología , Ceftriaxona/uso terapéutico , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapéutico , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Genotipo , Gonorrea/epidemiología , Humanos , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/clasificación , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/aislamiento & purificación , Penicilinas/farmacología , Penicilinas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The article "Multiresistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a new threat in second decade of the XXI century", written by Beata MlynarczykBonikowska, Anna Majewska, Magdalena Malejczyk, Grazyna Mlynarczyk, Slawomir Majewski was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on December 04, 2019 without open access.
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BACKGROUND: Confidence in any diagnostic and antimicrobial susceptibility testing data is provided by appropriate and regular quality assurance (QA) procedures. In Europe, the European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility Programme (Euro-GASP) has been monitoring the antimicrobial susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae since 2004. Euro-GASP includes an external quality assessment (EQA) scheme as an essential component for a quality-assured laboratory-based surveillance programme. Participation in the EQA scheme enables any problems with the performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing to be identified and addressed, feeds into the curricula of laboratory training organised by the Euro-GASP network, and assesses the capacity of individual laboratories to detect emerging new, rare and increasing antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Participant performance in the Euro-GASP EQA scheme over a 10 year period (2007 to 2016, no EQA in 2013) was evaluated. METHODS: Antimicrobial susceptibility category and MIC results from the first 5 years (2007-2011) of the Euro-GASP EQA were compared with the latter 5 years (2012-2016). These time periods were selected to assess the impact of the 2012 European Union case definitions for the reporting of antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: Antimicrobial susceptibility category agreement in each year was ≥91%. Discrepancies in susceptibility categories were generally because the MICs for EQA panel isolates were on or very close to the susceptibility or resistance breakpoints. A high proportion of isolates tested over the 10 years were within one (≥90%) or two (≥97%) MIC log2 dilutions of the modal MIC, respectively. The most common method used was Etest on GC agar base. There was a shift to using breakpoints published by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) in the latter 5 years, however overall impact on the validity of results was limited, as the percentage categorical agreement and MIC concordance changed very little between the two five-year periods. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of comparability of results in this EQA scheme indicates that high quality data are produced by the Euro-GASP participants and gives confidence in susceptibility and resistance data generated by laboratories performing decentralised testing.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/normas , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas Antimicrobianas de Difusión por Disco/normas , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Europa (Continente) , Laboratorios , Control de Calidad , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Gonorrhoea is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and in 2012, the World Health Organization estimated about 78 million of new global urogenital cases among adults per year. The main concern during the latest decade has been the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Resistance has emerged internationally to the extended-spectrum cephalosporins, ceftriaxone and cefixime, which are the last remaining options for empiric first-line monotherapy of gonorrhoea. In Poland, the levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin, benzylpenicillin and tetracycline are high, and the prevalence of azithromycin resistance has increased. However, no resistance to ceftriaxone has been identified. The currently spread multidrug-resistant strains frequently represent epidemic clones. The present paper reviews and describes the antimicrobial resistance and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) sequence types of N. gonorrhoeae strains spreading in Poland compared to the world.
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INTRODUCTION: Potential role of HPV infection in pathogenesis of colon polyps and cancer remains undetermined. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of DNA of HPV- 6, -11, -16 and -18 in the biopsies from colon polyps. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated the biopsies from 24 patients (23 from colon polyps and I from colon cancer) of Department of Gastroenterology Medical University of Warsaw using Real time PCR HPV-6/11. Real-TM (Sacace Biotechnologies) was performed on termocycler Smart Cycler Dx. RESULTS: We didn't detect oncogenic HPV16 and HPV18 in any of the investigated specimens, HPV-11 was present in 11 patients including all patients with adenoma tubule-villosum. We detect HPV6 in 5 samples from polyps and 1 from colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS: HPV 6 and HPV 11 could play a role in pathogenesis some colon polyps but the final conclusions demand further investigations. Oncogenic HPV 16 and 18 probably don't play any role in colon polyps pathogenesis.
