The role of family factors in the association between early adulthood BMI and risk of cardiovascular disease. An intergenerational study of BMI in early adulthood and cardiovascular mortality in parents, aunts and uncles.

BACKGROUND: High body mass index (BMI) in childhood and adolescence is related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Causality is not established because common genetic or early life socioeconomic factors (family factors) may explain this relationship. We aimed to study the role of family factors in the association between BMI and CVD by investigating if early adulthood BMI in conscripts and CVD mortality in their parents/aunts/uncles are related. METHODS: Data from the Armed Forces Personnel Database (including height and weight among conscripts) were linked with data from the Norwegian Population Registry, generational data from the Norwegian Family Based Life Course Study, the National Educational Registry and the Cause of Death Registry using unique personal identification numbers. The study sample (N = 369,464) was Norwegian males born 1967-1993, who could be linked to both parents and at least one maternal and one paternal aunt or uncle. Subsamples were identified as conscripts whose parents/aunts/uncles had data on cardiovascular risk factors available from Norwegian health surveys. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of CVD mortality in the parental generation according to BMI categories of conscripts. RESULTS: Parents of conscripts with obesity or overweight had a higher hazard of CVD death (fathers HR obese: 1.99 (1.79, 2.21), overweight: 1.33 (1.24, 1.42) mothers HR obese: 1.65 (1.32, 2.07), overweight: 1.23 (1.07, 1.42)) than parents of normal- or underweight conscripts. Aunts and uncles of conscripts with obesity and overweight had an elevated hazard of CVD death, but less so than parents. Adjustment for CVD risk factors attenuated the results in parents, aunts and uncles. CONCLUSIONS: Family factors may impact the relationship between early adulthood overweight and CVD in parents. These can be genes with impact on BMI over generations and genes with a pleiotropic effect on both obesity and CVD, as well as shared environment over generations.

Diagnostic tests and treatment procedures performed prior to cardiovascular death in individuals with severe mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether severe mental illnesses (i.e., schizophrenia or bipolar disorder) affected diagnostic testing and treatment for cardiovascular diseases in primary and specialized health care. METHODS: We performed a nationwide study of 72 385 individuals who died from cardiovascular disease, of whom 1487 had been diagnosed with severe mental illnesses. Log-binomial regression analysis was applied to study the impact of severe mental illnesses on the uptake of diagnostic tests (e.g., 24-h blood pressure, glucose/HbA1c measurements, electrocardiography, echocardiography, coronary angiography, and ultrasound of peripheral vessels) and invasive cardiovascular treatments (i.e., revascularization, arrhythmia treatment, and vascular surgery). RESULTS: Patients with and without severe mental illnesses had similar prevalences of cardiovascular diagnostic tests performed in primary care, but patients with schizophrenia had lower prevalences of specialized cardiovascular examinations (prevalence ratio (PR) 0.78; 95% CI 0.73-0.85). Subjects with severe mental illnesses had lower prevalences of invasive cardiovascular treatments (schizophrenia, PR 0.58; 95% CI 0.49-0.70, bipolar disorder, PR 0.78; 95% CI 0.66-0.92). The prevalence of invasive cardiovascular treatments was similar in patients with and without severe mental illnesses when cardiovascular disease was diagnosed before death. CONCLUSION: Better access to specialized cardiovascular examinations is important to ensure equal cardiovascular treatments among individuals with severe mental illnesses.

Undiagnosed cardiovascular disease prior to cardiovascular death in individuals with severe mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) or bipolar disorder (BD) had equal likelihood of not being diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD) prior to cardiovascular death, compared to individuals without SCZ or BD. METHODS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis including nationwide data of 72 451 cardiovascular deaths in the years 2011-2016. Of these, 814 had a SCZ diagnosis and 673 a BD diagnosis in primary or specialist health care. RESULTS: Individuals with SCZ were 66% more likely (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.39-1.98), women with BD were 38% more likely (adjusted OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.04-1.82), and men with BD were equally likely (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.63-1.24) not to be diagnosed with CVD prior to cardiovascular death, compared to individuals without SMI. Almost all (98%) individuals with SMI and undiagnosed CVD had visited primary or specialized somatic health care prior to death, compared to 88% among the other individuals who died of CVD. CONCLUSION: Individuals with SCZ and women with BD are more likely to die due to undiagnosed CVD, despite increased risk of CVD and many contacts with primary and specialized somatic care. Strengthened efforts to prevent, recognize, and treat CVD in individuals with SMI from young age are needed.

