Thermally induced sideband generation in silicon-on-insulator cladding modulated Bragg notch filters.

We investigate and experimentally demonstrate a cladding modulated Bragg grating superstructure as a dynamically tunable and reconfigurable multi-wavelength notch filter. A non-uniform heater element was implemented to periodically modulate the effective index of the grating. The Bragg grating bandwidth is controlled by judiciously positioning loading segments away from the waveguide core, resulting in a formation of periodically spaced reflection sidebands. The thermal modulation of a periodically configured heater elements modifies the waveguide effective index, where an applied current controls the number and intensity of the secondary peaks. The device was designed to operate in TM polarization near the central wavelength of 1550 nm and was fabricated on a 220-nm silicon-on-insulator platform, using titanium-tungsten heating elements and aluminum interconnects. We experimentally demonstrate that the Bragg grating self-coupling coefficient can be effectively controlled in a range from 7 mm-1 to 110 mm-1 by thermal tuning, with a measured bandgap and sideband separation of 1 nm and 3 nm, respectively. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with simulations.

Low-loss off-axis curved waveguide grating demultiplexer.

Current optical communication systems rely on the use of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to keep up with the increasing data rate requirements. The wavelength demultiplexer is the key component to implement WDM systems. In this Letter, we design and experimentally demonstrate a demultiplexer based on a curved grating waveguide geometry that separates eight channels with a spacing of 10 nm (1249 GHz) around the central wavelength of 1550 nm. The fabricated device shows very low insertion loss (∼1dB) and a crosstalk (XT) below -25dB. This device leverages metamaterial index engineering to implement the lateral cladding on one side of the waveguide. This makes it possible to design a waveguide grating with highly directional lateral emission by operating in a regime where diffraction into the silica upper cladding is frustrated, thus suppressing losses due to off-chip radiation.

Design of a suspended germanium micro-antenna for efficient fiber-chip coupling in the long-wavelength mid-infrared range.

Recent developments of photonic integrated circuits for the mid-infrared band has opened up a new field of attractive applications for group IV photonics. Grating couplers, formed as diffractive structures on the chip surface, are key components for input and output coupling in integrated photonic platforms. While near-infrared optical fibers exhibit large mode field diameters compared to the wavelength, in the long-wave regime commercially available single-mode optical fibers have mode field diameters of the order of the operating wavelength. Consequently, an efficient fiber-chip surface coupler designed for the long-wave infrared range must radiate the power propagating in the waveguide with a higher radiation strength than a conventional grating coupler in the near-infrared range. In this article, we leverage the short electrical length required for long-wave infrared couplers to design a broadband all-dielectric micro-antenna for a suspended germanium platform at 7.67 µm. The design methodology is inspired by fundamental grating coupler equations, which remain valid even when the micro-antenna has only two or three diffractive elements. A simulated coupling efficiency of ~ 40% is achieved with a 1-dB bandwidth broader than 430 nm, which is almost twice the typical fractional bandwidth of a conventional grating coupler. In addition, the proposed design is markedly tolerant to fiber tilt misalignments of ±10°. This all-dielectric micro-antenna design paves the way for efficient fiber-chip coupling in long-wavelength mid-infrared integrated platforms.

Suspended silicon waveguides for long-wave infrared wavelengths.

In this Letter, we report suspended silicon waveguides operating at a wavelength of 7.67 µm with a propagation loss of 3.1±0.3 dB/cm. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of low-loss silicon waveguides at such a long wavelength, with loss comparable to other platforms that use more exotic materials. The suspended Si waveguide core is supported by a sub-wavelength grating that provides lateral optical confinement while also allowing access to the buried oxide layer so that it can be wet etched using hydrofluoric acid. We also demonstrate low-loss waveguide bends and s-bends.

Suspended silicon mid-infrared waveguide devices with subwavelength grating metamaterial cladding.

