Therapeutic drug monitoring and virological response at week 48 in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients switching to dolutegravir/rilpivirine dual maintenance therapy (ANRS-MIE-BIRIDER study).

AIMS: Dolutegravir (DTG) and rilpivirine (RPV) dual therapy is now recommended as a switch option in virologically suppressed HIV patients. Literature suggests that virological failure with dual therapy could possibly relate to subtherapeutic drug concentrations. In this study, we aimed at describing the DTG and RPV trough plasma concentrations (Cmin) and plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) during maintenance dual therapy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of DTG and RPV therapeutic drug monitoring in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) with dual therapy in 9 French centres. DTG and RPV trough plasma concentrations were estimated using a Bayesian approach to predict Cmin. The relationship between the pharmacokinetics of DTG and RPV and VL > 50 copies (cp)/mL was explored using joint nonlinear mixed models. The frequency of subtherapeutic threshold (DTG Cmin below 640 ng/mL and RPV Cmin below 50 ng/mL) were compared between PLWHA presenting VL > 50 cp/mL or not during the study. RESULTS: At baseline, 209 PLWHA were enrolled in the study. At week 48, 19 people living with HIV/AIDS (9.1%) discontinued their treatment and 15 PLWHA (7.1%) exhibited VL > 50 cp/mL. Six PLWHA out of 15 (40.0%) with VL > 50 cp/mL during the follow-up had at least 1 Cmin below the respective thresholds while only 26/194 patients (13.4%) without virological replication had at least 1 concentration below the threshold (P = .015). CONCLUSION: A majority of PLWHA receiving DTG/RPV maintenance dual therapy demonstrated VL < 50 cp/mL but virological replication was more frequent in people living with HIV/AIDS with subtherapeutic Cmin.

Elvitegravir-Cobicistat-Emtricitabine-Tenofovir Alafenamide Single-tablet Regimen for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Postexposure Prophylaxis.

We evaluated an elvitegravir-cobicistat-emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide single-tablet regimen for human immunodeficiency virus postexposure prophylaxis. The completion rate and adherence were good, and the tolerance was acceptable; no seroconversion was observed. We confirm that this regimen could be appropriate for postexposure prophylaxis. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT02998320.

Less-drug regimen including atazanavir in maintenance treatment of HIV infection: how, who, when, why?

For many patients living with HIV-1, the efficacy of combined ART (cART) has made the infection turn to a chronic disease. Because cART is associated with a risk of long-term toxicity, switching patients with virological success to another therapy remains a major issue. Studies undertaken and published over recent years have shown that switching patients exhibiting virological suppression to less-drug regimens (LDR) is a possible option of maintenance strategy. The use of ritonavir-boosted PIs (PI/r) as the backbone of LDR-based maintenance therapy is consistent with their virological potency and a high genetic barrier of resistance. Atazanavir is the most documented PI/r regarding maintenance in dual therapy, with favourable results in terms of virological suppression, tolerance improvement and absence of emergence of mutations. Furthermore, atazanavir is the only commonly prescribed PI that can be used after withdrawal of ritonavir, with maintenance of virological suppression whatever the backbone of associated NRTIs. Based on clinical studies, and taking into account the characteristics of the patients included, one may consider that for any patient with a virological suppression on cART for at least 12 months, with the nadir CD4 >100 cells/mm3 and an absence of encephalitis, an LDR-based maintenance therapy including atazanavir can be considered. Cumulative genotypes must be available to make sure that the LDR will not jeopardize future therapeutic options. The final decision regarding the most appropriate LDR must be guided by the objectives shared by the physician and his/her patient.

Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of a full dose sofosbuvir-based regimen given daily in hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease and leads to faster liver disease progression in patients requiring hemodialysis than in those with normal renal function. Little is known about the use of a sofosbuvir-containing regimen for infected patients on hemodialysis. We aimed to describe the pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir in 2 dosing regimens and associated antiviral agents in HCV-infected patients requiring hemodialysis. METHODS: Multicenter, prospective and observational study of patients receiving sofosbuvir, 400mg once daily (n=7) or 3 times a week (n=5), after hemodialysis with simeprevir, daclatasvir, ledipasvir or ribavirin was conducted. Drug plasma concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry before and after a 4h hemodialysis and 1.5h after last drug intake at the end of hemodialysis. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir or its inactive metabolite sofosbuvir-007 did not accumulate with either regimen between hemodialysis sessions or throughout the treatment course. Sofosbuvir-007 extraction ratio (52%) was consistent with historical data. In one patient receiving the once daily regimen, sofosbuvir-007 half-life was slightly higher (38h) than for patients with normal renal function receiving a full dose. Hemodialysis did not remove any other associated anti-HCV agents. Clinical and biological tolerance was good for all patients. Two relapses occurred with the 3 times a week regimen and none with the once daily. CONCLUSIONS: A regimen including sofosbuvir, 400mg once daily, could be proposed for HCV-infected patients requiring hemodialysis and should be associated with close clinical, biological, cardiovascular, and therapeutic drug monitoring. LAY SUMMARY: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection in hemodialysis patients is prevalent and aggressive. Effective anti-HCV treatment in these patients may stabilize their renal disease. However, sofosbuvir, the cornerstone of most anti-HCV-containing regimens, should not be administered to these patients until more data is available. In this pharmacokinetic study, sofosbuvir full dose (400mg once daily) administered every day with another direct antiviral agent did not accumulate in hemodialysis patients and was safe and effective.

Posaconazole prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies: limits in clinical practice.

Posaconazole (PSZ) is being used for prophylaxis in hematological patients who are at high risk for invasive fungal disease (IFD), but absorption limitations have been reported. Our objective was to assess both the feasibility and the efficacy of PSZ prophylaxis in clinical practice. From March 2010 to September 2010, all patients admitted to our unit for chemotherapy for acute leukemia or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation received optimized PSZ prophylaxis 200 mg four times daily with cola soda. PSZ trough concentrations (Cmin) were monitored at days 5, 7, 14, and 21. The incidence of IFDs was determined and compared to that of a historical control group. Thirty-five consecutive patients were prospectively included. PSZ prophylaxis was interrupted for 29% of them at day 14 and 51% of them at day 21. The main limitations were impracticality of oral feeding (29%) and occurrence of suspected IFDs (23%). PSZ median Cmin were 0.47, 0.40, 0.24, 0.36 µg/mL at days 5, 7, 14, and 21, respectively. Eighty percent of patient results were lower than the target Cmin of 0.5 µg/ml on day 14, the higher-risk period associated with neutropenia. Four probable breakthrough IFDs (11%) were diagnosed in 2010; no clear association between PSZ Cmin and occurrence of infection was observed. The incidence of IFDs was unchanged (historical control group: 9.7%; P = 0.72). Implementation of systematic PSZ prophylaxis did not significantly decrease the incidence of IFDs at our center. PSZ interruptions related to mucositis and too low Cmin were the main limitations to its use.

Efficacy and safety of switching to raltegravir plus atazanavir dual therapy in pretreated HIV-1-infected patients over 144 weeks: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To decrease drug burden among HIV-1-positive adults, we need a new gold standard for antiretroviral therapy maintenance strategies. METHODS: This retrospective study aimed to assess efficacy in maintenance strategy of atazanavir (ATV) and raltegravir (RAL) dual therapy. The proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA < 40 copies/ml at specific time points was recorded. Immunological response, safety, and pharmacokinetics were assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 39 patients were switched to a RAL/ATV (n = 32) or RAL/ATV plus ritonavir (n = 7) regimen. Almost all patients (95%) received RAL twice daily. Most patients (70%) received a 400 mg ATV dosing per day, once (26%) or twice daily (44%). The percentages of virological success at weeks 24, 48, 96, and 144 were 92% (95% confidence interval (CI), 83-10), 86% (95% CI, 74-98), 70% (95% CI, 52-88), and 63% (95% CI, 42-84), respectively. Overall, 12 (31%) patients stopped dual therapy: 7 patients because of adverse events, mostly clinical myositis (n = 3). Confirmed virological failure occurred in three patients; two of them developed RAL resistance patterns. A significant increase in the CD4+/CD8 + T-cell ratio was observed at week 48 (p < 0.005). Only grade 1-2 adverse events were observed. Trough plasma levels presented a wide variability. Suggested trough concentrations were achieved in 79% and 94% of patients for ATV and RAL, respectively. An unboosted 400 mg per day ATV dosing seemed to be appropriate, regarding the targeted levels achieved and the lack of grade 3 or 4 hyperbilirubinemia. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated, on a 3-year follow-up, the efficacy and safety of RAL plus ATV maintenance dual therapy.