The interplay between cognitive ability, alcohol consumption, and health characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Higher cognitive ability is associated with favourable health characteristics. The relation between ability and alcohol consumption, and their interplay with other health characteristics, is unclear. We aimed to assess the relationship between cognitive ability and alcohol consumption and to assess whether alcohol consumption relates differently to health characteristics across strata of ability. METHODS: For 63 120 Norwegian males, data on cognitive ability in early adulthood were linked to midlife data on alcohol consumption frequency (times per month, 0-30) and other health characteristics, including cardiovascular risk factors and mental distress. Relations were assessed using linear regression and reported as unstandardised beta coefficients [95% confidence interval (CI)]. RESULTS: The mean ± s.d. frequency of total alcohol consumption in the sample was 4.0 ± 3.8 times per month. In the low, medium, and high group of ability, the frequencies were 3.0 ± 3.3, 3.7 ± 3.5, and 4.7 ± 4.1, respectively. In the full sample, alcohol consumption was associated with physical activity, heart rate, fat mass, smoking, and mental distress. Most notably, each additional day of consumption was associated with a 0.54% (0.44-0.64) and 0.14% (0.09-0.18) increase in the probability of current smoking and mental distress, respectively. In each strata of ability (low, medium, high), estimates were 0.87% (0.57-1.17), 0.48% (0.31-0.66) and 0.49% (0.36-0.62) for current smoking, and 0.44% (0.28-0.60), 0.10% (0.02-0.18), and 0.09% (0.03-0.15) for mental distress, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Participants with low cognitive ability drink less frequently, but in this group, more frequent alcohol consumption is more strongly associated with adverse health characteristics.

Hyperemesis gravidarum and long-term mortality: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether exposure to hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is associated with increased maternal long-term mortality. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: Medical Birth Registry of Norway (1967-2002) linked to the Cause of Death Registry. POPULATION: Women in Norway with singleton births in the period 1967-2002, with and without HG. Women were followed until 2009 or death. METHODS: Cox proportional hazard regression model was applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was all-cause mortality during follow up. Secondary outcomes were cause-specific mortality (cardiovascular mortality, deaths due to cancer, external causes or mental and behavioural disorders). RESULTS: Of 999 161 women with singleton births, 13 397 (1.3%) experienced HG. During a median follow up of 26 years (25 902 036 person-years), 43 470 women died (4.4%). Women exposed to HG had a lower risk of long-term all-cause mortality compared with women without HG (crude HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.75-0.90). When adjusting for confounders, this reduction was no longer significant (adjusted HR 0.92; 95% CI 0.84-1.01). Women exposed to HG had a similar risk of cardiovascular death as women not exposed (adjusted HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.83-1.29), but a lower long-term risk of death from cancer (adjusted HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.75-0.98). CONCLUSION: In this large population-based cohort study, HG was not associated with an increased risk of long-term all-cause mortality. Women exposed to HG had no increase in mortality due to cardiovascular disease, but had a reduced risk of death from cancer. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Population-based cohort study: Hyperemesis was not associated with an increased risk of long-term mortality.

Educational differences in cardiovascular mortality: The role of shared family factors and cardiovascular risk factors.

AIMS: To explore the confounding effects of early family factors shared by siblings and cardiovascular risk factors in midlife on the educational differences in mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: Data from national and regional health surveys in Norway (1974-2003) were linked with data from the Norwegian Family Based Life Course Study, the National Educational Registry and the Cause of Death Registry. The study population consisted of participants with at least one full sibling among the health survey participants ( n=271,310). Data were available on CVD risk factors, including weight, height, blood pressure, total cholesterol and smoking. RESULTS: The hazards ratio (HR) of CVD mortality was 3.44 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.98-3.96) in the lowest educational group relative to the highest. The HRs were little altered in the within-sibship analyses. Adjusted for risk factors, the HR for CVD mortality in the cohort analyses was 2.05 (CI 1.77-2.37) in the lowest educational group relative to the highest. The respective HR in the within-sibship analyses was 2.46 (CI 1.48-2.24). CONCLUSIONS: Using a sibling design, we did not find that the association between education and CVD mortality was confounded by early life factors shared by siblings, but it was explained to a large extent by CVD risk factors. These results suggest that reducing levels of CVD risk factors could have the greatest effect on mortality in less well-educated people.

