The Nuclear SUMO-Targeted Ubiquitin Quality Control Network Regulates the Dynamics of Cytoplasmic Stress Granules.

Exposure of cells to heat or oxidative stress causes misfolding of proteins. To avoid toxic protein aggregation, cells have evolved nuclear and cytosolic protein quality control (PQC) systems. In response to proteotoxic stress, cells also limit protein synthesis by triggering transient storage of mRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in cytosolic stress granules (SGs). We demonstrate that the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (StUbL) pathway, which is part of the nuclear proteostasis network, regulates SG dynamics. We provide evidence that inactivation of SUMO deconjugases under proteotoxic stress initiates SUMO-primed, RNF4-dependent ubiquitylation of RBPs that typically condense into SGs. Impairment of SUMO-primed ubiquitylation drastically delays SG resolution upon stress release. Importantly, the StUbL system regulates compartmentalization of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated FUS mutant in SGs. We propose that the StUbL system functions as surveillance pathway for aggregation-prone RBPs in the nucleus, thereby linking the nuclear and cytosolic axis of proteotoxic stress response.

Relationship between journal impact factor and the thoroughness and helpfulness of peer reviews.

The Journal Impact Factor is often used as a proxy measure for journal quality, but the empirical evidence is scarce. In particular, it is unclear how peer review characteristics for a journal relate to its impact factor. We analysed 10,000 peer review reports submitted to 1,644 biomedical journals with impact factors ranging from 0.21 to 74.7. Two researchers hand-coded sentences using categories of content related to the thoroughness of the review (Materials and Methods, Presentation and Reporting, Results and Discussion, Importance and Relevance) and helpfulness (Suggestion and Solution, Examples, Praise, Criticism). We fine-tuned and validated transformer machine learning language models to classify sentences. We then examined the association between the number and percentage of sentences addressing different content categories and 10 groups defined by the Journal Impact Factor. The median length of reviews increased with higher impact factor, from 185 words (group 1) to 387 words (group 10). The percentage of sentences addressing Materials and Methods was greater in the highest Journal Impact Factor journals than in the lowest Journal Impact Factor group. The results for Presentation and Reporting went in the opposite direction, with the highest Journal Impact Factor journals giving less emphasis to such content. For helpfulness, reviews for higher impact factor journals devoted relatively less attention to Suggestion and Solution than lower impact factor journals. In conclusion, peer review in journals with higher impact factors tends to be more thorough, particularly in addressing study methods while giving relatively less emphasis to presentation or suggesting solutions. Differences were modest and variability high, indicating that the Journal Impact Factor is a bad predictor of the quality of peer review of an individual manuscript.

Papain-like protease regulates SARS-CoV-2 viral spread and innate immunity.

The papain-like protease PLpro is an essential coronavirus enzyme that is required for processing viral polyproteins to generate a functional replicase complex and enable viral spread1,2. PLpro is also implicated in cleaving proteinaceous post-translational modifications on host proteins as an evasion mechanism against host antiviral immune responses3-5. Here we perform biochemical, structural and functional characterization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) PLpro (SCoV2-PLpro) and outline differences with SARS-CoV PLpro (SCoV-PLpro) in regulation of host interferon and NF-κB pathways. SCoV2-PLpro and SCoV-PLpro share 83% sequence identity but exhibit different host substrate preferences; SCoV2-PLpro preferentially cleaves the ubiquitin-like interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein (ISG15), whereas SCoV-PLpro predominantly targets ubiquitin chains. The crystal structure of SCoV2-PLpro in complex with ISG15 reveals distinctive interactions with the amino-terminal ubiquitin-like domain of ISG15, highlighting the high affinity and specificity of these interactions. Furthermore, upon infection, SCoV2-PLpro contributes to the cleavage of ISG15 from interferon responsive factor 3 (IRF3) and attenuates type I interferon responses. Notably, inhibition of SCoV2-PLpro with GRL-0617 impairs the virus-induced cytopathogenic effect, maintains the antiviral interferon pathway and reduces viral replication in infected cells. These results highlight a potential dual therapeutic strategy in which targeting of SCoV2-PLpro can suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection and promote antiviral immunity.

Increased genome size is caused by heterochromatin addition in two non-related bat species, Hesperoptenus doriae and Philetor brachypterus (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera, Mammalia).

