RESUMEN
Infrared fluorescent proteins (IFPs) provide an additional color to GFP and its homologs in protein labeling. Drawing on structural analysis of the dimer interface, we identified a bacteriophytochrome in the sequence database that is monomeric in truncated form and engineered it into a naturally monomeric IFP (mIFP). We demonstrate that mIFP correctly labels proteins in live cells, Drosophila and zebrafish. It should be useful in molecular, cell and developmental biology.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/química , Rayos Infrarrojos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Animales Modificados Genéticamente , ADN/química , Biología Evolutiva , Drosophila melanogaster , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Células HeLa , Histidina/química , Humanos , Proteínas Luminiscentes/química , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutación , Neuronas/metabolismo , Plásmidos/metabolismo , Conformación Proteica , Multimerización de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/química , Transfección , Pez CebraRESUMEN
The Drosophila embryo proceeds through thirteen mitotic divisions as a syncytium. Its nuclei distribute in the embryo's interior during the first six divisions, dividing synchronously with a cycle time of less than ten minutes. After seven divisions (nuclear cycle 8), the syncytial blastoderm forms as the nuclei approach the embryo surface and slow their cycle time; subsequent divisions proceed in waves that initiate at the poles. Because genetic studies have not identified zygotic mutants that affect the early divisions and because transcription has not been detected before cycle 8, the early, pre-blastoderm embryo has been considered to rely entirely on maternal contributions and to be transcriptionally silent. Our studies identified several abnormal phenotypes in live engrailed (en) mutant embryos prior to cycle 8, as well as a small group of genes that are transcribed in embryos prior to cycle 7. Nuclei in en embryos divide asynchronously, an abnormality that was detected as early as nuclear cycle 2-3. Anti-En antibody detected nuclear En protein in embryos at cycle 2, and expression of an En:GFP fusion protein encoded in the paternal genome was also detected in cycle 2 nuclei. These findings demonstrate that the Drosophila embryo is functionally competent for gene expression prior to the onset of its rapid nuclear divisions and that the embryo requires functions that are expressed in the zygote in order to faithfully prosecute its early, pre-cellularization mitotic cycles.
Asunto(s)
División Celular/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/embriología , Proteínas de Homeodominio , Morfogénesis/genética , Factores de Transcripción , Animales , Blastodermo/citología , Núcleo Celular/genética , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Embrión no Mamífero/citología , Embrión no Mamífero/metabolismo , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodominio/metabolismo , Mutación , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Cigoto/citología , Cigoto/metabolismoRESUMEN
Drosophila oocytes develop together with 15 sister germline nurse cells (NCs), which pass products to the oocyte through intercellular bridges. The NCs are completely eliminated during stages 12-14, but we discovered that at stage 10B, two specific NCs fuse with the oocyte and extrude their nuclei through a channel that opens in the anterior face of the oocyte. These nuclei extinguish in the ooplasm, leaving 2 enucleated and 13 nucleated NCs. At stage 11, the cell boundaries of the oocyte are mostly restored. Oocytes in egg chambers that fail to eliminate NC nuclei at stage 10B develop with abnormal morphology. These findings show that stage 10B NCs are distinguished by position and identity, and that NC elimination proceeds in two stages: first at stage 10B and later at stages 12-14.
Asunto(s)
Linaje de la Célula/genética , Células Germinativas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Oocitos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Oogénesis/genética , Animales , Núcleo Celular/genética , Citoplasma/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/crecimiento & desarrollo , Células Germinativas/citología , Oocitos/citologíaRESUMEN
Bicoid (Bcd) protein distributes in a concentration gradient that organizes the anterior/posterior axis of the Drosophila embryo. It has been understood that bcd RNA is sequestered at the anterior pole during oogenesis, is not translated until fertilization, and produces a protein gradient that functions in the syncytial blastoderm after 9-10 nuclear divisions. However, technical issues limited the sensitivity of analysis of pre-syncytial blastoderm embryos and precluded studies of oocytes after stage 13. We developed methods to analyze stage 14 oocytes and pre-syncytial blastoderm embryos, and found that stage 14 oocytes make Bcd protein, that bcd RNA and Bcd protein distribute in matching concentration gradients in the interior of nuclear cycle 2-6 embryos, and that Bcd regulation of target gene expression is apparent at nuclear cycle 7, two cycles prior to syncytial blastoderm. We discuss the implications for the generation and function of the Bcd gradient.