Selective androgen receptor modulation for muscle weakness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised control trial.

BACKGROUND: Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) increase muscle mass via the androgen receptor. This phase 2A trial investigated the effects of a SARM, GSK2881078, in conjunction with exercise, on leg strength in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and impaired physical function. METHODS: 47 postmenopausal women and 50 men with COPD (forced expiratory volume in 1 s 30%-65% predicted; short physical performance battery score: 3-11) were enrolled into a randomised double-blind, placebo control trial. Patients were randomised 1:1 to once daily placebo or oral GSK2881078 (females: 1.0 mg; males: 2.0 mg) for 13 weeks with a concurrent home-exercise programme, involving strength training and physical activity. Primary endpoints were change from baseline in leg strength at 90 days (one-repetition maximum; absolute (kg) and relative (% change)) and multiple safety outcomes. Secondary endpoints included lean body mass, physical function and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS: GSK2881078 increased leg strength in men. The difference in adjusted mean change from baseline and adjusted mean percentage change from baseline between treatment and placebo were: for women, 8.0 kg (90% CI -2.5 to 18.4) and 5.2% (90% CI -4.7 to 15.0), respectively; for men, 11.8 kg (90% CI -0.5 to 24.0) and 7.0% (90% CI 0.5 to 13.6), respectively. Lean body mass increased, but no changes in patient-reported outcomes were observed. Reversible reductions in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and transient elevations in hepatic transaminases were the main treatment-related safety findings. CONCLUSIONS: GSK2881078 was well tolerated and short-term treatment increased leg strength, when expressed as per cent predicted, in men with COPD more than physical training alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03359473.

Astegolimab or Efmarodocokin Alfa in Patients With Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized, Phase 2 Trial.

OBJECTIVES: Severe cases of COVID-19 pneumonia can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Release of interleukin (IL)-33, an epithelial-derived alarmin, and IL-33/ST2 pathway activation are linked with ARDS development in other viral infections. IL-22, a cytokine that modulates innate immunity through multiple regenerative and protective mechanisms in lung epithelial cells, is reduced in patients with ARDS. This study aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of astegolimab, a human immunoglobulin G2 monoclonal antibody that selectively inhibits the IL-33 receptor, ST2, or efmarodocokin alfa, a human IL-22 fusion protein that activates IL-22 signaling, for treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia. DESIGN: Phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (COVID-astegolimab-IL). SETTING: Hospitals. PATIENTS: Hospitalized adults with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to receive IV astegolimab, efmarodocokin alfa, or placebo, plus standard of care. The primary endpoint was time to recovery, defined as time to a score of 1 or 2 on a 7-category ordinal scale by day 28. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The study randomized 396 patients. Median time to recovery was 11 days (hazard ratio [HR], 1.01 d; p = 0.93) and 10 days (HR, 1.15 d; p = 0.38) for astegolimab and efmarodocokin alfa, respectively, versus 10 days for placebo. Key secondary endpoints (improved recovery, mortality, or prevention of worsening) showed no treatment benefits. No new safety signals were observed and adverse events were similar across treatment arms. Biomarkers demonstrated that both drugs were pharmacologically active. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with astegolimab or efmarodocokin alfa did not improve time to recovery in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.

Evaluation of thermo-adaptability between Tharparkar (Bos indicus) and crossbred (Bos indicus X Bos taurus) calves in a controlled environment.