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Neoplasias del Colon/virología , Pólipos del Colon/virología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Colon/etiología , Pólipos del Colon/etiología , Papillomavirus Humano 11/aislamiento & purificación , Papillomavirus Humano 6/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the genome-based epidemiology and phylogenomics of azithromycin-resistant (MIC >2 mg/L) Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains collected in 2009-14 in Europe and clarify the azithromycin resistance mechanisms. METHODS: Seventy-five azithromycin-resistant (MIC 4 to >256 mg/L) N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected in 17 European countries during 2009-14 were examined using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and WGS. RESULTS: Thirty-six N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing STs and five phylogenomic clades, including 4-22 isolates from several countries per clade, were identified. The azithromycin target mutation A2059G (Escherichia coli numbering) was found in all four alleles of the 23S rRNA gene in all isolates with high-level azithromycin resistance (nâ=â4; MIC ≥256 mg/L). The C2611T mutation was identified in two to four alleles of the 23S rRNA gene in the remaining 71 isolates. Mutations in mtrR and its promoter were identified in 43 isolates, comprising isolates within the whole azithromycin MIC range. No mutations associated with azithromycin resistance were found in the rplD gene or the rplV gene and none of the macrolide resistance-associated genes [mef(A/E), ere(A), ere(B), erm(A), erm(B), erm(C) and erm(F)] were identified in any isolate. CONCLUSIONS: Clonal spread of relatively few N. gonorrhoeae strains accounts for the majority of the azithromycin resistance (MIC >2 mg/L) in Europe. The four isolates with high-level resistance to azithromycin (MIC ≥256 mg/L) were widely separated in the phylogenomic tree and did not belong to any of the main clades. The main azithromycin resistance mechanisms were the A2059G mutation (high-level resistance) and the C2611T mutation (low- and moderate-level resistance) in the 23S rRNA gene.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Azitromicina/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Genotipo , Gonorrea/microbiología , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efectos de los fármacos , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Genes Bacterianos , Genoma Bacteriano , Gonorrea/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Epidemiología Molecular , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/clasificación , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 23S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The reason of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance to penicillin is often production of TEM beta-lactamases encoded by plasmids. The most common types of the plasmid are Africa, Asia and Toronto/Rio. Another reason of resistance can be mutations in bacterial chromosome. The aim of the study was to investigate the types of plasmids occurring in in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in 2010-2012 in Warsaw. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 218 isolated in 2010, 2011 and at the beginning of 2012 from patients of Medical University in Warsaw we selected 12 strains producing beta- lactamase (penicillinase producing N. gonorrhoeae, PPNG). d B-tests to investigate bacterial sensitivity to penicillin and cefiriaxon. The types of plasmids were determined with PCR. RESULTS: The Beta-lactamases were encoded by Toronto/Rio (41,7%), Asia (33,3%) and Africa (25,0%) plasmids. All the strains were resistant to penicillin (MIC 2-8 mg/L) and sensitive to ceftriaxon (MIC 0,004-0,032 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: All of the investigate PPNG strains were penicillin resistant and ceftriaxon sensitive. The dominating type of the penicillinase plasmid was Toronto/Rio.
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Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/aislamiento & purificación , Resistencia a las Penicilinas/genética , Penicilinasa/genética , Plásmidos , Gonorrea/diagnóstico , Gonorrea/enzimología , Gonorrea/genética , Humanos , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/enzimología , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , PoloniaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Infection with herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV 1 and 2 or Human herpesvirus HHV) are one of the most common infections in human. Real time PCR is a sensitive and specific method for diagnostics of HHV infections. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of HHV 1 and HHV 2 DNA in patient with clinical symptoms suggesting HHV infection. METHODS: We used real time PCR to investigate swabs from genital and perianal lesions from 74 patients of the Department of Dermatology and Venereology Medical University Warsaw and of gynecological outpatient clinics in Warsaw 40 women and 34 men. RESULTS: The results were positive for HHV 2 in 25 cases (34%), for HHV 1 in 19 cases (26%) and for both viruses in 20 cases (27%). 10 samples were negative for both viruses. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm that the main cause of symptomatic genital herpes is HHV 2, however the percentage of HHV 1 and specially of mixed HHV 1/HHV 2 infections was unexpectedly high.
