Comparing the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopic lithotripsy in the treatment of proximal ureteral stones in children: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Ureteroscopic lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy methods are commonly used in the treatment of proximal ureteral stones. There are no adequate studies showing which method is more effective in children. In our study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two treatment methods, commonly used for proximal ureteral stones in children. METHODS: A total of 78 patients who underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy (n = 38) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (n = 40) due to stones located in the proximal ureter between 2010 and 2021 were included in the study. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi-square, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the demographic characteristics of the groups, except for the mean age values (p = 0.008). A statistically significant difference was found in favor of the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy group in terms of stone-free rates after the first intervention, complication rates requiring intervention, re-intervention rates, and the average number of anesthesia sessions per patient until stone-free status (p = 0.043, p = 0.009, p = 0.017, and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this retrospective study suggest that extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is the primary treatment option for single, non-complicated proximal ureteral stones.

Factors affecting complication rates of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children: results of a multi-institutional retrospective analysis by the Turkish pediatric urology society.

PURPOSE: We assessed factors affecting complication rates of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated data on 1,205 renal units in 1,157 children treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy at 16 Turkish centers between 1991 and 2012. Of the patients 28.3% had a history of urolithiasis. Complications were evaluated according to the Satava classification system and modified Clavien grading system. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to determine predictive factors affecting complication rates. RESULTS: A total of 515 females and 642 males were studied. Mean ± SD patient age was 8.8 ± 4.7 years (range 4 months to 17 years). Mean ± SD stone size, operative time and postoperative hospital stay were 4.09 ± 4.06 cm(2), 93.5 ± 48.6 minutes and 5.1 ± 3.3 days, respectively. Postoperative stone-free rate was 81.6%. A total of 359 complications occurred in 334 renal units (27.7%). Complications were intraoperative in 118 cases and postoperative in 241. While univariate analysis revealed that stone history, positive urine culture, operative time, length of hospitalization, treatment success, punctured calyx and location of the stone significantly affected the complication rates (p <0.05), operative time, sheath size, mid calyceal puncture and partial staghorn formation were the statistically significant parameters affecting complication rates on multivariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the treatment of choice for most renal calculi in children. The technique is effective and safe in children, with a high success rate and a low rate of major complications. The significant factors identified should be considered by clinicians to decrease associated complication rates.

UroVysion fluorescence in situ hybridization (UroVysion FISH) assay for detection of bladder cancer in voided urine of Turkish patients: a preliminary study.

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and the fifth most common cancer worldwide. UroVysion FISH has high sensitivity and specificity for urothelial carcinoma detection. We investigated the genetic marker detected by the UroVysion FISH technique in diagnosis of Turkish bladder cancer patients and compared these results with the urine cytology and cystoscopy. Urine specimens were analyzed using UroVysion FISH probes for abnormalities in centromeric chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and locus-specific 9p21. Morning fresh voided urine samples were collected from each patient for FISH analysis. Cytology and histopathology analysis were performed by the pathology department. Twenty-seven bladder cancer patients (23 male and 4 female) with a history of bladder cancer who provided informed consent were included in this prospective study. The results showed that cancer was detected in 8 patients via FISH; 7 via cytology; 12 via cystoscopy. According to the pathology results, 15 were normal, 10 high-grade carcinoma and 2 low-grade carcinoma. Sensitivity of these methods with FISH, cytology, and cystoscopy was 29.6%, 25.9%, and 44.4%, respectively. In conclusion, all tests have different advantages and disadvantages. Also, larger studies will be needed to confirm these results. But, UroVysion FISH appeared to have good specificity for detecting bladder cancer in urine specimens and also it is important to correlate the FISH results with the cystoscopy and cytological findings.