The average genome size (GS) of bats, which are the only mammals capable of powered flight, is approximately 18% smaller than that of closely related mammalian orders. The low nuclear DNA content of Chiroptera is comparable to that of birds, which are also characterized by a high metabolic rate. Only a few chiropteran taxa possess notable amounts of constitutive heterochromatin. Here, we studied the karyotypes of two non-related vesper bat species with unusually high amounts of constitutive heterochromatin: Hesperoptenus doriae and Philetor brachypterus. Conventional staining methods and whole-chromosome painting with probes derived from Myotis myotis (2n = 44), showing a karyotype close to that of the presumed ancestor of Vespertilionidae, revealed Robertsonian fusions as the main type of rearrangement leading to the exceptionally reduced diploid chromosome number of 2n = 26 in both species. Moreover, both karyotypes are characterized by large blocks of pericentromeric heterochromatin composed of CMA-positive and DA-DAPI-positive segments. In H. doriae, the heterochromatin accumulation has resulted in a genome size of 3.22 pg (1C), which is 40% greater than the mean genome size for the family. For P. brachypterus, a genome size of 2.94 pg was determined, representing an increase of about 28%. Most notably, in H. doriae, the presence of additional constitutive heterochromatin correlates with an extended mitotic cell cycle duration in vitro. A reduction in diploid chromosome number to 30 or lower is discussed as a possible cause of the accumulation of pericentromeric heterochromatin in Vespertilionidae.

The AAA ATPase MDN1 Acts as a SUMO-Targeted Regulator in Mammalian Pre-ribosome Remodeling.

Biogenesis of translation-competent 80S ribosomes is a multi-step process requiring the sequential action of non-ribosomal trans-acting factors. We previously identified the human PELP1-TEX10-WDR18 complex and the associated SUMO isopeptidase SENP3 as regulators of 60S maturation. We provided evidence that deconjugating SUMO from PELP1 by SENP3 is instrumental for proper ribosome biogenesis. Here we show that SUMO conjugation/deconjugation of PELP1 controls its dynamic association with the AAA ATPase MDN1, a key factor of pre-60S remodeling. We demonstrate that modification of PELP1 promotes the recruitment of MDN1 to pre-60S particles, while deSUMOylation is needed to release both MDN1 and PELP1 from pre-ribosomes. Inactivation of SENP3 traps MDN1 at pre-60S particles and prevents critical remodeling events, ultimately generating aberrant pre-60S complexes. We define MDN1 as a SUMO-targeted AAA ATPase, and we propose that a controlled SUMO cycle on PELP1 serves as regulatory point for mammalian 60S maturation through ordered recruitment and release of MDN1.

HSPA8 Chaperone Complex Drives Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Regulation in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Differentiation.

INTRODUCTION: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the hematopoietic system characterized by hyperproliferation of undifferentiated cells of the myeloid lineage. While most of AML therapies are focused toward tumor debulking, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces neutrophil differentiation in the AML subtype acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Macroautophagy has been extensively investigated in the context of various cancers and is often dysregulated in AML where it can have context-dependent pro- or anti-leukemogenic effects. On the contrary, the implications of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) on the pathophysiology of diseases are still being explored and its role in AML remains elusive. METHODS: We took advantage of human AML primary samples and databases to analyze CMA gene expression and activity. Furthermore, we used ATRA-sensitive (NB4) and -resistant (NB4-R1) APL cells to further dissect a potential function for CMA in ATRA-mediated neutrophil differentiation. NB4-R1 cells are unique in that they do respond to retinoic acid transcriptionally but do not mature in response to retinoid signaling alone unless maturation is triggered by adding cyclic adenosine monophosphate. RESULTS: Here, we report that CMA-related mRNA transcripts are significantly higher expressed in immature hematopoietic cells as compared to neutrophils, contrasting the macroautophagy gene expression patterns. Accordingly, lysosomal degradation of an mCherry-KFERQ CMA reporter decreases during ATRA-induced differentiation of APL cells. On the other hand, using NB4-R1 cells we found that macroautophagy flux primed ATRA-resistant NB4-R1 cells to differentiate upon ATRA treatment but reduced the association of lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A (LAMP-2A) and heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8 (HSPA8), necessary for complete neutrophil maturation. Accordingly, depletion of HSPA8 attenuated CMA activity and facilitated APL cell differentiation. In contrast, maintaining high CMA activity by ectopic expression of LAMP-2A impeded APL differentiation. CONCLUSION: Overall, our findings suggest that APL neutrophil differentiation requires CMA inactivation and that this pathway predominantly depends on HSPA8 and is possibly assisted by other co-chaperones.

