Effects of diabetes mellitus on the clinical presentation and treatment response in tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: With the colliding global epidemics of diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB), we studied the effects of DM on the presentation of TB and its response to treatment. METHODS: Consecutive TB patients from 2006 to 2010 in a territory-wide treatment programme offering 9-month extended treatment for TB patients with DM were examined and followed up prospectively to assess their treatment response. Successful treatment completers were tracked through the TB registry and death registry for relapse, death or till 31 December 2014, whichever was the earliest. RESULTS: DM was independently associated with more chest symptoms (adjusted OR (AOR): 1.13) and systemic symptoms (AOR: 1.30) but less with other site-specific symptoms (AOR: 0.58) at TB presentation. There was more frequent pulmonary involvement (AOR: 1.69), with more extensive lung lesion (AOR: 1.25), lung cavity (AOR: 2.00) and positive sputum smear (AOR: 1.83) and culture (AOR: 1.38), but no difference in the proportion of retreatment cases or isoniazid and/or rifampicin resistance. After treatment initiation, there was higher overall incidence (AOR: 1.38) of adverse effects (mainly gastrointestinal symptoms, renal impairment and peripheral neuropathy but less fever and skin hypersensitivity reactions), more smear non-conversion (AOR: 1.59) and culture non-conversion (AOR: 1.40) at 2 months, and lower combined cure/treatment completion rate at 12 months (AOR: 0.79), but no difference in the relapse rate after having successfully completed treatment. CONCLUSION: DM adversely affected the clinical presentation and treatment response of TB, but there was no difference in the drug resistance and relapse rates.

Effect of chest wall mobilization on respiratory muscle function in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials have demonstrated positive correlation between pulmonary function and chest wall expansion in COPD. Decrease in chest wall expansion in patients with COPD compromises rib cage mobility and functional length of respiratory muscles that ultimately jeopardize the efficacy and function of respiratory system. METHOD: Thirty male adults (mean age: 74.97 ± 6.29) suffered with severe COPD were randomly allocated to either experimental group (chest wall mobilizations) or control group. Both groups received standardized education and walking exercise (twice/week) for 6 weeks. Patients in experimental group received additional chest wall mobilizations that include stretching and joints mobilization. Pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, thoracic excursion, cervical and thoracic range of movement were evaluated at baseline, post-program and at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: There were significantly greater improvements in respiratory muscle strength, thoracic excursion and thoracic range of movement (p < 0.01) except thoracic flexion. Lower thoracic excursion is strongly associated with increase in maximum inspiratory pressure (ß = 13.64, p < 0.001) and maximum expiratory pressure (ß = 16.23, p < 0.001). Thoracic range of movement especially extension (p < 0.001) and bilateral rotation (p < 0.01) exhibit a strong relationship with increase in lower thoracic excursion (adjusted R2 = 0.876) as shown in multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Additional chest wall mobilization in the rehabilitation of patients with COPD is likely to enhance thoracic extension and rotation which increase lower thoracic excursion. This significant improvement in chest expansion capacity allows respiratory muscles to work at an optimal functional length which result in greater respiratory muscle strength in patients with severe COPD.

Pleuroscopy: our initial experience in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVE: To report our preliminary experience using pleuroscopy for patients with pleural diseases. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary referral hospital with service input from respiratory physicians and cardiothoracic surgeons in Hong Kong. PATIENTS: Between April and November 2007, patients with undiagnosed exudative pleural effusions and proven malignant pleural effusions were recruited for diagnostic evaluations and therapeutic interventions, respectively. INTERVENTION: Pleuroscopy with a semi-rigid thoracoscope performed under local anaesthesia and conscious sedation. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients (16 males and 4 females; mean age, 63 years) underwent the procedure and were followed up for a mean of 19 weeks. For the 14 patients having diagnostic pleuroscopy, the yield was 79% (11 patients). The 3-month success rate for the six patients undergoing pleurodesis was 83% (five patients). Complications were mild and included self-limiting fever (20%, four patients) and localised subcutaneous emphysema (20%, four patients). No major complications or mortality were noted. CONCLUSION: Pleuroscopy using a semi-rigid instrument is a safe and efficacious procedure for the management of pleural diseases in suitable patients.

