Stepwise Dissipative Control of Multimodal Motion in a Silver(I) Catenate.

Stepwise dissipative control of two distinct motions, i.e., shuttling and sliding, is demonstrated in a single multicomponent device. When [2]rotaxane 1, which acts as a biped, and deck 2 were treated with AgBF4/PhCH2Br+NEt3 as chemical fuel, the transient catenate [Ag(1)]+ ⋅ [Ag3(2)]3+ was instantly generated showing multimodal motion and autonomous return to 1 and 2. In the dissipative process, catenate [Ag(1)]+ ⋅ [Ag3(2)]3+ cleanly transformed into the follow-up transient device (1) ⋅ [Ag3(2)]3+ exhibiting only sliding motion. Two interference-free dissipative cycles proved the resilience and robustness of the process.

Orthogonal Initiation of Molecular Motion Devices by Two Chemical Fuels.

Herein, we demonstrate the selective dissipative and orthogonal actuation of two distinct molecular devices controlled by alternate fuel use. When the multicomponent ensemble of [2]rotaxane 1 and turnstile [Cu(2)(3)]+ was charged with AgBF4 as chemical fuel (Fuel 1) together with NEt3/PhCH2Br (cofuels), the transiently formed [Ag(1)]+ showed a stochastic shuttling of the silver macrocycle between two degenerate triazole stations on the thread (k298 = 1.2 × 105 s-1), whereas [Cu(2)(3)]+ was unperturbed. Instead, treatment of the mixture with PPh3 as an alternative fuel (Fuel 2) in the presence of oxidant 4 (cofuel) generated the complex [Cu(3)(PPh3)2]+ and transient thermal motion in rotor 2 (k298 = 4.9 × 104 s-1), whereas rotaxane 1 stayed dormant. Thus, two distinct chemical fuels selectively and orthogonally activated two distinct transient motion devices from a multicomponent mixture. In total, four interference-free dissipative cycles were demonstrated by using alternating fuel additions.

Three-Input Logic AND Gate Drives Sequential Three-Step Catalysis by Parallel Activation of H+ and Ag+ as a Catalyst Duo.

Boolean operations with multiple catalysts as output are yet unknown using molecular logic. The issue is solved using a two-component ensemble, composed of a receptor and rotaxane, which acts as a three-input AND gate with a dual catalytic output. Actuation of the ensemble gate by the stoichiometric addition of metal ions (Ag+ and Cd2+) and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid generated in the (1,1,1) truth table state a catalyst duo that synergistically enabled a three-step reaction, furnishing a dihydroisoquinoline as the output of a three-input logic AND gate operation.

Synchronizing Two Distinct Nano-Circular Sliding Motions in Six-Component Machinery for Double Catalysis.

The heteroleptic multi-component double slider-on-deck system DS3 exhibits tight coupling of motional speed of two distinct nano-circular sliders (k298 =77 and 41 kHz) despite a 2.2 nm separation. In comparison, the single sliders in DS1 and DS2 move at vastly different speed (k298 =1.1 vs. 350 kHz). Synchronization of the motions in DS3 remains even when one slows the movement of the faster slider using small molecular brake pads. In contrast to the individual DS1 and DS2 systems, DS3 is a powerful catalyst for a two-step reaction by using the motion of both sliders to drive two catalytic processes.

Identification and characterization of novel microRNAs in disease-resistant and disease-susceptible Penaeus monodon.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), known as a translational regulator, are evolutionary conserved, small, and noncoding RNA. They have played a vital role in disease biology through the host-virus-miRNA-interaction. In this study, novel miRNAs of naturally occurring, virus-free disease-resistant and disease-susceptible Penaeus monodon were identified and characterized. In disease-susceptible samples, 45 homologous mature miRNAs and 28 homologous precursor miRNAs were identified. In disease-resistant samples, 52 homologous mature miRNAs and 87 homologous precursor miRNAs were identified. In disease-susceptible samples, 33 novel mature miRNAs and 33 novel precursor miRNAs were identified. In disease-resistant samples, 523 novel mature miRNAs and 141 novel precursor miRNAs were identified. Differential expression study revealed the up-regulated and down-regulated miRNAs in disease-resistant and disease-susceptible P. monodon. Gene ontology pathway of known and novel miRNAs revealed that P. monodon miRNAs might have a potential and specific role in signal transduction, cell-to-cell signaling, innate immune response and defense response to different pathogens.

Development and characterization of white spot disease linked microsatellite DNA markers in Penaeus monodon, and their application to determine the population diversity, cluster and structure.