Massive expansion of sex-specific SNPs, transposon-related elements, and neocentromere formation shape the young W-chromosome from the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis.

BACKGROUND: The Western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, is a model for sex chromosome organization and evolution of female heterogamety. We previously identified a G. affinis female-specific marker, orthologous to the aminomethyl transferase (amt) gene of the related platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus). Here, we have analyzed the structure and differentiation of the G. affinis W-chromosome, using a cytogenomics and bioinformatics approach. RESULTS: The long arm of the G. affinis W-chromosome (Wq) is highly enriched in dispersed repetitive sequences, but neither heterochromatic nor epigenetically silenced by hypermethylation. In line with this, Wq sequences are highly transcribed, including an active nucleolus organizing region (NOR). Female-specific SNPs and evolutionary young transposable elements were highly enriched and dispersed along the W-chromosome long arm, suggesting constrained recombination. Wq copy number expanded elements also include female-specific transcribed sequences from the amt locus with homology to TE. Collectively, the G. affinis W-chromosome is actively differentiating by sex-specific copy number expansion of transcribed TE-related elements, but not (yet) by extensive sequence divergence or gene decay. CONCLUSIONS: The G. affinis W-chromosome exhibits characteristic genomic properties of an evolutionary young sex chromosome. Strikingly, the observed sex-specific changes in the genomic landscape are confined to the W long arm, which is separated from the rest of the W-chromosome by a neocentromere acquired during sex chromosome evolution and may thus have become functionally insulated. In contrast, W short arm sequences were apparently shielded from repeat-driven differentiation, retained Z-chromosome like genomic features, and may have preserved pseudo-autosomal properties.

Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by knockdown of AP-2 leads to alterations in the plasma membrane proteome.

In eukaryotic cells, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a central pathway for the internalization of proteins from the cell surface, thereby contributing to the maintenance of the plasma membrane protein composition. A key component for the formation of endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) is AP-2, as it sequesters cargo membrane proteins, recruits a multitude of other endocytic factors and initiates clathrin polymerization. Here, we inhibited CME by depletion of AP-2 and explored the consequences for the plasma membrane proteome. Quantitative analysis revealed accumulation of major constituents of the endosomal-lysosomal system reflecting a block in retrieval by compensatory CME. The noticeable enrichment of integrins and blockage of their turnover resulted in severely impaired cell migration. Rare proteins such as the anti-cancer drug target CA9 and tumor markers (CD73, CD164, CD302) were significantly enriched. The AP-2 knockdown attenuated the global endocytic capacity, but clathrin-independent entry pathways were still operating, as indicated by persistent internalization of specific membrane-spanning and GPI-anchored receptors (PVR, IGF1R, CD55, TNAP). We hypothesize that blocking AP-2 function and thus inhibiting CME may be a novel approach to identify new druggable targets, or to increase their residence time at the plasma membrane, thereby increasing the probability for efficient therapeutic intervention.

Differentially expressed messenger RNA/proteins can distinguish teratoma from necrosis in postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection tissue.

BACKGROUND: Before postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (pcRPLND), in patients with metastasized germ cell tumors (GCTs), those harboring necrosis (NEC) cannot be distinguished from those who have teratoma (TER), resulting in relevant overtreatment, whereas microRNA-371a-3p may be predictive for viable GCT. The purpose of this study was to explore messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteins to distinguish TER from NEC in pcRPLND tissue. METHODS: The discovery cohort consisted in total of 48 patients, including 16 each with TER, viable GCT, and NEC. Representative areas were microdissected. A NanoString panel and proteomics were used to analyze 770 genes and >5000 proteins. The most significantly and differentially expressed combination of both parameters, mRNA and its associated protein, between TER and NEC was validated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in an independent validation cohort comprising 66 patients who were not part of the discovery cohort. RESULTS: The authors observed that anterior gradient protein 2 homolog (AGR2) and keratin, type I cytoskeletal 19 (KRT19) were significantly differentially expressed in TER versus NEC in mRNA and protein analyses (proteomics). The technical validation using IHC was successful in the same patients. These proteins were further validated by IHC in the independent patient cohort and exhibited significantly higher levels in TER versus NEC (p < .0001; area under the curve, 1.0; sensitivity and specificity, 100% each). CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated that KRT19 and AGR2 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in TER versus NEC in pcRPLND tissue and might serve as a future diagnostic target to detect TER, for instance, by functional imaging, to avoid overtreatment. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: The proteins and the corresponding genes called AGR2 and KRT19 can differentiate between teratoma and necrosis in remaining tumor masses after chemotherapy in patients who have metastasized testicular cancer. This may be a way to improve presurgical diagnostics and to reduce the current overtreatment of patients with necrosis only, who could be treated sufficiently by surveillance.