The global warming driven climate change has increased the susceptibility of livestock around the globe to heat stress (HS), which reduces animal productivity and threatens the sustainability of marginal farmers. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate thermo-adaptability between Tharparkar calves (TC), an indigenous milch breed of India and crossbred calves (CC) during induced heat stress in controlled environment. For this purpose, 12 apparently healthy male calves (six in each group) aged 5-6 months, were selected. The experiment was conducted at physiologically comfortable temperature (25 °C), moderate HS (31 °C) and severe HS (37 °C) for 21 days each in a psychrometric chamber. In each experimental day, the calves were exposed to 6 h of heat. There were 7 days of acclimatization period before experiment and 10 days of recovery period at ambient temperature between each 21 day exposure period. During experimental period, the blood was collected at 1st, 6th, 11th, 16th, 21st day and among ten-day recovery period the blood was collected at 5th day. Physiological responses, serum electrolytes, metabolic enzymes profiles, antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress status and general endocrine milieu were studied. Relative mRNA expression study of Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 70, HSP90, induced Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) were carried out by qPCR. There was significant (p < 0.05) change in the displacement in rectal temperature, respiration rate, serum alanine aminotransferase level between two breeds at moderate and severe HS. Similar change was observed in total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and endocrinological parameters. The comparatively lower mRNA expression of HSP70 and higher expression of HSP90 in TC than CC point the better thermo-adaptability of the same. The results of the experiment indicated that TC are more thermo-adaptable than CC at different modality of stress in controlled temperature conditions.

Evaluation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Conditioned Media and m-EGF for Regeneration of Liver Tissue After Partial Hepatectomy in Wistar Rats.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Liver is considered as the vital organ in the body as it performs various essential functions. Following an injury to the liver, the repair process even though initially beneficial becomes pathogenic when it is not controlled appropriately. Extensive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components can ultimately lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. Thus, the ideal strategy to treat a liver injury is to generate new hepatocytes replacing damaged cells without causing excessive ECM deposition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of mesenchymal stem cells, conditioned media and murine epidermal growth factor (m-EGF) in liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy in a rat model. METHODS: The animals were anaesthetized and a midline laparotomy was done. The liver was exposed and the left lateral and median lobes were ligated and resected out (about 65-70% of total liver mass). The muscles and skin were sutured in routine fashion and thus the rat model of partial hepatectomy was prepared. The animal models were equally distributed into 4 different groups namely A, B, C and D and treated with PBS, conditioned media, mesenchymal stem cells and epidermal growth factor respectively. The liver regeneration was assessed based on clinical, haemato-biochemical, colour imaging, histopathological and immune-histochemical parameters. RESULTS: Partial hepatectomy model with surgical removal of 65-70% liver lobe was standardized and successfully used in this study. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), bilirubin, transaminases were significantly higher (P<0.05) in group A indicating that the liver damage was not restored properly. Colour digital imaging, histopathological and immune-histochemistry observations revealed that a better liver regeneration was observed in groups C and D, followed by groups B and A. Regeneration coefficient calculated based on liver weight was higher in groups C and D as compared to group A. CONCLUSION: Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were found to induce hepatocytes proliferation; whereas EGF induced more angiogenesis. Conditioned media was not as effective as stem cells and EGF in liver tissue repair.

Severe asthma and eligibility for biologics in a Brazilian cohort.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the eligibility for biologic therapies for severe asthma (SA) in a cohort of patients attending the Program for Control of Asthma (ProAR) in Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: Data from SA patients (≥18 years old) attending the ProAR, that were included in a case-control study conducted from 2013 to 2015, were used to reassess patients according to a modified ERS/ATS 2014 SA criteria. Patients were then classified according to the eligibility for SA biological therapy based on current prescription labels. RESULTS: From 544 patients in the cohort, 531 (97.6%) were included and 172 (32.4%) were identified as SA patients according to the ERS/ATS 2014 modified criteria. Of these 172 patients, 69 (40.1%) were ineligible for any of the biologicals approved for asthma (omalizumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab and benralizumab), 60 (34.9%) patients were eligible for one of the biological therapies, and 10 (5.8%) patients were eligible for all biological therapies. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of patients with SA were eligible for biologic therapy in our study, but none of them received this form of treatment. Almost half of them were not eligible to any of the approved biologics, however. The variability and overlap in patients' eligibility highlight the importance of evaluating each patient individually for a more personalized treatment approach. While there is a need to increase access for some of those eligible that may really need a biologic treatment, continuous efforts are required to develop alternatives to those who are not eligible.