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Canal Anal/virología , Genitales/virología , Herpes Genital/epidemiología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/aislamiento & purificación , Herpesvirus Humano 2/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Anciano , ADN Viral/análisis , Femenino , Herpes Genital/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Membrana Mucosa/virología , Piel/virología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: One of two main mechanisms of resistance in tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (TRNG) is associated with the presence of TetM protein responsible for actively blocking of the tetracycline target site in the 30S ribosomal subunit. This mechanism is encoded by conjugative plasmids. The second mechanism is chromosomal in nature and due to mutations in specific genes. AIM: To determine the incidence and type of tetM determinants in TRNG strains isolated from patients presenting with gonorrhea infection to the Dermatology and Venereology Clinic in Warsaw in 2012-2013. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tetracycline and doxycycline susceptibility was determined by E-Tests. The presence and type of the tetM gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Tetracycline resistance was detected in 50.8% of the evaluated strains. The TRNG strains containing the tetM plasmid constituted 13.8% of all the evaluated strains. Dutch type tetM constituted 12.3% and American type tetM 1.5% of all the evaluated strains. In the remaining TRNG strains, resistance to tetracyclines was presumably chromosome-encoded. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline ranged from 0.25 to 32.0 mg/l, MIC50 = 2.0 mg/l, MIC90 = 32.0 mg/l. The MIC of doxycycline ranged from 0.25 to 32.0 mg/l, MIC50 = 4.0 mg/l, MIC90 = 16.0 mg/l. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike most of European countries, in 2012-2013 in Poland, the Dutch type tetM was found to be much more common than the American type. Minimal inhibitory concentration values of tetracycline and doxycycline were similar, with doxycycline exhibiting a somewhat lower effectiveness in vitro than tetracycline towards chromosome-mediated tetracycline resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae.
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INTRODUCTION: A rapid growth of the antibiotic resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains was recently observed in many countries. The common resistance or decreased susceptibility to penicillin, tetracyclines, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin as well as emergence of the first strains resistant to ceftriakson and cefixim is a cause of an anxiety worldwide. Spectinomycin may constitute an alternative therapy of gonorrhoea except of pharyngeal infection. METHODS: The susceptibility to spectinomycin of 65 N. gonorrhoeae strains isolated in the second half of 2012 and the first half of 2013 in Dermatology and Venereology Clinic in Warsaw was investigated. The E-Tests (bioMerieux) were performed and the results (sensitive or resistant) were interpreted according to EUCAST and CLSI recommendations. RESULTS: The MIC (Minimal inhibitory concentration) values of spectinomycin for the investigated strains ranged from 4,0 mg/L to 32 mg/L, MIC50=16,0 mg/L and MIC=90=16,0 mg/L. It was shown that 100% of the strains was sensitive to spectinomycin according to EUCAST as well CLSI tables. CONCLUSIONS: High susceptibility of the investigated strains to spectinomycin suggests that the drug can be used in the therapy of the resistant gonorrhoea in monotherapy or combined with other drugs.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae/clasificación , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efectos de los fármacos , Espectinomicina/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/aislamiento & purificación , Polonia , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Chlamydial infection is one of the most common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. The aim of the study was to compare Real Time PCR and Direct Immunofluorescence (DIF) in laboratory diagnostics of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients of Department of Dermatology and Venereology in Warsaw. METHODS: We investigated the urethral, cervical, anal and pharyngeal specimens from 152 patients of Department of Dermatology and Venereology in Warsaw. We used DNA Bact Extra Pure Kit (Euroclone®) to isolate DNA. Real Time PCR DUPLICα® 2nd Generation Detection Real Time Advanced Dual Easy Chlamydia trachomatis Kit (Euroclone®) was performed on termocycler Smart Cycler® Dx. For direct immunofluorescence we used MicroTrack Chlamydia trachomatis Direct Specimen Test (Trinity Biotech). RESULTS: In 90% of cases of Real Time PCR and DIF were consistent. 9% of samples were DIF negative and PCR positive and 1% were PCR negative and DIF positive. The results of PCR and DIF were identical more often in woman (98%)than in men (84%). In patients after antibiotics treatment the results of the two tests were consistent in 88%. CONCLUSIONS: In laboratory diagnostics of C. trachomatis infections the results of the Real Time PCR and DIF were highly consistent although Real Time PCR. was more sensitive than DIF.
