Improved Prognostic Prediction by Combination of Early Initiation of Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion with Modified Gender-Age-Physiology Index in Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory failure from acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) is associated with high mortality. Direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column (PMX-DHP) has been reported to have beneficial effects on patients with AE-IPF. Whether patient characteristics influence the extent of this benefit remains unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the records of 30 patients with AE-IPF who underwent PMX-DHP. The favorable factors of survival were determined using Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS: The 1- and 12-month survival rates after PMX-DHP were 70.0% and 50.0%, respectively. The multivariate analysis revealed that low modified Gender-Age-Physiology (GAP) index (≤8 points) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.317, p = 0.015) and PMX-DHP received within 48 h of steroid pulse (HR 0.289, p = 0.012) were favorable factors. Notably, even in the patients with high modified GAP index (>8 points), that is, more advanced IPF, those who received PMX-DHP within 48 h of steroid pulse had a better prognosis than those who did after 48 h of the steroid pulse (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Early PMX-DHP initiation in patients with AE-IPF, specifically within 48 h after the steroid pulse therapy, may improve prognosis regardless of the severity of chronic phase of IPF before AE-IPF.

Impact of sinus surgery on type 2 airway and systemic inflammation in asthma.

Objective: Asthma is frequently associated with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Although endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) improves asthma control in CRSwNP patients with asthma, the mechanism that underlies the response to surgical treatment is still unclear. We evaluated the relevance of changes in asthma control and changes in airway/systemic inflammation in eosinophilic CRSwNP patients with not well controlled asthma who underwent ESS.Methods: We prospectively assessed changes in the asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) score, blood eosinophil counts (B-Eos), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels at 1-week before and 8 and 52 weeks after ESS.Results: Twenty-five subjects were analyzed. The ACQ score, B-Eos, and FeNO decreased, and FEV1 increased significantly after ESS. In the period from baseline to 52 weeks after ESS, changes in ACQ were significantly correlated with the changes in blood eosinophil counts (r = 0.58, p<.01) and FeNO (r = 0.45, p<.05). Ten subjects (40%) showed consistently improved asthma control at 52-weeks after ESS. In the remaining subjects, although the ACQ score temporarily improved at 8-weeks after ESS, but eventually deteriorated at 52-weeks. Higher levels of total immunoglobulin E were associated with long-term improved asthma control after ESS.Conclusions: In eosinophilic CRSwNP patients with asthma, sinus surgery impacts asthma control through the suppression of airway/systemic type 2 inflammation. The present study reinforced the common pathophysiology of type 2 inflammation between the upper and lower airways.

Pleural effusion related to IgG4.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The causes of exudative pleural effusions are diverse and frequently remain unclear despite exhaustive examinations. Recently recognized IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory disorder that can affect nearly any organ including the lungs. This review will focus on the involvement of IgG4 in exudative pleural effusion of unknown cause. RECENT FINDINGS: IgG4 is found to be involved in a proportion of patients with undiagnosed pleural effusions. Pleural involvement in IgG4-RD can be seen in isolation or association with other organ disease. Pleural thickening and/or effusion are common clinical features of IgG4-related pleural lesions, and this condition is histologically characterized by a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate enriched in IgG4-positive plasma cells in the pleura. Although the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD is poorly understood, there is a growing body of evidence that indicates an antigen-driven process requiring T-cell and B-cell interaction in which autoantibodies, plasmablasts, follicular helper T cells and CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes participate. SUMMARY: The possibility of IgG4-related pleural lesion should be considered in patients with pleural effusion of unexplained cause when lymphoplasmacytic infiltration is seen in a pleural biopsy specimen. This condition is responsive to systemic steroid therapy.

[Long Term Placement of Endobronchial Watanabe Spigot for Empyema with Bronchopleural Fistula].

A 63-years old man referred to our hospital complaining of fever and dyspnea. He had severe diabetes. Chest computed tomography revealed left empyema with bronchopleural fistula and right pneumonia. Chest drainage was performed, but his general condition was too bad to perform surgical treatment. We performed bronchial embolization with Endobronchial Watanabe Spigot (EWS) which successfully closed the bronchopleural fistula resulting in the cure of pneumonia. Even at 1 year after treatment, good condition is being kept under the placement of EWS.

Management Reality of Female Patients with COPD: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional CAP Study in Japan.