We present several fundamental photonic building blocks based on suspended silicon waveguides supported by a lateral cladding comprising subwavelength grating metamaterial. We discuss the design, fabrication, and characterization of waveguide bends, multimode interference devices and Mach-Zehnder interferometers for the 3715 - 3800 nm wavelength range, demonstrated for the first time in this platform. The waveguide propagation loss of 0.82 dB/cm is reported, some of the lowest loss yet achieved in silicon waveguides for this wavelength range. These results establish a direct path to ultimately extending the operational wavelength range of silicon wire waveguides to the entire transparency window of silicon.

Sensitivity penalty induced by non-ideal dual polarization downconverter in digital coherent receivers.

The implementation agreement of the Optical Internet Forum for a dual polarization (DP) I/Q downconverter defines strict requirements for the phase diversity network, resulting in a negligible penalty, but does not specify the extinction ratio (ER) of the polarization beam splitters (PBS) on which the polarization diversity network is based. We propose a novel metric, based on the Frobenius norm of the Jones receiver matrix, to accurately estimate the sensitivity penalty from receiver non-idealities, stablishing a precise interface for hardware specification. Results will be numerically verified for the reception of 112 Gbps DP-QPSK signals in a realistic receiver scenario with subsequent state-of-art DSP algorithms. The proposed metric highlights the benefits of the polarization diversity scheme based on two PBS, compared to the common alternative based on a PBS and a BS, as it achieves an improvement in the receiver sensitivity of at least 3 dB for the same ER. Furthermore, this paper shows than the sensitivity penalty is negligible for an ER higher than 16 dB and that it less than 2 dB for an ER of 8 dB. These results can have an important impact in monolithically integrated DP downconverters in which practical integration of PBS with high ER is still challenging.

[Validation of EMINA and EVARUCI scales for assessing the risk of developing pressure ulcers in critical patients]. / Validación de las escalas de valoración de riesgo de úlceras por presión EMINA y EVARUCI en pacientes críticos.

OBJECTIVE: To contribute to the validation of the EMINA and EVAUCI scales for assessing the risk of pressure ulcers in the critical patient and compare their predictive capacity in this same context. METHOD: Prospective study from December 2012 until June 2013. SETTING: Polyvalent intensive care unit of 14 beds in a reference hospital for two sanitary areas. PATIENTS: patients of 18 years of age or older and without pressure ulcers were included. They were followed until development of a pressure ulcer of grade I or greater, medical discharge, death or 30 days. MAIN VARIABLES: presence of ulcers, daily score of the risk of developing pressure ulcers through EMINA and EVARUCI evaluation. The validity of both scales was calculated using sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value. The level of significance was P≤0.05. RESULTS: A total of 189 patients were evaluated. 67.2% were male with a mean age of 59.4 (DE: 16,8) years old, 53 (28%) developed pressure ulcers, being the incidence rate of 41 ulcers per 1000 admission days. The mean day of diagnosis was 7.7 days (DE: 4,4) and the most frequent area was the sacrum. The sensitivity and specificity for the mean of observations was 94.34 (IC95% 87.17-100) and 33.33 (IC95% 25.01-41.66) for the EMINA scale for a risk>10 and 92.45 (IC95% 84.40-100) and 42.96 (IC95% 34.24-51.68) for the EVARUCI scale for a risk of>11. CONCLUSIONS: No differences were found in predictive capacity of both scales. For sensitivities>90%the scales show to be insufficiently specific in the pressure ulcer risk detection in critical patients.

Fiber-chip grating coupler based on interleaved trenches with directionality exceeding 95.

We propose a fiber-chip grating coupler that interleaves the standard full and shallow etch trenches in a 220 nm thick silicon layer to provide a directionality upward exceeding 95%. By adjusting the separation between the two sets of trenches, constructive interference is achieved in the upward direction independent of the bottom oxide thickness and without any bottom reflectors, overlays, or customized etch depths. We implement a transverse subwavelength structure in the first two grating periods to minimize back-reflections. The grating coupler has a calculated coupling efficiency of CE~-1.05 dB with a 1 dB bandwidth of 30 nm and minimum feature size of 100 nm, compatible with deep-UV lithography.