The associations between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index or gestational weight change during pregnancy and body mass index of the child at 3 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the associations between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) or gestational weight change (GWC) during pregnancy and offspring BMI at 3 years of age, while taking several pre-and postnatal factors into account. DESIGN: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study is a population-based pregnancy cohort study of women recruited from all geographical areas of Norway. SUBJECTS: The study includes 31 169 women enrolled between 2000 and 2009 through a postal invitation sent to women at 17-18 weeks of gestation. Data collected from 5898 of the fathers were included. MAIN OUTCOME MESURES: Offspring BMI at 3 years was the main outcome measured in this study. RESULTS: Mean maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was 24.0 kg m(-2) (s.d. 4.1), mean GWC in the first 30 weeks of gestation was 9.0 kg (s.d. 4.1) and mean offspring BMI at 3 years of age was 16.1 kg m(-2) (s.d. 1.5). Both maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and GWC were positively associated with mean offspring BMI at 3 years of age. Pre-pregnancy BMI and GWC also interacted, and the strength of the interaction between these two factors was strongly associated with the increase in offspring BMI among mothers who gained the most weight during pregnancy and had the highest pre-pregnancy BMI. Our findings show that results could be biased by not including pre-pregnant paternal BMI. CONCLUSION(S): This large population-based study showed that both maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and GWC were positively associated with mean offspring BMI at 3 years of age.

Life course influence of residential area on cause-specific mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relative influence of area of residence on mortality risk along the life course in different age groups and to see if this differs for causes known to be related differently to various models of the life course. METHODS: Individual data from the Censuses in 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 from Oslo, Norway, were linked to the death register 1990-1998. All male inhabitants living in Oslo in 1990 aged 30-69 years who had lived in Oslo at the three previous Censuses were included. RESULTS: In the youngest age group, area of residence closest to the time of death is most important for violent and psychiatric causes. In older age groups, area of residence at all time points in the period studied seemed to have a similar influence. Cardiovascular deaths were related to earlier as well as later area of residence in both young and old age groups. For violent and psychiatric causes, the most recent area may be the most important. CONCLUSION: This paper explores a research strategy to investigate how the area of residence through the life course influences mortality. The associations seem to vary according to age at, and cause of, death.

Offspring birth weight and cardiovascular mortality among parents: the role of cardiovascular risk factors.

An inverse association between offspring birth weight (BW) and higher risk of parental cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity has been reported. Shared environmental, genetic and intrauterine factors may be responsible for explaining these associations. We studied the role of parental CVD risk factors in the association between offspring BW and CVD mortality among mothers and fathers. All births registered in Medical Birth Registry Norway (1967-2012) were linked to three health surveys, National Educational Registry and Cause of Death Registry. Number of births with information of parental CVD risk factors available for the analyses was 1,006,557 (520,670 for mothers and 485,887 for fathers). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used, following CVD deaths in parents from 1974 to 2012. An inverse association between offspring BW and CVD mortality was observed among both parents: hazard ratio 1.60 (1.44-1.75) for mothers and 1.16 (1.10-1.23) for fathers. Among mothers, adjustment for smoking, triglycerides and diabetes reduced the risk to 1.36 (1.25-1.52), 1.57 (1.43-1.73) and 1.58 (1.43-1.79), respectively. Adjustment for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) both reduced the risk to 1.53 (1.37-1.66). Among fathers, adjustments for smoking, DBP, SBP reduced the risk to 1.08 (1.02-1.15), 1.13 (1.06-1.19) and 1.14 (1.08-1.22), respectively. Triglycerides and diabetes both reduced the risk to 1.15 (1.09-1.12). Our results indicate that shared environmental factors might be important in the association. A stronger association in mothers suggest that intrauterine factors also are at play.

Androgen binding proteins in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of the rat.