A skin substitute based on human amniotic membrane.

Human amniotic membrane (HAM) has biological properties which are useful for wound healing. HAM is notably one of the therapeutic alternatives for venous leg ulcer care. Indeed, a prospective clinical study has demonstrated that cryopreserved HAM transplantation for leg ulcer is feasible, safe and has beneficial effects: 80 % of the patients had a significant clinical response. Nevertheless, at the end of the 3-month follow-up period, only 20 % of the ulcers were totally closed. The aim of this work was to create and characterize a model of epidermized HAM. The method of HAM desepithelialization was validated by histology, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. Then, de-epithelialized HAM was seeded with primary keratinocytes. After 21 days of culture, 15 at the air-liquid interface, the model obtained was analyzed histologically and by immunohistochemistry. The amniotic basement membrane was preserved during enzymatic desepithelialization of HAM. Primary keratinocytes proliferated on HAM: the model obtained showed involucrin expression and had a good basement membrane. As re-epithelialization is an important step for ulcer closure, a model of epidermized HAM could be used to speed up the healing of such wounds.

Development and characterization of a human dermal equivalent with physiological mechanical properties.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Different models of reconstructed skin are available, either to provide skin wound healing when this process is deficient, or to be used as an in vitro model. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the mechanical properties of skin equivalent. Indeed, human skin is naturally under tension. Taking into account these features, the purpose of this work was to obtain a cellularized dermal equivalent (CDE), composed of collagen and dermal fibroblasts. METHODS: To counteract the natural retraction of CDE and to maintain it under tension, different biomaterials were tested. Selection criteria were biocompatibility, bioadhesion properties, ability to induce differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and mechanical characterization, considering that of skin in vivo. These assays led to the selection of honeycomb of polyester. CDE constructed on this biomaterial was further characterized mechanically using tensile tests. RESULTS: The results showed that mechanical features of the obtained dermal equivalent, including myofibroblasts, were similar to skin in vivo. CONCLUSION: The original model of dermal equivalent presented herein may be a useful tool for clinical use and as an in vitro model for toxicological/pharmacological research.

Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide combination in the management of kidney transplant patients with HIV receiving immunosuppressants.

We report here a drug-drug interaction with tacrolimus in a HIV-positive patient with renal transplant, after switch from highly active antiretroviral therapy with boosted protease inhibitors to the combination bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide. Although the tacrolimus doses were adapted to take account of the pharmacokinetic interactions with protease inhibitors, a tacrolimus overdosage occurred in the patient nonetheless. Through this case report, we highlight the need to consider a sufficient timeframe of withdrawal of protease inhibitors, which induce a prolonged drug-drug interaction with tacrolimus. To conclude, we purport that the combination bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide could be an attractive alternative in the context of transplantation provided a discontinuation of boosted protease inhibitors for more than 48 hours before introducing tacrolimus.

[Evidence-based therapeutic drug monitoring of atazanavir]. / Niveau de preuve du suivi therapeutique pharmacologique de l'atazanavir.

The HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir presents a wide inter-individual variability related to an intense hepatic metabolism. Dose-dependent elevations of bilirubin have been frequently reported with atazanavir. Relative to literature, the atazanavir therapeutic drug monitoring can it be proposed? In naïve HIV-infected patients, the probability of achieving an undetectable HIV viral load at W48 was significantly associated with a plasma trough concentration (C(min)) of atazanavir >200 ng/mL. Studies in HIV-infected pre-treated patients reported that the genotypic inhibitory quotient was a predictive factor of the virologic response with a threshold value around 200 ng/mL/mutation. Concerning the exposure-toxicity relationship, the risk of occurrence of grade 3-4 hyperbilirubinemia was more frequently associated with C(min) > 750-800 ng/mL. Non-randomized studies have reported the interest of atazanavir therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize the virologic response and prevent severe bilirubin elevations. Therefore, the level of evidence of the interest of atazanavir therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended.