Myeloperoxidase is a critical mediator of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy.

Cardiotoxicity is a major complication of anthracycline therapy that negatively impacts prognosis. Effective pharmacotherapies for prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy (AICM) are currently lacking. Increased plasma levels of the neutrophil-derived enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) predict occurrence of AICM in humans. We hypothesized that MPO release causally contributes to AICM. Mice intravenously injected with the anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX) exhibited higher neutrophil counts and MPO levels in the circulation and cardiac tissue compared to saline (NaCl)-treated controls. Neutrophil-like HL-60 cells exhibited increased MPO release upon exposition to DOX. DOX induced extensive nitrosative stress in cardiac tissue alongside with increased carbonylation of sarcomeric proteins in wildtype but not in Mpo-/- mice. Accordingly, co-treatment of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) with DOX and MPO aggravated loss of hiPSC-CM-contractility compared to DOX treatment alone. DOX-treated animals exhibited pronounced cardiac apoptosis and inflammation, which was attenuated in MPO-deficient animals. Finally, genetic MPO deficiency and pharmacological MPO inhibition protected mice from the development of AICM. The anticancer efficacy of DOX was unaffected by MPO deficiency. Herein we identify MPO as a critical mediator of AICM. We demonstrate that DOX induces cardiac neutrophil infiltration and release of MPO, which directly impairs cardiac contractility through promoting oxidation of sarcomeric proteins, cardiac inflammation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. MPO thus emerges as a promising pharmacological target for prevention of AICM.

Small-molecule SUMO inhibition for biomarker-informed B-cell lymphoma therapy.

Aberrant activity of the SUMOylation pathway has been associated with MYC overexpression and poor prognosis in aggressive B-cell lymphoma (BCL) and other malignancies. Recently developed small-molecule inhibitors of SUMOylation (SUMOi) target the heterodimeric E1 SUMO activation complex (SAE1/UBA2). Here, we report that activated MYC signaling is an actionable molecular vulnerability in vitro and in a preclinical murine in vivo model of MYC-driven BCL. While SUMOi conferred direct effects on MYC-driven lymphoma cells, SUMO inhibition also resulted in substantial remodeling of various subsets of the innate and specific immunity in vivo. Specifically, SUMOi increased the number of memory B cells as well as cytotoxic and memory T cells, subsets that are attributed a key role within a coordinated anti-tumor immune response. In summary, our data constitute pharmacologic SUMOi as a powerful therapy in a subset of BCL causing massive remodeling of the normal B-cell and T-cell compartment.

Elementary vectors and autocatalytic sets for resource allocation in next-generation models of cellular growth.

Traditional (genome-scale) metabolic models of cellular growth involve an approximate biomass "reaction", which specifies biomass composition in terms of precursor metabolites (such as amino acids and nucleotides). On the one hand, biomass composition is often not known exactly and may vary drastically between conditions and strains. On the other hand, the predictions of computational models crucially depend on biomass. Also elementary flux modes (EFMs), which generate the flux cone, depend on the biomass reaction. To better understand cellular phenotypes across growth conditions, we introduce and analyze new classes of elementary vectors for comprehensive (next-generation) metabolic models, involving explicit synthesis reactions for all macromolecules. Elementary growth modes (EGMs) are given by stoichiometry and generate the growth cone. Unlike EFMs, they are not support-minimal, in general, but cannot be decomposed "without cancellations". In models with additional (capacity) constraints, elementary growth vectors (EGVs) generate a growth polyhedron and depend also on growth rate. However, EGMs/EGVs do not depend on the biomass composition. In fact, they cover all possible biomass compositions and can be seen as unbiased versions of elementary flux modes/vectors (EFMs/EFVs) used in traditional models. To relate the new concepts to other branches of theory, we consider autocatalytic sets of reactions. Further, we illustrate our results in a small model of a self-fabricating cell, involving glucose and ammonium uptake, amino acid and lipid synthesis, and the expression of all enzymes and the ribosome itself. In particular, we study the variation of biomass composition as a function of growth rate. In agreement with experimental data, low nitrogen uptake correlates with high carbon (lipid) storage.