Suspended SOI waveguide with sub-wavelength grating cladding for mid-infrared.

We present a new type of mid-infrared silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide. The waveguide comprises a sub-wavelength lattice of holes acting as lateral cladding while at the same time allowing for the bottom oxide (BOX) removal by etching. The waveguide loss is determined at the wavelength of 3.8 µm for structures before and after being underetched using both vapor phase and liquid hydrofluoric acid (HF). A propagation loss of 3.4 dB/cm was measured for a design with a 300 nm grating period and 150 nm holes after partial removal (560 nm) of BOX by vapor phase HF etching. We also demonstrate an alternative design with 550 nm period and 450 nm holes, which allows a faster and complete removal of the BOX by liquid phase HF etching, yielding the waveguide propagation loss of 3.6 dB/cm.

Polarization-beam-splitter-less integrated dual-polarization coherent receiver.

Conventional dual-polarization coherent receivers require polarization beam splitters for either the signal or the local oscillator path. This severely hinders monolithic integration, since integrated polarization splitting devices often exhibit stringent fabrication tolerances. Here we propose a dual-polarization monolithically integrated coherent receiver architecture that completely avoids the use of polarization splitting elements. Polarization management is instead achieved by adequately engineering the birefringence of the interconnecting waveguides. The resultant receiver is highly tolerant to fabrication deviations and thus offers a completely new route for monolithic integration of dual-polarization receivers without any type of active tuning.

Colorless monolithically integrated 120° downconverter.

We numerically demonstrate colorless reception of dense wavelength division multiplexed channels in the C-band for high-order QAM (16-64 QAM) signals on a 120° monolithically integrated downconverter, based on a 2x3 MMI with calibrated analog IQ recovery. It is shown that the proposed calibrated 120° downconverter can increase up to 80 the number of coincident channels in an efficient way, exhibiting good signal dynamic range and high fabrication yield. As this downconverter makes use of the minimum number of power outputs required for perfect recovery of IQ signals, it becomes an interesting alternative to conventional 90° based downconverters.

Wavelength independent multimode interference coupler.

We propose an ultra-broadband multimode interference (MMI) coupler with a wavelength range exceeding the O, E, S, C, L and U optical communication bands. For the first time, the dispersion property of the MMI section is engineered using a subwavelength grating structure to mitigate wavelength dependence of the device. We present a 2 × 2 MMI design with a bandwidth of 450nm, an almost fivefold enhancement compared to conventional designs, maintaining insertion loss, power imbalance and MMI phase deviation below 1dB, 0.6dB and 3°, respectively. The design is performed using an in-house tool based on the 2D Fourier Eigenmode Expansion Method (F-EEM) and verified with a 3D Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulator.

Integrated polarization beam splitter with relaxed fabrication tolerances.

Polarization handling is a key requirement for the next generation of photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Integrated polarization beam splitters (PBS) are central elements for polarization management, but their use in PICs is hindered by poor fabrication tolerances. In this work we present a fully passive, highly fabrication tolerant polarization beam splitter, based on an asymmetrical Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with a Si/SiO(2) Periodic Layer Structure (PLS) on top of one of its arms. By engineering the birefringence of the PLS we are able to design the MZI arms so that sensitivities to the most critical fabrication errors are greatly reduced. Our PBS design tolerates waveguide width variations of 400nm maintaining a polarization extinction ratio better than 13dB in the complete C-Band.

Enhanced monolithically integrated coherent 120° downconverter with high fabrication yield.

Conventional monolithically integrated 90° downconverter suffers from hardware-induced non-linear constellation distortion, which gets worse far away from the central wavelength or when fabrication errors are taken into account. To overcome these problems, a 120° monolithically integrated downconverter with full compensation of hardware non-idealities has been proposed. It is numerically demonstrated that, in a realistic scenario exposed to the combined effects of fabrication tolerances and limited ADC resolution, this approach exhibits a significantly better signal dynamic range and a remarkable improvement of fabrication yield.