Background: Reports from Europe and North America suggest that female chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients have a higher symptom burden and mortality than male patients. However, little is known about the management reality of female patients with COPD in Japan. Patients and Methods: We compared the clinical characteristics of female COPD patients with those of male using the cohort of the COPD Assessment in Practice study, which is a cross-sectional multicenter observational study. Results: Of the 1168 patients, 133 (11.4%) were female. A history of never smoking was higher in females than males (p<0.01). Although there was no difference in age or forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) % predicted between the groups, modified medical research council dyspnea scale (mMRC) and number of frequent exacerbators were higher in females (mMRC≥2: p<0.01; number of exacerbations≥2: p=0.011). The mean forced vital capacity and FEV1 values in females were lower than those in males (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Females were more likely to use long-term oxygen therapy and inhaled corticosteroids than males (p=0.016 and p<0.01, respectively). The prevalence of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) groups B, C, D (ABCD GOLD 2017 classification), and E (ABE GOLD 2023 classification) was higher in females than in males. Conclusion: The disease burden of female patients with COPD is higher than that of male patients in Japan, suggesting the importance of interventions considering female-dominant features such as lower absolute FVC and FEV1, respiratory failure, and asthma-like conditions.

Diagnostic Utility of Specific Frailty Questionnaire: The Kihon Checklist for Hippocampal Atrophy in COPD.

Background/Objectives: COPD patients who are frail have been reported to develop brain atrophy, but no non-invasive diagnostic tool has been developed to detect this condition. Our study aimed to explore the diagnostic utility of the Kihon Checklist (KCL), a frailty questionnaire, in assessing hippocampal volume loss in patients with COPD. Methods: We recruited 40 COPD patients and 20 healthy individuals using the KCL to assess frailty across seven structural domains. Hippocampal volumes were obtained from T1-weighted MRI images, and ROC analysis was performed to detect hippocampal atrophy. Results: Our results showed that patients with COPD had significantly greater atrophic left hippocampal volumes than healthy subjects (p < 0.05). The univariate correlation coefficient between the left hippocampal volume and KCL (1-20), which pertains to instrumental and social activities of daily living, was the largest (ρ = -0.54, p < 0.0005) among the KCL subdomains. Additionally, both KCL (1-25) and KCL (1-20) demonstrated useful diagnostic potential (93% specificity and 90% sensitivity, respectively) for identifying individuals in the lowest 25% of the left hippocampal volume (AUC = 0.82). Conclusions: Our study suggests that frailty questionnaires focusing on daily vulnerability, such as the KCL, can effectively detect hippocampal atrophy in COPD patients.

Correlation between frailty and reduction in cortical thickness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Physical inactivity and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can lead to frailty and poor prognoses. However, little is known regarding the association between frailty and the human brain. We hypothesized that the brain structure could change according to frailty in patients with COPD and focused on cortical thickness. Cortical thickness measured by magnetic resonance imaging and frailty scores using the Kihon Checklist (KCL) were assessed in 40 patients with stable COPD and 20 healthy controls. Among the 34 regions assessed, multiple regions were thinner in patients with COPD than in healthy individuals (p < 0.05). We found significant negative correlations between the eight regions and the KCL scores only in patients with COPD. After adjusting for age and cognitive impairment, the association between the left and six right regions remained statistically significant. The correlation coefficient was the strongest in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus (left: ρ = - 0.5319, p = 0.0006) (right: ρ = - 0.5361, p = 0.0005). Interestingly, among the KCL scores, the daily activity domain showed the strongest correlation (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 73%) with the bottom quartile of the reduction in the superior frontal gyrus. Frailty in patients with COPD is associated with a thickness reduction in the cortical regions, reflecting social vulnerability.

Gender Difference in the Relationship between Extrapulmonary Factors and Reduced Lung Function in Early Adulthood.

(1) Background: Reduced lung function in early adulthood is associated with future risks to health outcomes that have not been fully explored by gender. We investigated gender-specific relationships between lung function and extrapulmonary variables, assessing their potential as screening markers for respiratory dysfunction in young adults. (2) Methods: The participants were 151 medical students. Clinical data, handgrip strength (HS); body composition parameters such as skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), whole-body phase angle (WBPhA), and bone mineral content (BMC); and pulmonary function variables, vital capacity (VC), forced VC (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), were measured. (3) Results: FEV1 was significantly correlated with BMI, SMI, WBPhA, BMC, and both left and right HS (p < 0.0001, respectively) across all participants. According to gender, FEV1 had the strongest positive association with left HS in males (p < 0.0001) and BMC in females (p < 0.0001). The area under the curve for detecting the bottom quartile of FEV1 was 0.705 (cut-off 41.0 kg, sensitivity 91%) for left HS in males and 0.742 (cut-off 2.11 kg, sensitivity 81%) for BMC in females. (4) Conclusions: Gender-specific relationships between intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary factors such as left HS and BMC could be useful for screening suspected respiratory dysfunction in early adulthood.