The cytosol fractions of the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of castrated male rats have been found to possess specific androgen binding proteins. The physicochemical characteristics of these binding proteins appear to be very similar. Thus, they were excluded by Sephadex G-100 gel and had a sedimentation coefficient of 6-7S by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The protein nature of the androgen binding components was supported by the fact that protease, but not DNase and RNase eliminated the binding of androgens. In addition, the elimination of the binding by 1 mM p-chloro-mereuriphenylsulfonate (PCMPS) and by heat treatment at 45 C for 30 min indicate that free sulfhydryl groups are necessary for androgen binding and that the proteins are thermolabile. Testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and the antiandrogen Cyproterone acetate were found to possess a much higher affinity than 17beta-estradiol and cortisol for the binding components. Dissociation studies revealed that [3H]testosterone is not easily displaced by unlabeled androgens. In the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus and preoptic area testosterone accounted for the major part of the radioactive material in the total tissue homogenates and also for the greater part of the bound radioactivity 15 min after in vivo administration of [3H]testosterone. [3H]17beta-estradiol accounted for less than 3% of the bound radioactivity under these conditions. If binding of a steroid sex hormone by specific proteins is a prerequisite for the hormonal action, the present study indicates the potential for a direct effect of androgens on the target cells of the anterior pituitary and of the central nervous system

Characterization of the androgen receptor in the anterior pituitary of the rat.

The specific androgen receptors for testosterone (T) and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the cytosol fraction of the anterior pituitary of rats have been further characterized using electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. After labeling of the cytosol fraction in vivo and in vitro, we were able to demonstrate androgen-protein complexes moving with an electrophoretic mobility (Rf) of 0.5 in 3.25% acrylamide gels containing 0.5% agarose and 10% glycerol. This method was used for quantitative measurements of pituitary androgen receptors, allowing multiple samples to be run simultaneously with little or no non-specific binding. There was no measurable dissociation of the androgen-receptor complexes during electrophoresis. When radioactive testosterone (1 nM) was added to pituitary cytosol fractions in vitro, there was an increase in the binding up to 4 hours of incubation at 0 C and little or no increase between 4 and 24 hours. All the binding studies therefore were done by incubation overnight at 0 C. When cytosol fractions were incubated with increasing concentrations of radioactive testosterone, a typical saturation curve was found. Scatchard plot analysis showed a binding capacity of 12.0 femtomoles/mg protein and the equilibrium constant of dissociation was estimated to be 3.4 +/- 0.7 (SD) X 10(-10)M. Like other androgen-receptor complexes, the testosterone-receptor complex in the anterior pituitary gland had an extremely slow rate of dissociation at 0 C (t1/2 greater than 4 days). The steroid specificity of the cytoplasmic androgen receptors was tested in vitro by the competing efficiency of different unlabeled steroids for [3H] testosterone binding. T and DHT caused the same inhibition of [3H]T to the receptors. However, since metabolism, of DHT to 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol occurred even at 0 C, the affinity of DHT for the receptor is probably somewhat underestimated. Cyproterone acetate had approximately half the affinity for the receptor compared with T, whereas lower affinities were found for progesterone and 17beta-estradiol. Cortisol did not appear to have any affinity for the receptors. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels showed a peak of bound radioactivity with an isoelectric point of 5.8. Thus, the characteristics of the cytoplasmic androgen receptors of the anterior pituitary gland are very similar to those of the androgen receptors described in the ventral prostate, epididymis, and testis.

Androgen receptors in the anterior pituitary and central nervous system of the androgen "insensitive" (Tfm) rat: correlation between receptor binding and effects of androgens on gonadotropin secretion.