Pathogens that are introduced suddenly to natural populations can potentially cause quick changes to the genetics and diversity of the host. In the past three decades, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused damaging epizootics in Penaeus monodon populations. In this study, we developed WSSV resistance- or susceptibility-linked microsatellite DNA markers, and their effectiveness was validated experimentally. WSSV-resistant marker linked retroelements and genes that may have an important role in WSSV-resistance phenomena were partially identified. Allelic data of 1,694 samples from nine distinct geographic locations in India were revealed that populations from Digha and Kochi were highly dispersed, and also showed higher genetic diversity, higher population diversity, and lower prevalence of disease resistance. A very high level of gene flow was observed within all populations and a very high level of genetic variation was present within populations. Two genetically admixture population clusters were estimated in nature. WSSV-resistance has a significant link with genetic diversity, population cluster and population diversity. Microsatellite marker analysis characterized genetic divergence, diversity and structure among wild populations.

Identification and characterisation of microsatellite DNA markers in order to recognise the WSSV susceptible populations of marine giant black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon.

White spot disease (WSD) which is caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) creates severe epizootics in captured and cultured black tiger shrimp, resulting a huge loss in the economic output of the aquaculture industry worldwide. Performing selective breeding using DNA markers would prove to be a potential cost effective strategy for long term disease control in shrimps. In the present investigation, microsatellite DNA fingerprints were compared between naturally occurring WSSV resistant and susceptible populations of Penaeus monodon. After PCR with a set of shrimp specific primers three reproducible DNA fragments of varying sizes were found, among which 442 bp and 236 bp fragments were present in considerably higher frequencies in the WSSV susceptible shrimp population (p ≤ 0.0001). After WSSV challenge experiment the copy no. of WSSV was determined using real-time PCR, where it was found to be almost 4 × 10(3) fold higher in WSSV susceptible shrimps than in the resistant ones. Thus, these microsatellite DNA markers will be useful to distinguish between WSSV susceptible and resistant brood stocks of P. monodon. Sequencing studies revealed that these DNA markers were novel in P. monodon. Highest WSSV resistance using these DNA markers, was observed in the shrimp populations of Andaman Island and Chennai among the different coastal areas of India, suggesting these places as safe for specific pathogen resistant brood stock shrimp collection. This study will be a very effective platform towards understanding the molecular pathogenesis of WSD for generation of disease free shrimp aquaculture industry.

Assessment of WSSV prevalence and distribution of disease-resistant shrimp among the wild population of Penaeus monodon along the west coast of India.

Shrimp aquaculture is threatened by many diseases, among which white spot disease (WSD) caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the leading one. Information related to the geographical distribution and seasonal prevalence of WSD is necessary to obtain a clear understanding of the disease biology in shrimp. Identification of WSD-resistant individual shrimp with DNA markers is also an important technique to develop better WSD-free shrimp health management. The present study aim is to estimate the occurrence of WSSV in Penaeus monodon qualitatively and quantitatively during three different seasons during the years 2011 to 2013 along the west coast of India. Additionally, the disease resistance prevalence using previously developed 71 bp microsatellite and 457 bp RAPD-SCAR DNA markers is also investigated. Samples were collected throughout the year from four locations along the west coast of India: Kochi, Kerala; Mangalore, Karnataka; Vasco-da-Gama, Goa; and Veraval, Gujarat. The results depicted that the average WSSV prevalence, as determined by the nested PCR method and taken cumulatively over the four locations, was the lowest (0%) during the post-monsoon season and the highest (31.6%) during the monsoon season. The WSD prevalence was observed to increase when the latitude was decreased along the west coast of India (from Veraval to Kochi). Out of the three different seasons, the average WSSV copy number was the highest (approximately 10(3) copies µg(-1) shrimp genomic DNA) during the monsoon season. The disease-resistant prevalence, as determined using the developed DNA markers, was found to be the highest in Vasco-da-Gama (59.5%) and the lowest in Kochi (40.9%). The present study suggests better options for the efficient collection of disease-free and disease-resistant brood stocks, which would be a more cost-effective and safer approach toward disease prevention over conventional trends of seed generation from unselected wild brood stock.

Dissipative sequential catalysis via six-component machinery.

Triphenyl phosphane (TPP) and an epoxide as a fuel system transiently transformed a non-catalytic six-component turnstile into a four-component catalytic rotor releasing N-methyl pyrrolidine and a copper(I) complex. The two latter compounds acted synergistically as catalysts to perform first a Michael addition and then a 5-exo-dig cyclization, giving rise to dissipative sequential catalysis.