Zig-zag structures in silver dichromate precipitate.

Precipitation patterns are commonly concentric rings forming in a Petri dish or parallel bands appearing in a test tube (Liesegang phenomenon). The rings frequently consist of a number of convex segments that are separated from each other by spaces devoid of precipitate resulting in small gaps (dislocations). Along these gaps, the so-called zig-zag structures can form, which connect one side of a gap with its opposite side. We observe that the occurrence of zig-zags requires a minimum thickness of the reactive layer (≥ 0.8 mm). This fact together with microscopic evidence indicates their three-dimensional character. One finds that at the very beginning of the precipitation reaction a curling process starts in the corresponding contour lines. These observations suggest structures of a helicoid with the axis perpendicular to the plane of the reaction-diffusion front to pass through the layer. Zig-zags are not parallel to the reaction plane, i.e., they are not formed periodically, but evolve continuously as a rotating spiral wave. Thus, their topology is closely related to helices in a test tube.

Asexuality Associated with Marked Genomic Expansion of Tandemly Repeated rRNA and Histone Genes.

How does asexual reproduction influence genome evolution? Although is it clear that genomic structural variation is common and important in natural populations, we know very little about how one of the most fundamental of eukaryotic traits-mode of genomic inheritance-influences genome structure. We address this question with the New Zealand freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, which features multiple separately derived obligately asexual lineages that coexist and compete with otherwise similar sexual lineages. We used whole-genome sequencing reads from a diverse set of sexual and asexual individuals to analyze genomic abundance of a critically important gene family, rDNA (the genes encoding rRNAs), that is notable for dynamic and variable copy number. Our genomic survey of rDNA in P. antipodarum revealed two striking results. First, the core histone and 5S rRNA genes occur between tandem copies of the 18S-5.8S-28S gene cluster, a unique architecture for these crucial gene families. Second, asexual P. antipodarum harbor dramatically more rDNA-histone copies than sexuals, which we validated through molecular and cytogenetic analysis. The repeated expansion of this genomic region in asexual P. antipodarum lineages following distinct transitions to asexuality represents a dramatic genome structural change associated with asexual reproduction-with potential functional consequences related to the loss of sexual reproduction.

PML, SUMO, and RNF4: guardians of nuclear protein quality.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Guo et al. (2014) report that misfolded or aggregated nuclear proteins, such as pathogenic polyQ proteins, are cleared by a SUMO-dependent quality control pathway, which involves the E3 SUMO ligase PML and the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4.

The SUMO-specific isopeptidase SENP3 regulates MLL1/MLL2 methyltransferase complexes and controls osteogenic differentiation.

The ubiquitin-like SUMO system regulates gene expression, but the molecular insights into this process are incomplete. We show that the SUMO-specific isopeptidase SENP3 controls H3K4 methylation by regulating histone-modifying SET1/MLL complexes. SET1/MLL complexes are composed of a histone methyltransferase and the regulatory components WDR5, RbBP5, Ash2L, and DPY-30. MLL1/MLL2 complexes contain menin as additional component and are particularly important for the activation of HOX genes. We demonstrate that SENP3 is associated with MLL1/MLL2 complexes and catalyzes deSUMOylation of RbBP5. This is required for activation of a subset of HOX genes, including the developmental regulator DLX3. In the absence of SENP3, the association of menin and Ash2L with the DLX3 gene is impaired, leading to decreased H3K4 methylation and reduced recruitment of active RNA polymerase II. Importantly, the SENP3-DLX3 pathway dictates osteogenic differentiation of human stem cells, thus delineating the importance of balanced SUMOylation for epigenetic control of gene expression programs.

Vitamin K antagonism impairs the bone marrow microenvironment and hematopoiesis.