The cytosol fractions of the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of androgen "insensitive" (Tfm) rats possess androgen receptors. However, in the Tfm rats the androgen binding per mg protein was only 10-15% of that in the corresponding normal littermates (Nl). The physicochemical properties of the androgen receptors in the anterior pituitary of the Tfm rat were indistinguishable from those of the normal rat. Thus, no distinctive differences were observed with regard to electrophoretic mobility in 3.25% polyacrylamide gels, isoelectric point (pI=5.8), binding affinity (KD=1.5 X 10(-9)M), temperature stability, sulfhydryl dependence and steroid specificity. It is, therefore, likely that the very low androgen binding capacity by the anterior pituitary and the central nervous system is due to an extreme reduction in the receptor number rather than to the presence of abnormal receptors. Since in the Tfm animals the androgen receptor number is reduced by 85-90%, it is to be expected that very high doses of androgens would be required to achieve hormonal effects. In fact, low doses of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (50 mug/100 g body weight) given sc daily for 12 days had no effect on serum levels of LH and FSH. However, very high doses (2 mg/100 g body weight) of testosterone propionate and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate, which maintained circulating androgen levels above 20 ng/ml, significantly reduced serum gonadotropin levels in castrated Tfm rats. In normal littermates both low and high doses of the androgens suppressed gonadotropin secretion to low levels. These findings strongly indicate that androgen receptors are essential to androgen action on the anterior pituitary and central nervous system in the rat. The serum levels of testosterone (7.7+/-0.15 (SE) ng/ml) and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (0.37+/-0.06 ng/ml) were significantly higher in intact Tfm rats than in normal littermates (2.6+/-0.03 and less than 0.1 ng/ml, respectively). The failure of the elevated concentrations of serum androgens to reduce the high serum levels of LH and FSH in intact Tfm rats is most likely due to the extreme reduction of the androgen receptor number and the consequent insufficient hypothalamic and/or pituitary response to androgens.

Receptors for 17beta-estradiol in prolactin-secreting rat pituitary cells.

Estrogens stimulate prolactin (PRL) synthesis by GH3 cells, a clonal strain of rat pituitary cells grown in culture. At 4 degrees C the binding of [3H]17 beta-estradiol to monolayer cultures of GH3 cells was specific and of limited capacity, with half-maximal and maximal binding after 1--2 h and 12 h, respectively. Scatchard analysis showed one single class of binding sites with Kd = 3.1 X 10(-10) M and n = 309 X 10(-15) mol 17 beta-estradiol/mg cell protein, calculated to give approx. 25,000 binding sites per cell. At 4 degrees C less than 10% of the specifically bound [3H]17 beta-estradiol was found in the nuclear fraction. When the incubation temperature was raised to 37 degrees C, the amount of radioactivity in the nucleus increased to 25% within 30 min with a corresponding reduction in the cytoplasm. The cytosol fractions from monolayer cultures as well as from tumors of GH3 cells contained specific 17 beta-estradiol binding proteins, having a sedimentation constant close to 8S in a salt-free buffer and 4S in the presence of 0.5 M KCl. scatchard analysis showed one single class of binding sites with Kd = 3.6 X 10(-10) M and n = 258 X 10(-15) mol 17 beta-estradiol/mg cytosol protein (GH3 tumor tissue). Thus, GH3 cells grown in culture and in the intact animal have similar binding characteristics as judged from the data for binding affinity, capacity and specificity. After the in vivo administration of [3H]17 beta-estradiol to GH3 tumor-bearing rats, radioactivity could be extracted (0.5 M KCl) from purified nuclei bound to 4.5S macromolecules. We suggest that the action of 17 beta-estradiol on GH3 cells involves an initial binding of the steroid to specific receptors in the cytoplasm, followed by transport of a fraction of the hormone-receptor complexes to the nucleus involving a temperature-sensitive step.

Further characterization of the androgen receptor in rat testis.

Immature rat testes contain a specific binding protein for testosterone (T) and 5alpha-dihyrotestosterone (DHT) with physico-chemical properties similar to the cytoplasmic androgen receptors in the epididymis and ventral prostate but different from the testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP). Like the androgen receptors in the prostate and epididymis, it has a sedimentation coefficient of about 7 S at low ionic strength, is eluted in or close to the void volume on Sephadex G-200 gel filtration (Stokes radius greater than 80 A), has an isoelectric point of about 5.6-6.0 (mean) 5.8 and a relative mobility (Rf) of 0.4 in 3.25% acrylamide gels. Following the injection of 3H-labeled testosterone, T and DHT are bound selectively by the receptor. Relatively more [3H]T than [3H]DHT is present in bound and free fractions as well as in total testicular 105,000 g supernatant. Similar results are obtained from testicular incubations with equimolar amounts of [3H]T and [3H]DHT at 0 degrees C in vitro. Saturation of receptor sites is achieved by incubation of testis supernatants with increasing amounts of [3H]T at 0 degrees C. The number of available binding sites following post-hypophysectomy regression is estimated to be about 9 fmoles/mg protein, and the apparent equilibrium constant of dissociation is 7 X 10(-10) M. The temperature stability and sulfhydryl dependence of the testicular androgen receptor are similar to androgen receptors in other organs. Binding is destroyed by heating the supernatants at 50 degrees C for 30 min and by exposure to p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate (1 mM) at 0 degrees C for 60 min. Furthermore, like other androgen receptors, the half-time of dissociation of testicular androgen-receptor complexes at 0 degrees C is extremely slow (t1/2 greater than 35 h). Separation of seminiferous tubules from interstitial tissue showed that a major portion of these receptors were localized within the seminiferous tubules.