Effect of lisinopril on renal tissue damage in unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate apoptosis in renal injury and the effect of lisinopril in rat model, which constitute unilateral ureteral obstruction. The retroperitoneal ureter was ligated with a 4.0 silk for the experimental model of ureteral obstruction in Wistar albino rats. Untreated group (n = 20) received no treatment. For the lisinopril-treated group (n = 20), 20 mg/kg/day of drug was given orally. Ultrastructural differences were analyzed using electron microscopic technique; apoptotic distribution was analyzed using the TUNEL method. After electron microscopic evaluation, on the 4th and 14th day in the untreated group, edema in the glomeruli, loss of microvillus and apoptotic cells in proximal tubule cells and sclerosis in the glomeruli were detected. On the 4th day in the lisinopril-treated group, the kidney was ultrastructurally normal and a less number of apoptotic cells were only observed on the 14th day. On light microscopic examination on the 4th and 14th day in the untreated group, while the glomeruli were normal in structure, the boundary of the proximal tubule was disrupted and some picnotic cells in both the proximal and collecting tubules were observed. In both 4th and 14th day of the lisinopril-treated group, kidney showed normal structure, although in some places picnotic cells in the collecting tubules were observed. In conclusion, lisinopril was effective and it may prevent early renal damage in the direct obstruction model.

Factors affecting complication rates of ureteroscopic lithotripsy in children: results of multi-institutional retrospective analysis by Pediatric Stone Disease Study Group of Turkish Pediatric Urology Society.

PURPOSE: We evaluated factors affecting complication rates of ureteroscopy for pediatric ureteral calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 642 children who underwent ureteroscopy at 16 Turkish centers between 2000 and 2010. Semirigid ureteroscopy was used with various calibers to treat 670 ureteral units in 660 sessions. Complications were evaluated according to the Satava and Clavien classification systems. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to determine predictive factors affecting complication rates. RESULTS: A total of 367 females and 265 males were studied. Mean±SD patient age was 90.2±51.4 months (range 4 to 204). Mean±SD stone size, operative time and postoperative hospital stay were 8.9±4.7 mm, 45.8±23.8 minutes and 1.8±2.8 days, respectively. At a mean±SD followup of 13.3±17.6 months 92.8% of patients were stone-free and efficacy quotient was 90.3%. Complications, which occurred in 8.4% of patients (54 of 642), were intraoperative in 25 (Satava grade I to II in 22), early postoperative in 25 (Clavien grade I to II in 23) and late postoperative in 4 (all grade III). While operative time, age, institutional experience, orifice dilation, stenting and stone burden were statistically significant on univariate analysis, multivariate analysis revealed that operative time was the only statistically significant parameter affecting the complication rate. CONCLUSIONS: Semirigid ureteroscopy is effective, with a 90% stone-free rate and efficacy quotient. Most complications are low grade and self-limiting. Our results confirm that prolonged operative time is an independent predictor of complications, and should be considered when choosing and performing the treatment modality.

Ho:YAG laser versus pneumatic lithotripsy for management of pediatric ureteral stones: a prospective-comparative analysis with adults.

BACKGROUND: There are limited number of studies comparing the results of Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy (LL) and pneumatic lithotripsy (PL) for pediatric ureteral stones. OBJECTIVES: To perform a comparative analysis of LL and PL in the management of ureteral stones in children and adults. STUDY DESIGN: Ninety-eight children (56 boys and 42 girls) and 623 adults (360 men and 263 women), who were treated for ureteral stones at our clinic between 2017 and 2019, were the subjects of this study. Patients were grouped according to their age as group 1 (n:98, pediatric [<18 age]) and group 2 (n:623, adult [≥18 age]). The patients were then grouped according to lithotripter type as laser (n:580) and pneumatic (n:141). The effects of lithotripter type, stone size and location, and operative times on success and complication rates were investigated. RESULTS: In both groups, mean operation time was in favor of PL (14.6 vs 22.8 min, p = 0.042 and 26.4 vs 36.3 min, p = 0.013, respectively). In both groups, overall stone-free rates (SFR) were in favor of LL (86.8% vs 66.7%, p < 0.001, and 83% vs 73.9%, p = 0.005, respectively), but there was no significant difference in overall SFRs between adults and children (78.4% vs 76.7, p = 0.390). Retreatment rates were higher in the pneumatic group in both children and adults (p = 0.026 and p = 0.041, respectively). While there was no significant difference in the overall complication rates between adults and children (53.5% vs 40.6%, p = 0.816), the rate of complications with LL was lower in adults (37.7% vs 69.4%, p < 0.001) (TABLE). DISCUSSION: This paper is the first to report a comparative analysis of factors affecting URS success in adults and children. SFRs were higher in all ureteral locations for LL. LL, lower ureteral location, and <6 mm ureteral stone were determined as the predictors of success for both pediatric and adult patients. The presence of multiple surgeons with different levels of experience is the main limitation of this study. CONCLUSION: Both LL and PL are safe in children and adults with similar clinically insignificant complication rates. However, in the short term, LL provides better SFRs in both children and adults, especially in the upper ureteral stones. Surgeons should decide the energy technique to be used in URS according to the characteristics of the stone rather than the patient's age group.