Relief of Airflow Limitation and Airway Inflammation by Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in a Patient with Severe Asthma with Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Although endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is beneficial in improving asthma symptoms, its impact on the lung function in patients with asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis remains unclear. We herein report a case of severe asthma with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis, in which ESS substantially improved airflow limitation and concomitantly reduced fractional exhaled nitric oxide and blood eosinophil counts. ESS likely relieved airflow limitation by suppressing type 2 inflammatory pathways. This case highlights ESS as a promising strategy for achieving clinical remission in patients with severe asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis.

Pulmonary function and chest CT abnormalities 3 months after discharge from COVID-19, 2020-2021: A nation-wide multicenter prospective cohort study from the Japanese respiratory society.

BACKGROUND: No comprehensive analysis of the pulmonary sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan based on respiratory function tests and chest computed tomography (CT) has been reported. We evaluated post-COVID-19 conditions, especially focusing on pulmonary sequelae assessed by pulmonary function tests and chest CT. METHODS: For this prospective cohort study, we enrolled 1069 patients who presented pneumonia at the time of admission in 55 hospitals from February 2020 to September 2021. Disease severity was classified as moderateⅠ, moderate II, and severe, defined primarily according to the degree of respiratory failure. The data on post-COVID-19 conditions over 12 months, pulmonary function, and chest CT findings at 3 months were evaluated in this study. Additionally, the impact of COVID-19 severity on pulmonary sequelae, such as impaired diffusion capacity, restrictive pattern, and CT abnormalities, was also evaluated. RESULTS: The most frequently reported post-COVID-19 conditions at 3 months after COVID-19 were muscle weakness, dyspnea, and fatigue (48.4%, 29.0%, and 24.7%, respectively). The frequency of symptoms gradually decreased over subsequent months. In pulmonary function tests at 3 months, the incidence of impaired diffusion capacity and restrictive pattern increased depending on disease severity. There also were differences in the presence of chest CT abnormalities at the 3 months, which was markedly correlated with the severity. CONCLUSION: We reported a comprehensive analysis of post-COVID-19 condition, pulmonary function, and chest CT abnormalities in Japanese patients with COVID-19. The findings of this study will serve as valuable reference data for future post-COVID-19 condition research in Japan.

Association between cytokine removal by polymyxin B hemoperfusion and improved pulmonary oxygenation in patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) is characterized by severe worsening dyspnea of unknown etiology and high mortality without effective treatment. Recently, direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B (PMX)-immobilized fiber cartridge (PMX-DHP) has been reported to improve pulmonary oxygenation and survival in patients with AE-IPF although its mechanism of action remains unknown. To gain insights into the pathobiology of AE-IPF through the beneficial effects of PMX-DHP, we analyzed the profile of cytokines adsorbed onto PMX-fibers used in 9 AE-IPF patients. In addition, the sera of these AE-IPF patients collected immediately before and after PMX-DHP, 9 stable IPF patients and 8 healthy individuals were also analyzed. The serum levels of cytokines including IL-9, IL-12, IL-17, PDGF and VEGF were significantly decreased immediately after PMX-DHP (P<0.02), and VEGF and IL-12 were most prominently reduced. In addition to PDGF and VEGF, IL-1ß, IL-1ra, IL-8, IL-23, FGF basic, GM-CSF, IP-10, RANTES and TGF-ß were eluted from used PMX-fibers. Interestingly, improved pulmonary oxygenation after PMX-DHP was correlated well with the quantities of eluted VEGF. These results suggest that adsorption of proinflammatory, profibrotic and proangiogenic cytokines onto PMX-fibers is one of the mechanisms of action of PMX-DHP in AE-IPF. Notably, removal of VEGF by PMX-DHP may contribute to the rapid improvement in oxygenation by suppressing vascular permeability in the lung.

Practical Recommendations for a Selection of Inhaled Corticosteroids in COPD: A Composite ICO Chart.

The use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for the maintenance of bronchodilator treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is controversial. While some patients achieve clinical benefits, such as fewer exacerbations and improved symptoms, others do not, and some experience undesired side effects, such as pneumonia. Thus, we reviewed the evidence related to predictors of ICS therapy treatment response in patients with COPD. The first priority clinical markers when considering the efficacy of ICS are type 2 inflammatory biomarkers, followed by a history of suspected asthma and recurrent exacerbations. It is also necessary to consider any potential infection risk associated with ICS, and several risk factors for pneumonia when using ICS have been clarified in recent years. In this article, based on the evidence supporting the selection of ICS for COPD, we propose an ICS composite that can be added to the COPD (ICO) chart for use in clinical practice. The chart divided the type 2 biomarkers into three ranges and provided recommendations (recommend, consider, and against) by combining the history of suspected asthma, history of exacerbations, and risk of infection.