Bronchial artery embolisation can be equally safe and effective in the management of chronic recurrent haemoptysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy and safety of bronchial artery embolisation in patients with acute major haemoptysis and those with chronic recurrent haemoptysis. DESIGN: Retrospective review of clinical records. SETTING: Regional hospital, Hong Kong. PATIENTS: Clinical records of 70 consecutive patients who had undergone bronchial artery embolisation in Queen Elizabeth Hospital from 1998 to 2003 were reviewed. Altogether 74 bronchial artery embolisation procedures were attempted, 46 (62%) for acute major haemoptysis, and 28 (38%) for chronic recurrent bleeding. Follow-up data were available for 32 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: After bronchial artery embolisation, the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests were used to compare the probability of recurrence in the two patient categories. RESULTS: Overall immediate control was attained following 99% of the procedures, with a complication rate of 13%; all complications were mild and self-limiting. For the 32 patients (19 having acute major haemoptysis and 13 having chronic recurrent bleeding) with follow-up data available, the overall recurrence rate was 36% (26% in the acute and 47% in chronic group). No statistically significant difference in recurrence probability between the two groups was observed (P=0.24). Presence of active pulmonary tuberculosis was associated with increased risk of recurrence (P=0.005). CONCLUSION: Bronchial artery embolisation was noted to be effective and safe in both acute major and chronic recurrent haemoptysis.

Genetic polymorphisms and plasma levels of transforming growth factor-beta(1) in Chinese patients with tuberculosis in Hong Kong.

Susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) may be affected by host genetic factors. Elevated levels of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta(1)) were found in plasma of patients with active TB compared with those of healthy contacts. To investigate the association of TGF-beta(1) gene polymorphisms (C-509T and T869C) and plasma levels with the risk of TB in Hong Kong Chinese adults, a case-control study was carried out on 174 active TB patients and 174 healthy controls matched for age, gender and smoking. Blood samples from 180 blood donors served as another control group. Genotyping was carried out on genomic DNA using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Plasma TGF-beta(1) was measured by commercially available ELISA kit. We found no differences in the distribution of genotypes or alleles of TGF-beta(1) gene polymorphisms at C-509T and T869C between patients and either group of healthy controls. Patients with TB had elevated plasma TGF-beta(1) levels compared with healthy controls irrespective of their genotypes (p<0.001). In conclusion, TGF-beta(1) gene polymorphism at C-509T and T869C is not associated with TB susceptibility in Hong Kong Chinese adults, but elevated plasma TGF-beta(1) levels suggests that this cytokine may play a role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.

Functional and psychosocial effects of health qigong in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: The initial gain from a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program (PRP) among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) begins to fade away 6 months after the completion of a rehabilitation program. One possible reason may be due to the poor compliance of the patients to the existing forms of home exercise program (e.g., walking, weight training activities, etc.). OBJECTIVES: This study tested the efficacy of health qigong (HQG), a traditional Chinese exercise, as an adjunct home exercise program in optimizing the gains obtained from PRP until 6 months after discharge. DESIGN: This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) on a mind-body exercise intervention. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty (80) patients with COPD receiving conventional PRP pulmonary rehabilitation program were randomized to the HQG intervention group (n = 40) and control group (n = 40). OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessments were undertaken by blinded assessors at baseline, discharge from training, and follow-up (FU) at 3 and 6 months. Primary outcomes involved functional capacity scales and secondary outcomes involved quality-of-life scales. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat analysis identified trends of improvement in all outcome measures in the HQG group, whereas lesser improvement and trends of deteriorations were identified in the control group. Ancillary analysis using a per-protocol method, however, identified significantly better improvements in functional capacity measures among the HQG at the 6-month FU. CONCLUSIONS: This RCT provided some evidence to support the positive effect of HQG as an adjunct home exercise for rehabilitation among people with COPD and to support further related research.