Factors affecting the success of pediatric extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy therapy: 26-year experience at a single institution.

Despite its widespread use, few studies have evaluated the success of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in pediatric patients with several parameters and a large group of patients. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the factors that affect the outcomes of pediatric ESWL treatment, which we have practiced for 26 years. This study included 1012 pediatric patients who underwent ESWL between March 1991 and November 2017. Pre-procedure radiological evaluations were performed using kidney-ureter-bladder and/ or urinary system ultrasonography. Demographic data, stone characteristics, and ESWL treatment data and complications were recorded and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for the stone-free rate (SFR). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the cut-off values for stone size to predict ESWL success for both kidney and ureteral stones. Age, body mass index (BMI), congenital renal anomaly, stone location, stone size, number of stones, and stone composition significantly affected the SFRs in univariate analysis; however, only age, BMI, stone location, and stone size were significant in the multivariate analysis. If no residual fragments were detected after three sessions of ESWL application, the procedure was considered successful. The cut-off stone size values for the kidney and ureter that predicted treatment success were 96.28 mm2 and 44.16 mm < sup > 2 < /sup > , respectively. ESWL is an effective and safe treatment in the pediatric age group that provides high SFRs. Age, BMI, and stone location, size, and composition are particularly critical factors that can predict the success of ESWL.

Management of ureteral endometriosis and review of the literature.

Endometriosis can affect 10-15% of the women in their reproductive age and it is characterized with the presence of the functional endometrium tissue outside the uterine cavity. Up to 10% of the cases with urinary system endometriosis may involve the ureter. Left distal ureter is the most common site of involvement. The differentiation between intrinsic and extrinsic endometriosis is very substantial for the selection and application of definitive treatment. Medical and surgical treatment alternatives are available for endometriosis management and histopathologic examination is required for definitive diagnosis. In this case report, a 33-year-old patient underwent segmental ureter excision and ureteroureteral anastomosis due to endometriosis causing obstruction in the left distal ureter. The operation was performed through a left Gibson incision and a 6 Fr double J stent was implanted in the ureter. The stent was removed after 4 weeks and the control magnetic resonance imaging-urography was performed at 3 months postoperatively. Obstruction and hydroureteronephrosis were observed to be completely regressed in control. If there is no other obvious etiology for the presence of unilateral hydroureteronephrosis in women in their reproductive age, the diagnosis of endometriosis should be considered.

The evaluation of the effectiveness of Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) extract in the medical expulsive treatment of distal ureteral stones.

OBJECTIVE: Medical expulsive therapy is an important non-invasive treatment modality that facilitates the passage of ureteral stones. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus) extract in the treatment of distal ureteral stones <10 mm. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data of 103 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups: those given V. opulus 1000 mg peroral 3×2 and diclofenac 50 mg peroral on-demand (n=53) and those given only diclofenac sodium 50 mg peroral on-demand (n=50). Comparisons of stone expulsion rates and the elapsed time until the expulsion between the groups were determined as primary outcome measures. The comparison of the need for additional treatment [ureteroscopy (URS) or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)], the need for emergency admission, analgesic requirement, and the complication rates in additional treatment were determined as secondary outcome measures. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 45.8±14.5 years. The rate of stone expulsion was significantly higher (82% vs. 66%, p=0.026), and elapsed time to stone expulsion was significantly shorter (9±1.8 vs. 14±2.3 day, p=0.018) in the V. opulus group. The need for additional treatment (URS and ESWL) and analgesic requirement was less in the V. opulus group (9.4% vs. 20%, p=0.038 and 24.5% vs. 44%, p=0.042, respectively). CONCLUSION: V. opulus is an herbal treatment alternative that facilitates the passage of ureteral stones <10 mm. Prospective, randomized studies are needed to support these results.