Short physical performance battery as a practical tool to assess mortality risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

RATIONALE: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of mortality and common in older adults. The BODE Index is the most recognised mortality risk score in COPD but includes a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) that is seldom available in practise; the BODE Index may be better adopted if the 6MWT was replaced. OBJECTIVES: we investigated whether a modified BODE Index in which 6MWT was replaced by an alternative measure of physical capacity, specifically the short physical performance battery (SPPB) or components, retained its predictive ability for mortality in individuals with COPD. METHODS: we analysed 630 COPD patients from the ERICA cohort study for whom UK Office for National Statistics verified mortality data were available. Variables tested at baseline included spirometry, 6MWT, SPPB and its components (4-m gait speed test [4MGS], chair stand and balance). Predictive models were developed using stratified multivariable Cox regression, and assessed by C-indices and calibration plots with 10-fold cross-validation and replication. RESULTS: during median 2 years of follow-up, 60 (10%) individuals died. There was no significant difference between the discriminative ability of BODE6MWT (C-index 0.709, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.680-0.737), BODESPPB (C-index 0.683, 95% CI, 0.647-0.712), BODE4MGS (C-index 0.676, 95% CI, 0.643-0.700) and BODEBALANCE (C-index 0.686, 95% CI, 0.651-0.713) for predicting mortality. CONCLUSIONS: the SPPB, and its 4MGS and balance components, can potentially be used as an alternative to the 6MWT in the BODE Index without significant loss of predictive ability in all-cause mortality.

Regulatory safety pharmacology and toxicity assessments of a standardized stem extract of Cassia occidentalis Linn. in rodents.

Cassia occidentalis Linn (CO) is an annual/perennial plant having traditional uses in the treatments of ringworm, gastrointestinal ailments and piles, bone fracture, and wound healing. Previously, we confirmed the medicinal use of the stem extract (ethanolic) of CO (henceforth CSE) in fracture healing at 250 mg/kg dose in rats and described an osteogenic mode of action of four phytochemicals present in CSE. Here we studied CSE's preclinical safety and toxicity. CSE prepared as per regulations of Current Good Manufacturing Practice for human pharmaceuticals/phytopharmaceuticals and all studies were performed in rodents in a GLP-accredited facility. In acute dose toxicity as per New Drug and Clinical Trial Rules, 2019 (prior name schedule Y), in rats and mice and ten-day dose range-finding study in rats, CSE showed no mortality and no gross abnormality at 2500 mg/kg dose. Safety Pharmacology showed no adverse effect on central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system at 2500 mg/kg dose. CSE was not mutagenic in the Ames test and did not cause clastogenicity assessed by in vivo bone marrow genotoxicity assay. By a sub chronic (90 days) repeated dose (as per OECD, 408 guideline) study in rats, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level was found to be 2500 mg/kg assessed by clinico-biochemistry and all organs histopathology. We conclude that CSE is safe up to 10X the dose required for its osteogenic effect.

Fibrinogen does not relate to cardiovascular or muscle manifestations in COPD: cross-sectional data from the ERICA study.

Cardiovascular and skeletal muscle manifestations constitute important comorbidities in COPD, with systemic inflammation proposed as a common mechanistic link. Fibrinogen has prognostic role in COPD. We aimed to determine whether aortic stiffness and quadriceps weakness are linked in COPD, and whether they are associated with the systemic inflammatory mediator-fibrinogen. Aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), quadriceps maximal volitional contraction (QMVC) force and fibrinogen were measured in 729 patients with stable, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages II-IV COPD. The cardiovascular and muscular manifestations exist independently (P=0.22, χ2). Fibrinogen was not associated with aPWV or QMVC (P=0.628 and P=0.621, respectively), making inflammation, as measured by plasma fibrinogen, an unlikely common aetiological factor.