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Infecciones por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Chlamydia trachomatis , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Directa , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Canal Anal/microbiología , Cuello del Útero/microbiología , Chlamydia trachomatis/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Faringe/microbiología , Uretra/microbiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the coexistence of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis infections in patients of Department of Dermatology and Venereology in Warsaw. METHODS: We investigated the urethral, cervical, anal and pharyngeal speci mens from 140 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients of Department of Dermatology and Venereology in Warsaw using the Real-Time PCR method. Real Time PCR DUPLICα® RealTime Neisseria gonorrhoeae and DUPLICα® RealTime Chlamydia trachomatis 2nd Generation Detection Kits (Euroclone®)was performed on termocycler Smart Cycler® Dx. For DNA isolation the Bact Extra Pure Kit (Euroclone®) was used. RESULTS: 22 samples were positive for C. trachomatis and 28 were positive for N. gonorrhoeae. Both infections coexisted in nine patients (6.4%). In our investigations, in opposition to results from other centers, gonorrhoea was more prevalent than C. trachomatis infection. The chlamydial infection coexisted in 32.1% with gonorrhea and gonorrhea coexisted with chlamydial infection in 40.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The coinfection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis occurs very often. According IUSTI and CDC recommendations patients with one kind of sexually transmitted disease (STI) diagnosed should be tested for the others. It is especially true in the case of gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. In IUSTI and CDC recommendations treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis is indicated in patients with gonorrhea.
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Infecciones por Chlamydia/complicaciones , Infecciones por Chlamydia/microbiología , Chlamydia trachomatis/aislamiento & purificación , Coinfección/diagnóstico , Coinfección/epidemiología , Gonorrea/complicaciones , Gonorrea/microbiología , Adulto , Cuello del Útero/microbiología , Coinfección/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/aislamiento & purificación , Faringe/microbiología , Prevalencia , Uretra/microbiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 are the cause of world spread multiple infections with different course and severity. The aim of this work was to design and to optimize multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of HSV-1 and HSV-2. The second aim of the project was to check if the designed method is laboratory useful analyzing different clinical specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experiment primers and probes were designed to specific viral sequences: for HSV-1 to the gene of viral DNA polymerase; for HSV-2 to the UL5 sequence. For performing qPCR assay TaqMan chemistry was used. Reference strains HSV-I McIntyre and HSV-2 MS were used as a positive control. To test laboratory utility of the designed method 58 different clinical specimens were analyzed. RESULTS: Developed multiplex real-time PCR gave positive result only in the samples containing genetic material of HSV-1/2. Of the 58 clinical samples tested, 27 proved to be positive for HSV-1 and 17 for HSV-2. The 7 samples showed the presence of both types of DNA herpes simplex virus, and 7 others were found for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 negative. CONCLUSIONS: Obtained results show that the designed method is highly specific and can possibly be used to simultaneously detect and differentiate HHV-1/2. Both high specificity and very short time of analysis have great importance in diagnosing immunocompromised patients, which ought to be diagnosed quickly and effectively in order to provide appropriate treatment.
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ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Herpesvirus Humano 1/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 1/aislamiento & purificación , Herpesvirus Humano 2/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 2/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/métodos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/virología , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ADN/genética , Humanos , Suero/virología , Piel/virología , Orina/virologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Gonorrhoea is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world. Fast and effective laboratory diagnostics of the infection is very important. The aim of the study was to compare Real-Time PCR and bacterial culture in diagnostics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in patients of Department of Dermatology and Venereology Medical University of Warsaw. METHODS: The urethral, cervical, anal and pharyngeal specimens from 93 patients of Department of Dermatology and Venereology Medical University of Warsaw were examined by two methods. The bacterial culture was performed on chocolate agar plates with antibiotics in the 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C. N. gonorrhoeae was identified by colony-morphology, Gram stain and oxidase reaction, followed by carbohydrate utilization test. The DNA Bact Extra Pure Kit (Euroclone®) to isolate DNA was used. Real-Time PCR DUPLICα® Real-Time Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2nd Generation Detection Kit (Euroclone®) was performed using Smart Cycler® Dx. RESULTS: In 85.9% of results of Real-Time PCR and culture were identical. The remaining 14.1% of samples were culture negative and PCR positive. The results ofthe Real-Time PCR and culture were more often concordant in the case of samples obtained from men (96.8%) than from woman (85%). In patients after treatment with antibiotics the concordance of the results obtained with these two methods was 81%. CONCLUSIONS: In laboratory diagnostics of N. gonorrhoeae infections, Real-Time PCR was more sensitive than the culture, but in some cases it was less specific.