The effect of percutaneous nephrostomy implementation on the outcome of ureteroscopic stone treatment.

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the effect of percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) implementation on the second ureteroscopy (URS) outcomes after a failed URS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data of four hundred forty-eight patients with an unsuccessful URS history were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups; patients who underwent PCN before second URS (Group A) and patients who did not (Group B). We compared the stone access rate in the second URS between the two groups according to patient and stone characteristics and operative data. Then, group A was subdivided into two groups according to stone access as; access succeeded (Group A1) and access failed (Group A2). We also compared stone access rates between these two groups in terms of gender, age, body mass index, stone size, side, location, grade of hydronephrosis and PCN duration.  All data were available immediately after surgery and obtained from patient files and the outcome assessment was performed during the study period. RESULTS: Stone access rate was higher in group A than group B (143/196 vs 41/252, P = .0018). Mean nephrostomy duration and mean hydronephrosis grade were significantly higher and mean stone size was significantly lower in group A1 than group A2 (18.74 vs 9.62 days, P < .001; grade 3.25 vs 1.21, P = .038; and 7.286 vs 12.631 mm P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: PCN is a favourable intervention after a failed URS and increases the success rate of the second operation with ease of implementation and minimal morbidity.

Investigation of the synergistic effects of paclitaxel and herbal substances and endemic plant extracts on cell cycle and apoptosis signal pathways in prostate cancer cell lines.

Paclitaxel, which isolated from Taxus brevifolia, is recently started to be used against prostate cancer treatment and it is a very effective compound against cancer. In this study, we aimed to test the synergistic effect of two plant active compounds (sulphoraphane (SFN) and silymarin (SILY)) and several endemic plant species from Turkey (such as Phlomis leucophracta, Rubia davisiana, Alkanna tinctoria), which are known to have anticarcinogenic effect on androgen-independent PC3 and DU145, and androgen-dependent VCaP prostate cancer cell lines, with paclitaxel on the expression of cell cycle signaling and apoptosis regulator genes. Herbal substances and endemic herbal extracts were combined with Paclitaxel drug. IC50 doses were identified as real-time online. The most effective synergistic doses were determined according to isobologram analysis. The apoptotic effects of effective combined doses were evaluated by TUNEL, Annexin V, and JC-1 methods. Apoptotic and/or cell cycle arrest effects of confirmed combined doses on the expression of genes in these pathways were assessed by real-time online. Endemic plant extracts (Alkanna tinctoria, Phlomis leucophracta and Rubia davisiana, IC50 < 220 µg/ml) and herbal substances (SILY, and SFN IC50 < 130 µM) indicated antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in prostate cancer cell lines. They testified to the synergistic effect of paclitaxel with endemic plant extracts (Combination Index CI, ED50 < 0.41). The combinations, which indicate the synergistic effect was increased to the Bax/Bcl­2 ratio by suppressing Bcl­2 gene expression into the prostate cancer cell lines. Besides, they increased the expression of TNFRSF10A, TNFRSF1A, CHEK1, CDKN1A, CDKN2B, CDK8, CDKN3 and CASP14 and decreased BAD, CDK5RAP1, CDC20, cyclin H, CDK5RAP1, CDC20. The effective doses of paclitaxel were reduced and G2/M arrest was induced by the endemic plant extracts and herbal substances that indicate a synergistic effect with paclitaxel. By using different combination of herbal extracts or active substances with paclitaxel, more economical and efficient treatment strategies can be developed.