Mitigating antimicrobial resistance, an approach to stewardship in canine urinary tract infection.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria is common in dogs leading to serious health impact in pet animal as well as on human health. Understanding the prevalent uropathogens and their drug susceptibility is essential for limiting the antimicrobial resistance through implementation of stewardship policies. In view of this, present study was envisaged to determine the prevalent bacterial uropathogens and their antibiogram from clinical cases of canine UTI. Urine samples were collected from 35 dogs presented with clinical signs of UTI and a total of 27 bacterial isolates were recovered. Among that Escherichia coli was the most predominant isolate followed by Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus sp. and Citrobacter freundii. All isolates were found resistant to one or more 1st line antibiotics recommended by consensus guidelines and 70% of total isolates showed multidrug resistance. Additionally, this study evaluated the weightage of empirical therapy as per the consensus guidelines over antimicrobial susceptibility test guided treatment. Dogs with uncomplicated UTI were selected and categorized into three different groups (n = 6). Group 1 was treated with common empirical choice amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and dogs showed susceptible to ciprofloxacin were kept in Group 2 and treated with ciprofloxacin along with urinary alkalizer disodium hydrogen citrate. Nitrofurantoin susceptible cases were kept in Group 3 and treated with a combination of nitrofurantoin and urinary acidifier ammonium chloride. Therapeutic outcome was evaluated and success rate was higher in Group 2 and 3 than Group 1 suggested that selection of antibiotics with the use of local or institutional antibiogram data is more considerate than acknowledged international guidelines in the existing situation.

Nonequilibrium dynamics of the Jaynes-Cummings dimer.

We investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of a Josephson-coupled Jaynes-Cummings dimer in the presence of Kerr nonlinearity, which can be realized in the cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics systems. The semiclassical dynamics is analyzed systematically to chart out a variety of photonic Josephson oscillations and their regime of stability. Different types of transitions between the dynamical states lead to the self-trapping phenomenon, which results in photon population imbalance between the two cavities. We also study the dynamics quantum mechanically to identify characteristic features of different steady states and to explore fascinating quantum effects, such as spin dephasing, phase fluctuation, and revival phenomena of the photon field, as well as the entanglement of spin qubits. For a particular "self-trapped" state, the mutual information between the atomic qubits exhibits a direct correlation with the photon population imbalance, which is promising for generating photon mediated entanglement between two non interacting qubits in a controlled manner. Under a sudden quench from stable to unstable regime, the photon distribution exhibits phase space mixing with a rapid loss of coherence, resembling a thermal state. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the new results in experiments, which can have applications in quantum information processing and quantum technologies.

Concurrent tandem catalysis enabled by nanomechanical motion in heteroleptic four-component dual-catalyst machinery.

When the basic ligand 3 was added to the heteroleptic three-component slider-on-deck [Ag3(1)(2)]3+ (sliding frequency k298 = 57 kHz), it operated as a moderate brake pad (k298 = 45 kHz). Due to motion in the resulting four-component slider-on-deck [Ag3(1)(2)(3)]3+, both ligand 3 and silver(I) were continuously exposed and became catalytically active in a concurrent tandem Michael addition/hydroalkoxylation.

Self-Healing of a Copper(I) [2]Rotaxane Shuttle Monitored by Fluorescence.

We demonstrate self-healing of the shuttling dynamics of a molecular machine operating by negative feedback. When zinc(II) was added to the copper(I)-loaded [2]rotaxane shuttle [Cu(R)]+, copper(I) was replaced, thereby generating the static zinc(II)-loaded [2]rotaxane [Zn(R)]2+. Loss of the dynamics was accompanied by a fluorescence enhancement at λ = 364 nm. Notably, the released copper(I) ions catalyzed the formation of a bis-triazole ligand, which selectively captured zinc(II). As a result, the copper(I) was restored in the rotaxane, and the dynamic shuttling motion of [Cu(R)]+ was regained. The healing was conveniently followed by diagnostic fluorescence changes.

Proton transfer network with luminescence display controls OFF/ON catalysis that generates a high-speed slider-on-deck.

A three-component network for OFF/ON catalysis was built from a protonated nanoswitch and a luminophore. Its activation by addition of silver(i) triggered the proton-catalyzed formation of a biped and the assembly of a fast slider-on-deck (k 298 = 540 kHz).

Spatiotemporal changes in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide hotspot due to emission switch-off condition in the view of lockdown emergency in India.