[Evidence-based therapeutic drug monitoring for saquinavir]. / Niveau de preuve du suivi therapeutique pharmacologique du saquinavir.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor saquinavir displays a large inter-individual variability in its pharmacokinetic parameters, related to a low absorption rate and an important hepatic metabolism. Based on literature, is the saquinavir therapeutic drug monitoring relevant? In naïve HIV-infected patients, the probability of achieving an undetectable HIV viral load at W48 was significantly associated with a saquinavir plasma trough concentration >100 ng/mL. Two studies in HIV-infected pre-treated patients reported that the genotypic inhibitory quotient was a predictive factor of virologic response with a threshold value around 40 ng/mL/mutation. Concerning the exposure-toxicity relationship, the risk of occurrence of grade 3-4 abdominal pains was more frequently associated with high concentrations of saquinavir, but without threshold value determination. Several studies, one of which was randomized, have reported the interest of saquinavir therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize the virologic response. Therefore, the level of evidence of the interest of saquinavir therapeutic drug monitoring is "recommended".

[Not Available]. / Niveau de preuve du suivi therapeutique pharmacologique de l'atazanavir.

The HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir presents a wide inter-individual variability related to an intense hepatic metabolism. Dose-dependant elevations of bilirubin have been frequently reported with atazanavir. Relative to literature, the atazanavir therapeutic drug monitoring can it be proposed? In naïve HIV-infected patients, the probability of achieving an undetectable HIV viral load at W48 was significantly associated with a plasma trough concentration (Cmin) of atazanavir >200 ng/mL. Studies in HIV-infected pre-treated patients reported that the genotypic inhibitory quotient was a predictive factor of the virologic response with a threshold value around 200 ng/mL/mutation. Concerning the exposure-toxicity relationship, the risk of occurrence of grade 3-4 hyperbilirubinemia was more frequently associated with Cmin>750-800 ng/mL. Non-randomized studies have reported the interest of atazanavir therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize the virologic response and prevent severe bilirubin elevations. Therefore, the level of evidence of the interest of atazanavir therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended.

[Not Available]. / Niveau de preuve du suivi therapeutique pharmacologique du saquinavir.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor saquinavir displays a large inter-individual variability in its pharmacokinetic parameters, related to a low absorption rate and an important hepatic metabolism. Based on literature, is the saquinavir therapeutic drug monitoring relevant? In naïve HIV-infected patients, the probability of achieving an undetectable HIV viral load at W48 was significantly associated with a saquinavir plasma trough concentration > 100 ng/mL. Two studies in HIV-infected pre-treated patients reported that the genotypic inhibitory quotient was a predictive factor of virologic response with a threshold value around 40 ng/mL/mutation. Concerning the exposure-toxicity relationship, the risk of occurrence of grade 3-4 abdominal pains was more frequently associated with high concentrations of saquinavir, but without threshold value determination. Several studies, one of which was randomized, have reported the interest of saquinavir therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize the virologic response. Therefore, the level of evidence of the interest of saquinavir therapeutic drug monitoring is "recommended".

[Not Available]. / Niveau de preuve du suivi therapeutique pharmacologique de la névirapine.

Nevirapine, a HIV non nucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitor, displays an inter-individual variability in its pharmacokinetics parameters, related to its hepatic metabolism. Based on literature, is the nevirapine therapeutic drug monitoring relevant? In naïve and pre-treated HIV infected patients, the probability of achieving and maintaining an undetectable HIV viral load was significantly associated with a nevirapine plasma trough concentration (Ctrough) >4000 ng/mL. The probability of virologic failure was significantly associated with a Ctrough <3000 ng/mL. Concerning the exposure-toxicity relationship, the emergence of hepatotoxicity was more frequently associated with high Ctrough, especially in case of HCV coinfection. Non-randomized studies have reported the interest of nevirapine therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize the virologic response and, to a lesser extent, to prevent hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the level of evidence of the interest of nevirapine therapeutic drug monitoring is "recommended".

[Evidence-based therapeutic drug monitoring for nevirapine]. / Niveau de preuve du suivi therapeutique pharmacologique de la névirapine.

Nevirapine, a HIV non nucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitor, displays an inter-individual variability in its pharmacokinetics parameters, related to its hepatic metabolism. Based on literature, is the nevirapine therapeutic drug monitoring relevant? In naïve and pre-treated HIV infected patients, the probability of achieving and maintaining an undetectable HIV viral load was significantly associated with a nevirapine plasma trough concentration (C(trough)) > 4 000 ng/mL. The probability of virologic failure was significantly associated with a C(trough) < 3 000 ng/mL. Concerning the exposure-toxicity relationship, the emergence of hepatotoxicity was more frequently associated with high C(trough), especially in case of HCV coinfection. Non-randomized studies have reported the interest of nevirapine therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize the virologic response and, to a lesser extent, to prevent hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the level of evidence of the interest of nevirapine therapeutic drug monitoring is "recommended".