Randomised, cross-over comparison of sevoflurane and ketamine-midazolam anaesthesia in children undergoing extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the haemodynamic responses, adverse events and recovery characteristics associated with sevoflurane and ketamine-midazolam anaesthesia for paediatric extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. METHODS: Twenty children aged 2-11 years, who were undergoing two consecutive lithotripsy sessions at an interval of 4 weeks were enrolled and randomised to receive either inhalation or dissociative anaesthesia at their first session. The alternative anaesthesia protocol was used at their second session. Inhalation anaesthesia was induced with 8% sevoflurane and 70% N(2)O in oxygen; 10 microg/kg atropine and 2 microg/kg fentanyl were then administered. Anaesthesia was maintained with 2%-3% end-tidal sevoflurane and 70% N(2)O in oxygen via a laryngeal mask airway. Dissociative anaesthesia was induced intravenously with 10 mug/kg atropine, 0.05 mg/kg midazolam, 1.5 mg/kg ketamine and maintained with 0.5-1.0 mg/kg ketamine. Haemodynamic parameters were recorded before and after induction, after the start of the procedure, and every 10 minutes thereafter. Postoperatively, the times to responding to command, sitting, ambulating, achieving an Aldrete score > or = 9, and achieving a post-anaesthetic discharge score > or = 9 were recorded. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures at all measurements throughout the procedure were higher with ketamine-midazolam than with sevoflurane (P<0.05). Heart rates were comparable between groups, except after induction and after start of the procedure in which they were higher with ketamine-midazolam (P<0.05). All recovery endpoints were achieved earlier with sevoflurane than with ketamine-midazolam (P<0.05). Nausea-vomiting incidences were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane and ketamine-midazolam both provided effective anaesthesia for paediatric lithotripsy. The recovery and discharge times were shorter after anaesthesia with sevoflurane compared with ketamine-midazolam in children undergoing lithotripsy.

Comparative study of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy outcomes for proximal and distal ureteric stones.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) monotherapy for isolated proximal ureteral calculi and compare it to that for isolated distal calculi. PATIENT AND METHODS: We treated 68 patients with isolated ureteral stones using MPL 9000. Stones were located in the proximal and distal ureters in 44 and 24 patients, respectively. Patients were stratified according to stone burden and degree of obstruction. Data of all patients were prospectively collected for stone burden, stone localization, number of sessions, number of shock waves, stone-free rates (SFRs), complications, re-treatment rates and auxiliary procedures. Outcomes regarding ureteral localization were compared. RESULTS: The overall SFR was 85.3% with a 41.2% re-treatment and 17.6% auxiliary procedure rate. The mean number of shock waves applied for each stone was not different among the two ureteral locations. The SFRs were 86.3% and 79.1% for proximal and distal ureteral stones, respectively (P=0.17). For the group with stones <100 mm(2), the SFR was 85.4% and 89.5% for the proximal and distal ureter, respectively. Although the degree of obstruction did not affect SFR of the entire group (P=0.12) and the proximal ureter group (P=0.96), it adversely affected SFR in the distal ureter (P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: ESWL outcomes for the ureteral calculi support the use of lithotripsy particularly for stones <100 mm(2). Treatment efficacy was not significantly different among stones localized in proximal and distal ureters. Degree of obstruction did not affect the ESWL outcomes in the proximal ureter, but it adversely affected SFR in the distal ureter.

Factors predicting postoperative febrile urinary tract infection following percutaneous nephrolithotomy in prepubertal children.

BACKGROUND: Predictive tables and scoring systems can predict stone clearance. However, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the prediction of complications during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), particularly in children, which remains under-researched. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the risk factors for febrile urinary tract infection (FUTI) after pediatric PCNL. OBJECTIVES: To assess the predictive factors of FUTI in prepubertal children after PCNL and determine whether any prophylactic cephalosporins are superior for decreasing the FUTI rate. STUDY DESIGN: Data from 1157 children who underwent PCNL between 1991 and 2012 were retrieved from the multicenter database of the Turkish Pediatric Urology Society. Children >12 years of age were excluded, leaving 830 children (364 girls, 466 boys). Data were analyzed according to the presence of FUTI and compared between the FUTI and non-FUTI groups. RESULTS: Mean age was 6.46 ± 3.38 years. Twenty-nine (3.5%) children had FUTI which was confirmed by urine culture. FUTI occurred more frequently in young children (5.5%) than school-age children (2.4%). In univariate analysis, there were significant differences between the FUTI and non-FUTI groups regarding age, cephalosporin subgroup (first, second and third generation cephalosporin), side of PCNL, staghorn stones, tract size, operative time, postoperative ureteral catheter usage, perioperative complications (SATAVA), and blood transfusion. Multivariate analysis revealed that age, side of PCNL, staghorn stones, tract size, operative time, and blood transfusion were independent predictors of FUTI. DISCUSSION: The smaller tract size could cause FUTI with poor fluid drainage that may lead to elevate renal pelvic pressure and trigger bacteremia-causing pyelovenous backflow. Filling the calyx and renal pelvis by a staghorn stone and the resulting obstruction of fluid drainage may elevate intrarenal pelvis pressure. Longer operative time is likely to increase renal pelvic pressure over longer periods, which may account for FUTI after pediatric PCNL. CONCLUSIONS: Younger age, right-sided PCNL, staghorn stones, mini-PCNL, longer operative time, and blood transfusion are risk factors for FUTI. First-, second-, and third-generation cephalosporins are equally effective for prophylaxis in prepubertal children undergoing PCNL.