Neural Network Approach to Investigating the Importance of Test Items for Predicting Physical Activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Contracting COPD reduces a patient's physical activity and restricts everyday activities (physical activity disorder). However, the fundamental cause of physical activity disorder has not been found. In addition, costly and specialized equipment is required to accurately examine the disorder; hence, it is not regularly assessed in normal clinical practice. In this study, we constructed a machine learning model to predict physical activity using test items collected during the normal care of COPD patients. In detail, we first applied three types of data preprocessing methods (zero-padding, multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE), and k-nearest neighbor (kNN)) to complement missing values in the dataset. Then, we constructed several types of neural networks to predict physical activity. Finally, permutation importance was calculated to identify the importance of the test items for prediction. Multifactorial analysis using machine learning, including blood, lung function, walking, and chest imaging tests, was the unique point of this research. From the experimental results, it was found that the missing value processing using MICE contributed to the best prediction accuracy (73.00%) compared to that using zero-padding (68.44%) or kNN (71.52%), and showed better accuracy than XGBoost (66.12%) with a significant difference (p < 0.05). For patients with severe physical activity reduction (total exercise < 1.5), a high sensitivity (89.36%) was obtained. The permutation importance showed that "sex, the number of cigarettes, age, and the whole body phase angle (nutritional status)" were the most important items for this prediction. Furthermore, we found that a smaller number of test items could be used in ordinary clinical practice for the screening of physical activity disorder.

A Real-World Study of Achievement Rate and Predictive Factors of Clinical and Deep Remission to Biologics in Patients with Severe Asthma.

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in biologics have provided new insights into the clinical course of asthma, including disease modification, clinical remission (CR), and deep remission (DR). However, the extent to which biologics achieve CR and DR in severe asthma patients is poorly understood. METHODS: To assess the achievement rate and predictors of CR and DR using long-term biologics, we retrospectively evaluated 54 severe asthma patients recently started on biologics. "CR" denotes the achievement of all three criteria: (1) absence of asthma symptoms, (2) no asthma exacerbations, and (3) no use of oral corticosteroids. DR denoted CR plus (4) normalized pulmonary function and (5) suppressed type 2 inflammation. RESULTS: CR and DR achievement rates were 68.5% and 31.5%, respectively. Compared with the non-deep remission group, the DR group had higher adult-onset asthma rates (94.1% vs. 70.3%, p = 0.078), shorter asthma duration (5 vs. 19 years, p = 0.006), and higher FEV1 (91.5% vs. 71.5%, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the Asthma Control Questionnaire scores, exacerbation frequency, or type 2 inflammation at baseline between groups. Asthma duration combined with FEV1 can stratify the achievement rates of CR and DR. CONCLUSIONS: the early introduction of biologics in severe asthma patients may help achieve CR and DR.

Computed Tomography Lung Density Analysis: An Imaging Biomarker Predicting Physical Inactivity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Pilot Study.

Physical inactivity correlates with poor prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is suggested to be related to lung hyperinflation. We examined the association between physical activity and the expiratory to inspiratory (E/I) ratio of mean lung density (MLD), the imaging biomarker of resting lung hyperinflation. COPD patients (n = 41) and healthy controls (n = 12) underwent assessment of pulmonary function and physical activity with an accelerometer, as well as computed tomography at full inspiration and expiration. E/IMLD was calculated by measuring inspiratory and expiratory MLD. Exercise (EX) was defined as metabolic equivalents × duration (hours). COPD patients had higher E/IMLD (0.975 vs. 0.964) than healthy subjects. When dividing COPD patients into sedentary (EX < 1.5) and non-sedentary (EX ≥ 1.5) groups, E/IMLD in the sedentary group was statistically higher than that in the non-sedentary group (0.983 vs. 0.972). E/IMLD > 0.980 was a good predictor of sedentary behavior in COPD (sensitivity, 0.815; specificity, 0.714). Multivariate analysis showed that E/IMLD was associated with sedentary behavior (odds ratio, 0.39; p = 0.04), independent of age, symptomology, airflow obstruction, and pulmonary diffusion. In conclusion, higher E/IMLD scores are associated with sedentary behavior and can be a useful imaging biomarker for the early detection of physical inactivity in COPD.