High-performance monolithically integrated 120° downconverter with relaxed hardware constraints.

A coherent receiver based on a 120° downconverter architecture, inherited from previous approaches at the microwave and optical fields, is proposed, analyzed, numerically evaluated and compared to the conventional 90° downconverter alternative. It is shown that, due to its superior calibration procedure, the new downconverter architecture allows full compensation of the imbalances in its optical front-end thus leading to an extended dynamic range and a broader operating bandwidth than its 90° counterpart. Simulation results from monolithically integrated downconverters show that our approach can be an interesting alternative to support efficient modulation schemes such as M-QAM that is being studied as potential candidate for the next generation of optical communication systems.

Colorless directional coupler with dispersion engineered sub-wavelength structure.

Directional couplers are extensively used devices in integrated optics, but suffer from limited operational wavelength range. Here we use, for the first time, the dispersive properties of sub-wavelength gratings to achieve a fivefold enhancement in the operation bandwidth of a silicon-on-insulator directional coupler. This approach does not compromise the size or the phase response of the device. The sub-wavelength grating based directional coupler we propose covers a 100 nm bandwidth with an imbalance of ≤ 0.6 dB between its outputs, as supported by full 3D FDTD simulations.

Polarization-independent grating coupler for micrometric silicon rib waveguides.

Grating couplers are a promising approach to implement efficient fiber-chip coupling. However, their strong polarization dependence makes dual-polarization operation challenging. In this Letter we propose, for the first time, a polarization-independent grating coupler for thick rib silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides. Coupling efficiency is optimized by designing the grating pitch and duty cycle, without varying the bottom oxide thickness, which significantly simplifies practical implementation. Directivity of the grating coupler is enhanced by a high reflectivity layer under the bottom oxide after the selective removal of the Si substrate. Dual-polarization coupling efficiency of -2.8 dB is shown.

Polarization rotator for InP rib waveguide.

A polarization rotator, suitable for integration in a polarization diversity optical receiver fabricated in InP technology, is proposed. The device, based on a two steps waveguide rotator, includes tapered input and output ports that provide very low insertion loss (<0.04 dB). An extinction ratio of 40 dB at 1550 nm wavelength is calculated, comparable or even superior to other state of the art polarization converters. The main advantage of the proposed design is the capability of implementation using a standard fabrication process with only two dry etch steps, significantly reducing complexity and cost.

Highly tolerant tunable waveguide polarization rotator scheme.

Integrated polarization rotators are known to exhibit stringent fabrication tolerances, which severely handicap their practical application. Here we present a general polarization rotator scheme that enables both the compensation of fabrication errors and wavelength tunability. The scheme is described analytically, and a condition for perfect polarization conversion is established. Simulations of a silicon-on-insulator polarization rotator show polarization extinction ratios in excess of 40 dB even in the presence of large fabrication errors that in a conventional rotator configuration degrade the extinction ratio to below 5 dB. Additionally, wavelength tuning over ±30 nm is shown.

Single-etch grating coupler for micrometric silicon rib waveguides.

Grating couplers are widely used as an efficient and versatile fiber-chip coupling structure in nanometric silicon wire waveguides. The implementation of efficient grating couplers in micrometric silicon-on-insulator (SOI) rib waveguides is, however, challenging, since the coupler waveguide region is multimode. Here we experimentally demonstrate grating couplers in 1.5 µm-thick SOI rib waveguides with a coupling efficiency of -2.2 dB and a 3 dB bandwidth of 40 nm. An inverse taper is used to adiabatically transform the interconnection waveguide mode to the optimum grating coupler excitation field with negligible higher order Bloch mode excitation. Couplers are fabricated in the same etch step as the waveguides using i-line stepper lithography. The benefits of wafer-scale testing and device characterization without facet preparation are thus attained at no additional cost.