How do increasing stone surface area and stone configuration affect overall outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Studies reporting the outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in relation to stone burden and configuration are limited. We analyzed our stone-free and complication rates of PCNL with regard to stone surface area and configuration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data of 234 patients who underwent PCNL were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were stratified into six groups according to stone burden and into four groups in relation to stone configuration. Groups were compared with respect to the number of tracts, success of therapy, complications, requirement for secondary procedures, drop in hematocrit, and blood transfusion requirement. RESULTS: The overall stone-free rate was 78.6% with a complication rate of 34.6%. Stone-free rates decreased with increasing stone size (P = 0.001) and with increasing caliceal component in complex stones (P = 0.01). The total number of complications rose with increasing stone surface area (P = 0.0001); however, stone distribution within the kidney did not affect the complication rate (P = 0.2). The mean operative time rose with increasing stone burden (P < 0.05) and increasing caliceal involvement by complex stones (P < 0.01). The need for multiple tracts also rose with increasing stone burden (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a decrease in the overall stone-free rate, as well as an increase in the complication rate, the secondary procedure rate, the mean operative time, and the need for multiple tracts, with increasing stone surface area with PCNL. With regard to stone configuration, there is a decrease in the stone-free rate, as well as an increase in the operative time, with increasing caliceal component in complex renal stones.

Comparative results of shockwave lithotripsy for renal calculi in upper, middle, and lower calices.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To assess the results of shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) for renal calculi in upper, middle, and lower calices according to the stone burden. PATIENT AND METHODS: A series of 52 female and 66 male patients with a mean age of 47.8 years and isolated single caliceal stones who underwent SWL monotherapy were enrolled. Stone burden, stone location, number of sessions/shockwaves, and auxiliary procedures were noted for each patient. Stones were located in the upper, middle, and lower calices of 35, 43, and 40, patients respectively, with mean stone burdens of 81.4 mm2, 75.2 mm2, and 96.3 mm2, respectively. Patients were evaluated with intravenous urography, plain film, or ultrasonography. Success was determined 3 months after the last session. Re-treatment rates were calculated. The effect of anatomic factors on the success of treatment for lower-caliceal stones also was determined. RESULTS: The mean stone burden, median number of treatment sessions, and mean number of shockwaves were 84.2 mm2, 2, and 4344, respectively. The auxiliary procedure rate was 16.1%, and the re-treatment rate was 71.2%. Failure was noted in 26 patients (22%). The stone-free rates for stones in the upper, middle, and lower calices were 82.8%, 83.4%, and 67.5%, respectively (P = 0.14). The stone-free rates for stones <100 mm2 and 100 to 200 mm2 were 91.2% and 65.5%, respectively (P = 0.001). The efficiency quotient was 49.8, 44.8, and 32.5 for upper-, middle-, and lower-caliceal stones, respectively. Infundibular length (P = 0.006) and infundibular width (P + 0.036) were significant in determining the stone-free rate after treatment of lower-caliceal stones. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend SWL as the first choice for treatment of stones <200 mm2 in the upper and middle calices. Extracorporeal lithotripsy is one of the options for lower-caliceal stones <200 mm2 but has high re-treatment and auxiliary-procedure rates in these cases.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in infants less than 12-month old.