Utility of the Shortness of Breath in Daily Activities Questionnaire (SOBDA-Q) to Detect Sedentary Behavior in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Sedentary behavior has been shown to be an independent predictor of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, physicians have difficulty ascertaining patients' activity levels because they tend to avoid shortness of breath. The reformed shortness of breath (SOB) in the daily activities questionnaire (SOBDA-Q) specifies the degree of SOB by measuring low-intensity activity behavior in everyday living. Therefore, we aimed to explore the utility of the SOBDA-Q in detecting sedentary COPD. We compared the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC), COPD assessment test (CAT), and SOBDA-Q with physical activity levels (PAL) in 17 healthy patients, 32 non-sedentary COPD patients (PAL ≥ 1.5 METs·h), and 15 sedentary COPD patients (PAL < 1.5 METs·h) in this cross-sectional study. CAT and all domains of the SOBDA-Q in all patients are significantly correlated with PAL, even after adjusting for age. The dietary domain has the highest specificity, and the outdoor activity domain has the highest sensitivity for detecting sedentary COPD. Combining these domains helped determine patients with sedentary COPD (AUC = 0.829, sensitivity = 1.00, specificity = 0.55). The SOBDA-Q is associated with PAL and could be a useful tool for determining patients with sedentary COPD. Moreover, eating and outing inactivity claims reflect sedentary behavior in patients with COPD.

A case of development of autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis during the treatment of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

Herein, we report the case of a 73-year-old woman with an occupational history of plaster grinding who developed autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) during the treatment of fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis with steroids and immunosuppressive drugs. Based on the changes in computed tomography imaging findings, poor response to steroid therapy, and markedly elevated KL-6 levels, PAP was suspected and diagnosed by bronchoscopy. Repeated segmental bronchoalveolar lavage under high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy resulted in slight improvement. Steroids and immunosuppressive treatments for other interstitial lung diseases may cause PAP or exacerbate latent PAP.

Detection of impaired gas exchange using the 1-minute sit-to-stand test in patients with interstitial lung disease.

BACKGROUND: Although pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are important in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD), they cannot be easily performed in a primary healthcare setting. This study aimed to examine the usefulness of the difference between pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) at rest and the lowest SpO2 during the 1-min sit-to-stand test (delta SpO2-1STST) for predicting pulmonary function impairment. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 116 patients with ILD who underwent 1STST and PFTs. RESULTS: The delta SpO2-1STST and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) strongly correlated (ρ = 0.70). The delta SpO2-1STST was effective in predicting impaired gas exchange (cut-off value, -4%; AUC, 0.86; sensitivity, 74%; specificity, 87%). CONCLUSIONS: The Delta SpO2-1STST may be a reasonable tool for predicting abnormalities in PFTs.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-negative granulomatosis with polyangiitis localized to the lungs.

Patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis, sometimes exhibit no clinical features. Here, we describe a case of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-negative GPA presenting with only lung granuloma. A 55-year-old woman with a right upper lung mass underwent lobectomy for suspected lung cancer; however, only granuloma was detected, and the etiology was not identified. Serum ANCA results were negative. Four years postoperatively, another pulmonary nodule appeared in the left lung's apex. The kidneys and sinuses were not impaired, but re-examination of the resected specimen revealed necrotizing vasculitis and granulomas around the vessels. Thus, the patient was diagnosed with GPA localized to the lungs. Although this was a non-life-threatening disease, the patient was administered oral prednisolone (PSL) and intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) to prevent fatal complications of GPA as she was non-elderly and had no comorbidities, leading to a decrease in the mass size. Detailed re-examination by expert pulmonary pathologists could aid in GPA diagnosis when clinical features are absent, as in our case. In patients with granulomas of unknown etiology, a careful multidisciplinary approach is pivotal in the diagnosis. If patients tolerate adverse effects, a PSL and IVCY combination may prevent fatal outcomes, even in patients with non-life-threatening disease.

False-positive Elevation of Beta-D-glucan and Aspergillus Galactomannan Levels Due to Mendelson's Syndrome after Rice Aspiration.

Both 1,3-beta-D-glucan (BDG) and galactomannan (GM) are polysaccharide components of the fungal cell wall. Although elevated levels of serum BDG and Aspergillus GM suggest invasive fungal infection or Pneumocystis pneumonia and aspergillosis, respectively, it is also necessary to consider the possibility of false-positives. We herein report a 68-year-old man with marked elevation in serum BDG and GM levels accompanied by Mendelson's syndrome after rice aspiration. With the improvement of Mendelson's syndrome, his serum BDG and GM levels decreased. The false-positive serum BDG and GM findings may have been due to his aspiration of food containing them. It is important to take a detailed history of aspiration in addition to making a conventional differential diagnosis in patients with pneumonia with elevated serum BDG and GM levels.