Real-Life Impact on Lipid Profile of a Switch from Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate to Tenofovir Alafenamide in HIV-Infected Patients.

BACKGROUND: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a prodrug of tenofovir diphosphate that exposes patients to renal toxicity over the long term. Tenofovir alafenamide, a new prodrug, now makes it possible to reduce toxicity, but at the cost of an alteration in lipid profile. There is currently no recommendation for follow-up of lipid profile when switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate the effects on renal function and lipid profile of a switch from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide, and the consequences for patient management. METHODS: Demographic, clinical and biological data was recorded from a retrospective clinical cohort study in real-life, including patients who switched from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide. A descriptive analysis of the study population, with a comparison of biological parameters using the paired Student t test for paired data was performed. RESULTS: From January 2016 to January 2019, a total of 103 patients were included. There was no significant difference in renal function before vs after the switch in therapy (p=0.29 for creatinine, p=0.30 for phosphoremia). We observed a change in lipid profile, with a significant increase in total cholesterol (p=0.0006), HDL cholesterol (p=0.0055) and triglycerides (p=0.0242). Four patients received lipid-lowering therapy after switching. CONCLUSION: In patients who switch from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide, lipid profile is altered, and may require initiation of lipid-lowering therapy. It seems necessary to monitor lipid parameters after this switch, despite the absence of an official recommendation.

[Not Available]. / Niveau de preuve du suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique de l'étoposide administré par voie orale.

Oral etoposide displays high inter- and intra-variability. Convincing relationships were observed between hematological toxicities and exposure of which total etoposide area under the curve seems the more relevant in routine practice. Linear pharmacokinetics, limited sampling strategies and reduction of variability during concentration-controlled studies argue in favor of therapeutic drug monitoring. For these reasons, such practice can be considered as recommended or potentially useful. Further studies using Bayesian approach are nevertheless needed to definitely state regarding the level of evidence therapeutic drug monitoring of oral étoposide.

[Level of evidence for therapeutic drug monitoring for etoposide after oral administration]. / Niveau de preuve du suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique de l'étoposide administré par voie orale.

Oral etoposide displays high inter- and intra-variability. Convincing relationships were observed between hematological toxicities and exposure of which total etoposide area under the curve seems the more relevant in routine practice. Linear pharmacokinetics, limited sampling strategies and reduction of variability during concentration-controlled studies argue in favor of therapeutic drug monitoring. For these reasons, such practice can be considered as recommended or potentially useful. Further studies using Bayesian approach are nevertheless needed to definitely state regarding the level of evidence therapeutic drug monitoring of oral etoposide.

Benefits and Limits of Antiretroviral Drug Monitoring in Routine Practice.

BACKGROUND: HIV infection is a chronic disease for which therapeutic adherence and tolerance require particular attention. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess whether and when therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could be associated with a benefit in routine practice. METHODS: All HIV-infected patients who underwent at least one TDM at the University Hospital of Dijon (France) between 1st January 2009 and 31st December 2012 were retrospectively included. Compliance with the recommendations, the results (antiretroviral concentrations), any subsequent therapeutic modifications, and the virological results at 4-8 months were analysed each time TDM was performed. TDM was defined as "practically relevant" when low or high antiretroviral concentrations led to a change in therapy. RESULTS: Of the 571 patients who followed-up, 43.4% underwent TDM. TDM complying with recommendations (120 patients) was associated with a higher proportion of antiretroviral concentrations outside the therapeutic range (p=0.03). Antiretroviral treatment was modified after TDM in 22.6% of patients. Protease inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and raltegravir were more significantly modified when the measured concentration was outside the therapeutic range (p=0.008, p=0.05 and p=0.02, respectively). Overall, 11.7% of TDM was considered "practically relevant", though there was no significant correlation between subsequent changes in antiretroviral treatment and undetectable final HIV viral load. CONCLUSION: TDM may be a useful tool in the management of HIV infection in specific situations, but the overall benefit seems moderate in routine practice. TDM cannot be systematic and/or a decision tool per se, but should be included in a comprehensive approach in certain clinical situations.