Alterations in mucosal morphology and permeability, but no bacterial or endotoxin translocation takes place after intestinal ischemia and early reperfusion in pigs.

Ischemia and reperfusion of the gut may be an important etiological factor in the development of multiple organ failure. We have used a hemorrhagic and a superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion shock model in pigs to estimate the effect of ischemia and reperfusion on intestinal morphology, mucosal permeability, and the occurrence of bacterial or endotoxin translocation. Mucosal ulceration and necrosis were found in the SMA shock model, while the morphological changes were less pronounced in the hemorrhagic shock model. Scanning electron microscopy showed shrinkage of the villi and plugging of the colonic crypts in both shock models. Enterocyte cell kinetics was investigated using 5-bromo-2'-deoksyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and immunovisualization by anti-BrdU antibodies. Cell renewal was almost completely lost from the jejunum to the rectum in both shock models. Intramucosal pH was measured using a tonometer placed in the terminal ileum. Segments of intestinal mucosa were mounted in Ussing chambers, and permeability was measured using radiolabeled probe molecules of differing molecular weights. Augmented molecular flux of inulin (M(r) 5.000) and mannitol (M(r) 182) and loss of short circuit current (Isc) and transepithelial potential difference (PD) were found in mucosae from both shock models. Endotoxin was demonstrated in the ascitic fluid in both shock models; 9.5 (2.7-14.3) (median and 95% confidence interval) EU/mL in the SMA occlusion model and 16.0 (4.9-29.4) EU/mL in the hemorrhagic shock model), but the levels were not significantly higher than in the control model 6.5 (4.3-34.0) EU/mL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Numerical aberrations of chromosome 17 in interphase cell nuclei of breast carcinoma cells: lack of correlation with abnormal expression of p53, neu and nm23 protein.

The genes for p53, neu (c-erbB-2) and nm23 are all located on chromosome 17. Abnormal expression of their protein products is an important prognostic parameter. The aim of this study was to investigate if numerical aberrations of chromosome 17 are reflected in the expression of these markers. The immunohistochemical expression was analysed on histological specimens from 33 breast carcinomas. In situ hybridization (ISH) was performed on interphase cell nuclei in air-dried fine-needle aspirates from the same cases using a digoxigenin-labelled alpha-satellite probe for chromosome 17. ISH for chromosome 6, 7 and 12 was used additionally to give an estimate of ploidy. Of the carcinomas 76% were aneuploid, and numerical abnormalities of chromosome 17 were found in 34%. Abnormal p53 protein was expressed in 15% (five cases). All of these were aneuploid, but only one of them revealed aneusomy of chromosome 17. Neu overexpression was found in 18% of the tumours (six cases). Five of these were aneuploid, whereas two were aneusome for chromosome 17. Four cancers showed full (normal) expression of nm23 protein, whereas 29 had reduced expression. Reduced expression was found in 23 of 25 aneuploid tumours. Numerical aberrations of chromosome 17 were found equally in carcinomas with reduced and full nm23 protein expression. Abnormal numbers of chromosome 17 seem only to have a minor impact on these markers and are not reflected significantly in their expression.

Numerical abnormalities of chromosome 7 in interphase cell nuclei of breast carcinoma have no impact on immunohistochemically determined EGFR status.