Vascular inflammation and aortic stiffness: potential mechanisms of increased vascular risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex inflammatory condition in which an important extra-pulmonary manifestation is cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that COPD patients would have increased aortic inflammation and stiffness, as candidate mechanisms mediating increased cardiovascular risk, compared to two negative control groups: healthy never-smokers and smokers without COPD. We also studied patients with COPD due to alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency (α1ATD) as a comparator lung disease group. METHODS: Participants underwent 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography imaging to quantify aortic inflammation as the tissue-to-blood-ratio (TBR) of FDG uptake. Aortic stiffness was measured by carotid-femoral aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV). RESULTS: Eighty-five usual COPD (COPD due to smoking), 12 α1ATD-COPD patients and 12 each smokers and never-smokers were studied. There was no difference in pack years smoked between COPD patients and smokers (45 ± 25 vs 37 ± 19, p = 0.36), but α1ATD patients smoked significantly less (19 ± 11, p < 0.001 for both). By design, spirometry measures were lower in COPD and α1ATD-COPD patients compared to smokers and never-smokers. Aortic inflammation and stiffness were increased in COPD (TBR: 1.90 ± 0.38, aPWV: 9.9 ± 2.6 m/s) and α1ATD patients (TBR: 1.94 ± 0.43, aPWV: 9.5 ± 1.8 m/s) compared with smokers (TBR: 1.74 ± 0.30, aPWV: 7.8 ± 1.8 m/s, p < 0.05 all) and never-smokers (TBR: 1.71 ± 0.34, aPWV: 7.9 ± 1.7 m/s, p ≤ 0.05 all). CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional prospective study, novel findings were that both usual COPD and α1ATD-COPD patients have increased aortic inflammation and stiffness compared to smoking and never-smoking controls, regardless of smoking history. These findings suggest that the presence of COPD lung disease per se may be associated with adverse aortic wall changes, and aortic inflammation and stiffening are potential mechanisms mediating increased vascular risk observed in COPD patients.

Protein Expression Differences of 2-Dimensional and Progressive 3-Dimensional Cell Cultures of Non-Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer Cell Line H460.

Non-small-cell-lung-cancer (NSCLC) constitutes about 75-80% of lung cancers. The challenge to tackle cancers is in early diagnosis and arriving at safer therapeutic options. In vitro studies using cancer cell lines continue to contribute significantly in understanding cancers. Cell culture methods have evolved and the recent developments in 3 dimensional (3D) cell cultures are inducing greater resemblance of the in vitro cultured cells with in vivo conditions. In this study, we established 3D aggregates of H460 cell line on agarose hydrogels and studied the protein expression differences among cells grown as monolayers (2D) and the progressively developing 3D aggregates from days 2 to 10. Analysis included matching of those proteins expressed by the developing aggregates and the available literature on progressing tumors in vivo. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1648-1652, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Using laser capture microdissection to study fiber specific signaling in locomotor muscle in COPD: A pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Quadriceps dysfunction is important in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with an associated increased proportion of type II fibers. Investigation of protein synthesis and degradation has yielded conflicting results, possibly due to study of whole biopsy samples, whereas signaling may be fiber-specific. Our objective was to develop a method for fiber-specific gene expression analysis. METHODS: 12 COPD and 6 healthy subjects underwent quadriceps biopsy. Cryosections were immunostained for type II fibers, which were separated using laser capture microdissection (LCM). Whole muscle and different fiber populations were subject to quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Levels of muscle-RING-finger-protein-1 and Atrogin-1 were lower in type II fibers of COPD versus healthy subjects (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively), but differences were not apparent in whole muscle or type I fibers. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a novel method for studying fiber-specific gene expression in optimum cutting temperature compound-embedded muscle specimens. LCM offers a more sensitive way to identify molecular changes in COPD muscle. Muscle Nerve 55: 902-912, 2017.

Genes Associated with Human Cancers: Their Expressions, Features, Functions, and Significance.

Various types of cancer continue to be subjects of intense research because of the impact of these diseases and their socioeconomic implications. Also, the complexity involved in the pathogenesis, nature of the triggers, and the progression of cancers is intriguing. An important aspect of cancers is the genetics involved, and studies involving cancer genes contributed immensely in not only understanding cancers better, but also for obtaining useful markers and therapy targets. We review the salient features, functions, and changes in gene expression for 103 carcinoma genes, 20 sarcoma genes, and 36 lymphoma genes. Apart from the three major levels of cancer type, we discuss the implications of altered gene expression at the tissue level as well. The possible uses of these gene functions and expression changes for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications are presented. Also, the 159 genes are assessed for their involvement in more than a single cancer and tissue type. Only the p53 gene is commonly implicated in carcinomas, sarcoma and lymphomas. The CHEK2 and ERBB2 (HER2) genes are commonly found to be associated with carcinomas and sarcomas, whereas the MDM2, MSH2, and MSH6 genes are commonly implicated among carcinomas and lymphomas.