The COVID-19 outbreak has elicited forced lockdown conditions for all anthropogenic emissions across the globe. It has brought an opportunity for the researchers to sort out the relative contribution of the environmental pollutants which are emerged from the coal-based thermal power plants and other industrial sectors. In countries like India, some industrial sectors and thermal power plants coexist; henceforth, they mutually produce NO2 concentration canopy in the upper atmosphere in raised form. Focusing on this issue, the present work intends to explore the NO2 emission hot-spots' foci using switch-off conditions in consequence of emergency lockdown. Our results indicate that stable ( C V low and NO 2 max ) and large NO2 concentration canopy is noticeable in the inter-state border areas among Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand (around "Govind Ballabh Part Sagar" reservoir) where a cluster of thermal power plant is located. The "OFF" situation also proposes a close correspondence between the NO2 richness column and installed capacity (R 2 value > 0.7 with 0.0002 p value). States that are situated in the eastern part of the country and megacities like Delhi and Kolkata represent a crucial role in NO2 emission while in certain regions of south India are more or less safe from NO2 emission. As a consequence, the lockdown has created a temporary pollution baseline for tropospheric NO2 that offers research prospects to think of alternate sources of energy that can maintain environmental health as well as human well-being.

Fuel Acid Drives Base Catalysis and Supramolecular Cage-to-Device Transformation under Dissipative Conditions.

In State-I, a mixture comprising a DABCO-bridged tris(zinc-porphyrin) double decker and a free biped (=slider), catalysis was OFF. Acid addition (TFA or Di-Stefano fuel acid) to State-I liberated DABCO-H+ while generating a highly dynamic slider-on-deck device (State-II). The released DABCO-H+ acted as a base organocatalyst for a Knoevenagel reaction (catalysis ON). The system was reversed to State-I (catalysis OFF) by reducing the acidity in the system (by adding DBU or via the fuel-derived base).

Quantum transitions, ergodicity, and quantum scars in the coupled top model.

We consider an interacting collective spin model known as coupled top (CT), exhibiting a rich variety of phenomena related to quantum transitions, ergodicity, and formation of quantum scars, discussed in our previous work [Mondal, Sinha, and Sinha, Phys. Rev. E 102, 020101(R) (2020)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.102.020101]. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of the different type of transitions in the CT model, and find their connection with the underlying collective spin dynamics. Apart from the quantum scarring phenomena, we also identify another source of deviation from ergodicity due to the presence of nonergodic multifractal states. The degree of ergodicity of the eigenstates across the energy band is quantified from the relative entanglement entropy as well as multifractal dimensions, which can be probed from nonequilibrium dynamics. Finally, we discuss the detection of nonergodic behavior and different types of quantum scars using "out-of-time-order correlators," which has relevance in the recent experiments.

Parallel Allosteric Inhibition of Shuttling Motion and Catalysis in a Silver(I)-loaded [2]Rotaxane.

A dynamic silver(I)-loaded [2]rotaxane shuttle (k298 = 135 kHz) was converted allosterically into a conformationally restricted [2]rotaxane due to the creation of a bulky imine in the center of the axle component. Only the dynamic silver(I)-loaded [2]rotaxane was able to catalyze a 6-endo-cyclization reaction, whereas the static one was catalytically quiet. The mechanism of catalyst deactivation was elucidated.

Dynamical route to ergodicity and quantum scarring in kicked coupled top.

Unlike classical systems, understanding ergodicity from phase space mixing remains unclear for interacting quantum systems due to the absence of phase space trajectories. By considering an interacting spin model known as kicked coupled top, we elucidate the manifestation of phase space dynamics on local ergodic behavior of its quantum counterpart and quantum scarring phenomena. A transition to chaos occurs by increasing the kicking strength, and in the mixed phase space, the islands of regular motions within the chaotic sea clearly exhibit deviation from ergodicity, which we quantify from entanglement entropy and survival probability. Interestingly, the reminiscence of unstable orbits and fixed points can be identified as scars in quantum states, exhibiting athermal behavior and violation of Berry's conjecture for ergodic states. We also discuss the detection of quantum scars by a recently developed method of "out-of-time-order correlators," which has experimental relevance.

Extended protocol and real-time PCR dataset for shrimp species identification.

Mitochondrial gene analysis was performed using gene-specific conserved primers by conventional and real-time PCR method. Along with, beta-actin gene analysis using conserved primers was also performed in this article. Mitochondrial gene sequence as well as beta-actin sequence data were acquired by Sanger sequencing technique. We have reported a set of conserved primers for the identification and authentication of ten different shrimp species. Real-time melt curve analysis was the most promising methodology to discriminate the mislabeling or fraudulent commercial use of shrimp species. Dataset in this article provided novel insight into identification and authentication of shrimp species by real-time melt curve analysis.