AIM OF STUDY: To investigate the relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status and numerical aberrations of chromosome 7 in breast carcinomas. DESIGN: In situ hybridization (ISH) of interphase cell nuclei on air-dried fine-needle aspirates (FNAC) from 33 breast carcinomas was evaluated for numerical abnormalities in chromosome 6, 7, 12 and 17. Immunohistochemical staining of EGFR was performed on corresponding histological specimens. RESULTS: 78% of the tumours were aneuploid by ISH. Aneusomy of chromosome 7 was found in 18 cases (60%). EGFR overexpression was observed in 30% of the carcinomas, and seven of nine were aneuploid by ISH. The same percentage of chromosome 7 aneusomy was found in both EGFR-positive and -negative cases. Five of seven EGFR-positive tumours revealed aneusomy of chromosome 7. CONCLUSION: Numerical gain of chromosome 7 is a common finding, occurring in about 60% of breast carcinomas. Most EGFR-positive tumours are aneuploid and show numerical gain of chromosome 7, but abnormal numbers of chromosome 7 have no impact on the EGFR status.

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography in suppressed electroosmotic flow environment. Separation of fat-soluble vitamins.

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) was carried out in a pH 2.5 phosphate buffer to effectively suppress the electroosmotic flow (EOF). With 66.6% (w/w) 25 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5, 20.0% (w/w) 2-propanol, 6.6% (w/w) 1-butanol, 6.0% (w/w) sodium lauryl sulphate (SDS), and 0.8% (w/w) n-octane as the separation medium, the fat-soluble vitamins A palmitate, E acetate, and D3 were baseline separated within 11 min. With strongly suppressed EOF, the polarity of the separation voltage was reversed (positive electrode at the outlet); the n-octane micro droplets surrounded by negatively charged SDS molecules migrated towards the detector. The aqueous part of the microemulsion was modified with 20% (w/w) 2-propanol to improve partition between the n-octane phase and the surrounding aqueous medium. The fat-soluble vitamins were separated in order of decreasing hydrophobicity with a high migration time stability (repeatable within 0.1% RSD). Excellent accuracy and precision were obtained when the system was applied for the determination of vitamin E acetate in commercial vitamin tablets; quantitative data corresponded to 97.0% of label claim, intra-day results varied within 1.72% RSD (n=6), and inter-day results varied within 3.22% RSD (n=5).

Characterization of the androgen receptors in the hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of the rat.

The specific androgen receptors for testosterone (T) (1) and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the cytosol fraction of the hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of the rat have been characterized using electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. After labeling of the cytosol fractions in vivo and in vitro we were able to demonstrate androgen-receptor complexes moving with an electrophoretic mobility (R(f) of 0.5 in 3.25% acrylamide gels containing 0.5% agarose and 10% glycerol. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used as a quantitative assay for androgen receptors in the tissues. The hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex were found to possess a single class of high affinity binding sites for androgens and the dissociation constants (K(D) were estimated to be 3.4, 4.3 and 2.6 X 10 (-10M) respectively. The binding capacities were 3.7 (hypothalamus), 3.5 (preoptic area) and 1.8 X 10 (-15) (brain cortex) moles of high affinity binding sites per mg protein. Like other androgen-receptor complexes, the testosterone-receptor complexes of the hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex were temperature labile, sulfhydryl dependent and revealed a very slow rate of dissociation at o degrees C (t1/2 greater than 36 hr). The receptors in all the tissues had an isoelectric point of 5.8. The steroid specificity of the cytoplasmic androgen receptors was tested in vitro by the competing efficiency of different unlabeled steroids for (3H)-testosterone binding. In the three tissues in investigation the following order of affinity was found: DHT greater than T greater than Cyproterone acetate greater than progesterone greater than androstenedione greater than 17beta-estradiol. Cortisol did not effect androgen binding significantly. Thus, the physiochemical characteristics of the cytoplasmic androgen receptors of the hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex are very similar, if not identical, to those of the androgen receptors described in the anterior pituitary, ventral prostate, epididymis and testis.

Expression of the pS2 protein and correlation with estrogen receptor status in fine-needle aspirates from breast carcinomas.

A series of 36 cases of breast carcinomas diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration were investigated for the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and the estrogen-induced pS2 protein. Immunocytochemically ER could be demonstrated in 28 aspirates, whereas eight were negative. These eight were also negative for the pS2 protein. In addition three aspirates with a low score for ER and five with a high score for ER were found negative for pS2. Thus, of the 36 cases, 20 were found to express the pS2 protein. The presence of the pS2 protein in the tumor cells is believed to be a marker of a functional estrogen regulatory system and its demonstration may therefore predict clinical responsiveness to hormonal therapy.