Interleukin-10 paradox: A potent immunoregulatory cytokine that has been difficult to harness for immunotherapy.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is arguably the most potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is produced by almost all the innate and adaptive immune cells. These cells also serve as its targets, indicating that IL-10 secretion and action is highly regulated and perhaps compartmentalized. Consistent with this notion, various efforts directed at systemic administration of IL-10 to modulate autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis) have produced conflicting and largely inconsequential effects. On the other hand, IL-10 can promote humoral immune responses, enhancing class II expression on B cells and inducing immunoglobulin (Ig) production. Consequently, the high IL-10 level in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients is considered pathogenic and its blockade ameliorates the disease. In this perspective, we review preclinical findings and results of recent clinical studies using exogenous IL-10 to treat the aforementioned autoimmune diseases. In addition, given the limited success of IL-10 supplementation, we suggest that future studies should be expanded beyond modulating the delivery modes to include developing new strategies to protect and replenish the endogenous sources of IL-10. As an example, we provide evidence that aberrant Fas-mediated deletion of IL-10-producing B cells subverts the immunoregulatory role of IL-10 in autoimmune diabetes and that modulation of the Fas pathway preserves the IL-10-producing B cells and completely protects NOD mice from developing the disease.

Evaluating the role of inflammation in chronic airways disease: the ERICA study.

Extrapulmonary manifestations are recognized to be of increasing clinical importance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease. To investigate cardiovascular and skeletal muscle manifestations of COPD, we developed a unique UK consortium funded by the Technology Strategy Board and Medical Research Council comprising industry in partnership with 5 academic centres. ERICA (Evaluating the Role of Inflammation in Chronic Airways disease) is a prospective, longitudinal, observational study investigating the prevalence and significance of cardiovascular and skeletal muscle manifestations of COPD in 800 subjects. Six monthly follow up will assess the predictive value of plasma fibrinogen, cardiovascular abnormalities and skeletal muscle weakness for death or hospitalization. As ERICA is a multicentre study, to ensure data quality we sought to minimise systematic observer error due to variations in investigator skill, or adherence to operating procedures, by staff training followed by assessment of inter- and intra-observer reliability of the four key measurements used in the study: pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), quadriceps maximal voluntary contraction force (QMVC) and 6-minute walk distance (6MWT). This report describes the objectives and methods of the ERICA trial, as well as the inter- and intra-observer reliability of these measurements.

MYCN immunohistochemistry as surrogate marker for MYCN-amplified spinal ependymomas.

MYCN (master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism) gene amplification defines a molecular subgroup of spinal cord ependymomas that show high-grade morphology and aggressive behavior. Demonstration of MYCN amplification by DNA methylation or fluorescence-in situ hybridization (FISH) is required for diagnosis. We aimed to (i) assess prevalence and clinicopathological features of MYCN-amplified spinal ependymomas and (ii) evaluate utility of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MYCN protein as a surrogate for molecular testing. A combined retrospective-prospective study spanning 8 years was designed during which all spinal cord ependymomas with adequate tissue were subjected to MYCN FISH and MYCN IHC. Among 77 spinal cord ependymomas included, MYCN amplification was identified in 4 samples from 3 patients (3/74, 4%) including two (1st and 2nd recurrences) from the same patient. All patients were adults (median age at diagnosis of 32 years) including two females and one male. The index tumors were located in thoracic (n = 2) and lumbar (n = 1) spinal cord. One of the female patients had neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). All four tumors showed anaplastic histology. Diffuse expression of MYCN protein was seen in all four MYCN-amplified samples but in none of the non-amplified cases, thus showing 100% concordance with FISH results. On follow-up, the NF2 patient developed widespread spinal dissemination while another developed recurrence proximal to the site of previous excision. To conclude, MYCN-amplified spinal ependymomas are rare tumors, accounting for ~ 4% of spinal cord ependymomas. Within the limitation of small sample size, MYCN IHC showed excellent concordance with MYCN gene amplification.

