Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ) into Brazilian Portuguese.

BACKGROUND: Psychological factors play an important role in the adequate return of an athlete to sport. Our aim was to perform the translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ) into Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: We performed the translation and cross-cultural adaptation and evaluated the structural validity, construct validity, and test-retest reliability. In addition to the AFAQ, we used the Numerical Pain Scale (NPS), Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale (PCTS), Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain Questionnaire for athletes (SEFIP-sport), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). We used the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to analyze the internal structure of the AFAQ. We used the Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho) to determine the magnitude of correlation between the AFAQ and the other instruments. We evaluated the test-retest reliability and internal consistency by means of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. RESULTS: No adaptation was necessary to produce the AFAQ version in Brazilian Portuguese. We included 160 participants in the study. We identified the one-dimensionality of the AFAQ through the EFA with the implementation of parallel analysis (KMO = 0.83, p < 0.001 in Bartlett's Sphericity test). In construct validity, the magnitudes of correlation between the AFAQ and the other instruments ranged from 0.257 to 0.548. We identified adequate reliability (ICC = 0.85) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the AFAQ with one domain and 10 items has adequate measurement properties in injured professional and recreational athletes.

Barthel Index is a valid and reliable tool to measure the functional independence of cancer patients in palliative care.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to verify the reliability, internal consistency and construct validity of the Barthel Index in Brazilian cancer patients in palliative care. METHODS: We included patients with cancer, both sexes, and age greater than or equal to 18 years. We used to evaluate patients the Barthel Index, Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS), and European Organization for Research in the Treatment of Cancer Questionnaire-core 15 (EORTC-QLQ-C15-PAL). The measurement properties evaluated in this study were test-retest and inter-rater reliability and construct validity (tested by means of correlations with other instruments). RESULTS: We included 220 patients for construct validity and a subsample of 27 patients for reliability analyses. We observed adequate reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.962) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.942). There were adequate correlations between the Barthel Index and the KPS (rho = 0.766), and the functional capacity domain of the EORTC-QLQ-C15-PAL (rho = -0.698). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the Barthel Index presents adequate test-retest and inter-rater reliability, acceptable internal consistency, and valid construct for measuring functional independence in cancer patients.