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been used in 1% of the world's population for prophylaxis or treatment of thromboembolic events for 64 years. Impairment of osteoblast function and osteoporosis has been described in patients receiving VKAs. Given the involvement of cells of the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM), such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and macrophages, as well as other factors such as the extracellular matrix for the maintenance of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we investigated a possible effect of VKAs on hematopoiesis via the BMM. Using various transplantation and in vitro assays, we show here that VKAs alter parameters of bone physiology and reduce functional HSCs 8-fold. We implicate impairment of the functional, secreted, vitamin K-dependent, γ-carboxylated form of periostin by macrophages and, to a lesser extent, MSCs of the BMM and integrin ß3-AKT signaling in HSCs as at least partly causative of this effect, with VKAs not being directly toxic to HSCs. In patients, VKA use associates with modestly reduced leukocyte and monocyte counts, albeit within the normal reference range. VKAs decrease human HSC engraftment in immunosuppressed mice. Following published examples that alteration of the BMM can lead to hematological malignancies in mice, we describe, without providing a causal link, that the odds of VKA use are higher in patients with vs without a diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). These results demonstrate that VKA treatment impairs HSC function via impairment of the BMM and the periostin/integrin ß3 axis, possibly associating with increased MDS risk.

Zoledronate Causes a Systemic Shift of Macrophage Polarization towards M1 In Vivo.

BACKGROUND: Immunomodulatory properties of bisphosphonates (BP) are suggested to contribute to the development of medication-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Furthermore, bisphosphonate-derived immune modulation might contribute to the anti-metastatic effect observed in breast cancer patients. Macrophages are potential candidates for the mediation of immunomodulatory effects of bisphosphonates. The study aimed to investigate the influence of bisphosphonates alone and in combination with surgical trauma on systemic macrophage polarization (M1 vs. M2) using an in vivo rat model. METHODS: A total of 120 animals were divided into four groups. Groups 2 and 4 were treated with 8 × 40 µg/kg body weight of the BP Zoledronate i.p. (week 0-7). Groups 3 and 4 were exposed to surgical trauma (week 8, tooth extraction + tibia fracture), whereas in Group 1 neither medication nor surgical trauma was applied. After 8, 10, 12 and 16 weeks, skin, lung and spleen were immunohistochemically examined for macrophage polarization via expression analysis of CD68, CD163 and iNOS using a tissue microarray (TMA). RESULTS: A significant shift of macrophage polarization towards M1 was observed in skin, spleen and lung tissue of animals, with and without surgical trauma, treated with BP when compared to those without BP application. Surgical trauma did not cause a significant increase towards M1 polarization. CONCLUSIONS: BP application leads to a systemic pro-inflammatory situation in vivo, independent of surgical trauma, as evidenced by the shift in macrophage polarization towards M1 in various somatic tissues. This provides a possible explanation for the clinically observed anti-tumor effect of bisphosphonates and might also contribute to pathogenesis of MRONJ.

[Vitamin C - New Option in Sepsis Therapy?] / Vitamin C ­ neue Therapiemöglichkeit bei Sepsis?

Vitamin C deficiency often occurs in critical illness and especially in patients with sepsis. Low plasma levels correlate with organ dysfunction and outcome parameters. Vitamin C offers pleiotropic effects possibly attenuating pathophysiology in sepsis. This includes antioxidative effects like scavenging reactive oxygen species or restoring other antioxidants. Vitamin C is a cofactor for norepinephrine biosynthesis and it protects endothelial function. In addition, it modulates immune response. A combined therapy with vitamin C, hydrocortisone and thiamine could be beneficial because of synergistic effects. Some clinical studies have shown reduced mortality due to vitamin C alone or in combination with hydrocortisone and thiamine, others do not. Adverse events are rare. So data supporting a therapy with vitamin C is still unclear. Further randomised controlled trials are necessary.

SUMO pathway inhibition targets an aggressive pancreatic cancer subtype.

OBJECTIVE: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) still carries a dismal prognosis with an overall 5-year survival rate of 9%. Conventional combination chemotherapies are a clear advance in the treatment of PDAC; however, subtypes of the disease exist, which exhibit extensive resistance to such therapies. Genomic MYC amplifications represent a distinct subset of PDAC with an aggressive tumour biology. It is clear that hyperactivation of MYC generates dependencies that can be exploited therapeutically. The aim of the study was to find and to target MYC-associated dependencies. DESIGN: We analysed human PDAC gene expression datasets. Results were corroborated by the analysis of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway in a large PDAC cohort using immunohistochemistry. A SUMO inhibitor was used and characterised using human and murine two-dimensional, organoid and in vivo models of PDAC. RESULTS: We observed that MYC is connected to the SUMOylation machinery in PDAC. Components of the SUMO pathway characterise a PDAC subtype with a dismal prognosis and we provide evidence that hyperactivation of MYC is connected to an increased sensitivity to pharmacological SUMO inhibition. CONCLUSION: SUMO inhibitor-based therapies should be further developed for an aggressive PDAC subtype.