Synergistic Hepatoprotective Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma in a Rat Model of Bile Duct Ligation-Induced Liver Cirrhosis.

Liver cirrhosis poses a global health challenge marked by significant prevalence and mortality. Current therapeutic options are limited by high costs and immune-mediated rejection, necessitating the exploration of innovative strategies to enhance hepatic self-rehabilitation, and counteract the underlying pathological mechanisms. We evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in combination with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor (rh-HGF) on a rat model of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Treatment with PRP or rh-HGF alone did not yield significant hepatoprotection in the BDL-induced liver cirrhosis model. However, ADMSC transplantation alone exhibited the potential to alleviate impaired liver conditions. The combination of PRP and rh-HGF demonstrated superior ameliorative effects compared to either treatment alone. Notably, the combination of ADMSC + PRP or ADMSC + rh-HGF significantly enhanced hepatoprotective capacity compared to individual or combined PRP and rh-HGF therapies. Injection of ADMSC via the tail vein reduced inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and collagen deposition, improving overall liver function. This improvement was more pronounced when ADMSC was administered with PRP and rh-HGF versus monotherapy. Our study concludes that ADMSCs exert antifibrotic effects by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, and inducing apoptosis. ADMSCs also demonstrate immune-modulatory effects and transdifferentiate into hepatic progenitor cells, secreting trophic factors, cytokines, and chemokines that promote impaired liver regeneration. The observed arrest in liver fibrosis progression highlights the potential therapeutic impact of these interventions.

Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Laden Nanocomposite Scaffolds Enhance Bone Regeneration in Rabbit Critical-Size Segmental Bone Defect Model.

Bone regeneration poses a significant challenge in the field of tissue engineering, prompting ongoing research to explore innovative strategies for effective bone healing. The integration of stem cells and nanomaterial scaffolds has emerged as a promising approach, offering the potential to enhance regenerative outcomes. This study focuses on the application of a stem cell-laden nanomaterial scaffold designed for bone regeneration in rabbits. The in vivo study was conducted on thirty-six healthy skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits that were randomly allocated into six groups. Group A was considered the control, wherein a 15 mm critical-sized defect was created and left as such without any treatment. In group B, this defect was filled with a polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite (PCL + HAP) scaffold, whereas in group C, a PCL + HAP-carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube (PCL + HAP + MWCNT-COOH) scaffold was used. In group D, a PCL + HAP + MWCNT-COOH scaffold was used with local injection of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on postoperative days 30, 45, and 60. The rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) were seeded onto the PCL + HAP + MWCNT-COOH scaffold by the centrifugal method. In group E, an rBMSC-seeded PCL + HAP + MWCNT-COOH scaffold was used along with the local injection of rBMSC on postoperative days 7, 14, and 21. For group F, in addition to the treatment given to group E, BMP-2 was administered locally on postoperative days 30, 45, and 60. Gross observations, radiological observation, scanning electron microscopic assessment, and histological evaluation study showed that group F displayed the best healing properties, followed by group E, group D, group C, and B. Group A showed no healing with ends blunting minimal fibrous tissue. Incorporating growth factor BMP-2 in tissue-engineered rBMSC-loaded nanocomposite PCL + HAP + MWCNT-COOH construct can augment the osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties, thereby enhancing the healing in a critical-sized bone defect. This novel stem cell composite could prove worthy in the treatment of non-union and delayed union fractures in the near future.

Targeting interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin pathways for novel pulmonary therapeutics in asthma and COPD.