There is a lack of literature on children compared to adults regarding the long-term effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), specifically in infants. The aim of the present study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of SWL in infants and also evaluate its potential adverse effects in the mid-term. Between May 1999 and December 2013, 36 infants with 39 renal units underwent SWL treatment for kidney stones with an electrohydraulic lithotripter (Dornier MPL 9000/ELMED Multimed Classic). All children were less than 12-month old. The mid-term effects of SWL were examined at the last follow-up by measuring arterial blood pressure, random blood glucose level and ipsilateral kidney size. Evaluation of treatment and its consequences was based on clinical examination, blood tests and conventional imaging (plain abdominal radiography and ultrasound). Overall stone-free rate was 84.6 % after 3-month follow-up without any major complications. Mid-term follow-up was available in 20 of 36 children with a mean follow-up of 3.2 ± 2.8 years (range 0.5-15.3). None of the infants were found to develop new onset of hypertension or diabetes. All treated infant kidneys' sizes were in the normal percentile range. SWL for management of infant kidney stones is effective and safe in the mid-term.

The place of androgen receptor gene mutation analysis in the molecular diagnosis of prostate cancer and genotype-phenotype relationship.

AIM: To determine the relationship between androgen receptor (AR) gene polymorphism and prostate cancer in our society. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and 34 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients who were diagnosed in 2010 met the study criteria. The inclusion criteria included patients whose diagnosis was confirmed with a biopsy, with the presence of adequate pathologic material for review, between the ages of 40 and 80, and who were healthy men without a family history of prostate cancer. The exclusion criteria excluded men diagnosed with another cancer and those who had kin with a history of prostate cancer. A direct DNA sequencing method was utilized for detection of polymorphisms. RESULTS: CAG repeat length varied from 13 to 28 (mean: 21.67) for the BPH group and 12 to 28 (mean: 21.74) for the prostate cancer group. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density and the androgen receptor (AR) CAG repeat had a statistically significant negative correlation in the BPH group. A statistically significant difference was associated between AR CAG repeat and PSA density. CONCLUSION: Randomized prospective studies should be planned with larger patient and control groups and with more variables, which may open new horizons in prostate cancer screening and early detection.

Giant ectopic ureter mimicking pelvic organ prolapse: a case report.

Ectopic ureter is one of the most common urinary tract anomalies. We, herein, present a case of a giant ureter with ectopic orifice, mimicking pelvic organ prolapse, which is the first in the literature. A 59-year-old female patient presenting with frequently recurrent urinary tract infection had grade 3 pelvic organ prolapse. On examination, the organ producing the appearance of prolapse was found to be a right ureter of giant size and was obstructed by a large stone at the distal segment. The proximal end of the ureter ended blindly. After exploration, the stone was removed, the ureter was detached from the urethra, and the lumen was tied off and cut 5 cm proximally. At 6 months postoperatively, the patient is being followed up without any clinical problems. In such cases with nonfunctioning renal segment draining proximally, the chance of cure can be obtained without a need for a comprehensive intervention such as total abdominal ureterectomy.

Physiology and pharmacology of the human ureter: basis for current and future treatments.

INTRODUCTION: This article sets out to be a review regarding agents that affect contraction and relaxation of the ureter in order to establish a basis for current and future treatments for upper urinary tract obstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A complete review of the English literature using MEDLINE was performed between 1960 and 2007 on ureter physiology and pharmacology with special emphasis on signal transduction mechanisms involved in the contractile regulation of the human ureter. RESULTS: Activation of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors increases the amplitude of ureteral contractions. The sympathetic nerves modulate the contractions by alpha-adrenoceptors and relaxation by beta-adrenoceptors. The purinergic system is important in sensory/motor functions and ATP is an important non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) agent causing contraction. Nitric oxide (NO) is a major inhibitory NANC neurotransmitter causing relaxation. Serotonin causes contraction. Prostaglandin-F(2)alpha contracts whereas prostaglandin-E(1)/E(2) relaxes the ureter. Phosphodiesterases (PDE) and the Rho-kinase pathway have recently been identified in the human ureter. PDE-IV inhibitors, K(+) channel openers, calcium antagonists, alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists and NO donors seem to be promising drugs in relieving obstruction and facilitating stone passage. CONCLUSIONS: Further understanding of the ureteral function and pharmacology may lead to the discovery of promising new drugs that could be useful in relieving ureteral colic, facilitating spontaneous stone passage, preparing the ureter for ureteroscopy as well as acting adjunctive to extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.