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are alarmins that are released upon airway epithelial injury from insults such as viruses and cigarette smoke, and play critical roles in the activation of immune cell populations such as mast cells, eosinophils and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Both cytokines were previously understood to primarily drive type 2 (T2) inflammation, but there is emerging evidence for a role for these alarmins to additionally mediate non-T2 inflammation, with recent clinical trial data in asthma and COPD cohorts with non-T2 inflammation providing support. Currently available treatments for both COPD and asthma provide symptomatic relief with disease control, improving lung function and reducing exacerbation rates; however, there still remains an unmet need for further improving lung function and reducing exacerbations, particularly for those not responsive to currently available treatments. The epithelial cytokines/alarmins are involved in exacerbations; biologics targeting TSLP and IL-33 have been shown to reduce exacerbations in moderate-to-severe asthma, either in a broad population or in specific subgroups, respectively. For COPD, while there is clinical evidence for IL-33 blockade impacting exacerbations in COPD, clinical data from anti-TSLP therapies is awaited. Clinical data to date support an acceptable safety profile for patients with airway diseases for both anti-IL-33 and anti-TSLP antibodies in development. We examine the roles of IL-33 and TSLP, their potential use as drug targets, and the evidence for target patient populations for COPD and asthma, together with ongoing and future trials focused on these targets.

Circulating testosterone levels and health outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from ECLIPSE and ERICA.

The relationship of circulating testosterone levels with health outcomes in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unknown. AIM: To determine whether serum testosterone levels predict hospitalised acute exacerbations of COPD (H-AECOPD), cardiovascular disease outcome, and mortality in people with COPD. METHODS: Separate analyses were carried out on two observational, multicentre COPD cohorts, Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate End-points (ECLIPSE) and Evaluation of the Role of Inflammation in Chronic Airways Disease (ERICA), both of which had serum testosterone measured using a validated liquid chromatography assay at the same laboratory. Data from 1296 male participants in ECLIPSE and 386 male, 239 female participants in ERICA were analysed. All analyses were sex-specific. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine associations with H-AECOPD during follow-up (3 years ECLIPSE, 4.5 years ERICA), a composite endpoint of cardiovascular hospitalisation and cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Mean (SD) testosterone levels were consistent across cohorts; 459 (197) and 455 (200) ng/dL for males in ECLIPSE and ERICA, respectively, and in ERICA females: 28 (56) ng/dL. Testosterone was not associated with H-AECOPD (ECLIPSE: OR: 0.76, p=0.329, ERICA males: OR (95% CI): 1.06 (0.73 to 1.56), p=0.779, ERICA females: OR: 0.77 (0.52 to 1.12), p=0.178) or cardiovascular hospitalisation and death. Testosterone was associated with all-cause mortality in Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage 2 male patients only, in ECLIPSE (OR: 0.25, p=0.007) and ERICA (OR: (95% CI): 0.56 (0.32 to 0.95), p=0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Testosterone levels do not relate to H-AECOPD or cardiovascular outcome in COPD, but are associated with all-cause mortality in GOLD stage 2 COPD male patients, although the clinical significance of this finding is uncertain.

Rare, convergent antibodies targeting the stem helix broadly neutralize diverse betacoronaviruses.

Humanity has faced three recent outbreaks of novel betacoronaviruses, emphasizing the need to develop approaches that broadly target coronaviruses. Here, we identify 55 monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent donors that bind diverse betacoronavirus spike proteins. Most antibodies targeted an S2 epitope that included the K814 residue and were non-neutralizing. However, 11 antibodies targeting the stem helix neutralized betacoronaviruses from different lineages. Eight antibodies in this group, including the six broadest and most potent neutralizers, were encoded by IGHV1-46 and IGKV3-20. Crystal structures of three antibodies of this class at 1.5-1.75-Å resolution revealed a conserved mode of binding. COV89-22 neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including Omicron BA.4/5 and limited disease in Syrian hamsters. Collectively, these findings identify a class of IGHV1-46/IGKV3-20 antibodies that broadly neutralize betacoronaviruses by targeting the stem helix but indicate these antibodies constitute a small fraction of the broadly reactive antibody response to betacoronaviruses after SARS-CoV-2 infection.