An Overview of the Potential of Food-Based Carbon Dots for Biomedical Applications.

Food-based carbon dots (CDs) hold significant importance across various fields, ranging from biomedical applications to environmental and food industries. These CDs offer unique advantages over traditional carbon nanomaterials, including affordability, biodegradability, ease of operation, and multiple bioactivities. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in food-based CDs, focusing on their characteristics, properties, therapeutic applications in biomedicine, and safety assessment methods. The review highlights the potential of food-based CDs in biomedical applications, including antibacterial, antifungal, antivirus, anticancer, and anti-immune hyperactivity. Furthermore, current strategies employed for evaluating the safety of food-based CDs have also been reported. In conclusion, this review offers valuable insights into their potential across diverse sectors and underscores the significance of safety assessment measures to facilitate their continued advancement and application.

Influence of climatic factors on the temporal occurrence and distribution of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster culture environments in Taiwan.

This study evaluated the occurrence and distribution of total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in oyster culture environments in Taiwan. V. parahaemolyticus levels in oysters, seawater, and sediment were quantified using the most probable number (MPN) method combined with a qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Total V. parahaemolyticus was determined based on the presence or absence of tlh gene, whereas pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus was determined based on the detection of tdh and/or trh gene. The results showed that: 1) V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 93% of the collected samples, 2) the mean concentrations of total V. parahaemolyticus in oysters, seawater, and sediment were 4.1 log MPN/g, 2.1 log MPN/mL, and 4.2 log MPN/g, respectively, and 3) variations in the abundance of V. parahaemolyticus was significantly associated with sea surface temperature (SST). Findings in this study could be used to improve the accuracy of the risk assessment model for V. parahaemolyticus in oysters in Taiwan.

Managing the risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with oyster consumption: A review.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium that is naturally present in the marine environment. Oysters, which are water filter feeders, may accumulate this pathogen in their soft tissues, thus increasing the risk of V. parahaemolyticus infection among people who consume oysters. In this review, factors affecting V. parahaemolyticus accumulation in oysters, the route of the pathogen from primary production to consumption, and the potential effects of climate change were discussed. In addition, intervention strategies for reducing accumulation of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters were presented. A literature review revealed the following information relevant to the present study: (a) managing the safety of oysters (for human consumption) from primary production to consumption remains a challenge, (b) there are multiple factors that influence the concentration of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters from primary production to consumption, (c) climate change could possibly affect the safety of oysters, both directly and indirectly, placing public health at risk, (d) many intervention strategies have been developed to control and/or reduce the concentration of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters to acceptable levels, but most of them are mainly focused on the downstream steps of the oyster supply chain, and (c) although available regulation and/or guidelines governing the safety of oyster consumption are mostly available in developed countries, limited food safety information is available in developing countries. The information provided in this review may serve as an early warning for managing the future effects of climate change on the safety of oyster consumption.

Rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens based on nucleic acid amplification: Recent advances, remaining challenges, and possible opportunities.

This article presents a review of recent advancements in the utilization of NAA-based techniques for detecting foodborne pathogens in food products, focusing on studies conducted within the past five years. This review revealed that recent research efforts have primarily aimed at enhancing sensitivity and specificity by improving sample pre-treatment/preparation, DNA isolation, and readout methods. Isothermal-based amplification methods, such as LAMP, RPA, RAA, and RCA, have emerged as promising approaches, providing rapid results within one h and often demonstrating comparable or superior sensitivity to conventional or qPCR methods. However, the attention paid to specific pathogens varies, with Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., E. coli, and V. parahaemolyticus receiving more focus than norovirus and other similar pathogens. NAA-based methods have the potential to significantly contribute to food safety and public health protection. However, further advancements are necessary to fully realize their benefits.

The Rapid Detection of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus via Polymerase Chain Reaction Combined with Magnetic Beads and Capillary Electrophoresis.

Food safety concerns regarding foodborne pathogen contamination have gained global attention due to its significant implications. In this study, we developed a detection system utilizing a PCR array combined with an automated magnetic bead-based system and CE technology to enable the detection of three foodborne pathogens, namely Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that our developed method could detect these pathogens at concentrations as low as 7.3 × 101, 6.7 × 102, and 6.9 × 102 cfu/mL, respectively, in the broth samples. In chicken samples, the limit of detection for these pathogens was 3.1 × 104, 3.5 × 103, and 3.9 × 102 cfu/g, respectively. The detection of these pathogens was accomplished without the necessity for sample enrichment, and the entire protocols, from sample preparation to amplicon analysis, were completed in approximately 3.5 h. Regarding the impact of the extraction method on detection capability, our study observed that an automated DNA extraction system based on the magnetic bead method demonstrated a 10-fold improvement or, at the very least, yielded similar results compared to the column-based method. These findings demonstrated that our developed model is effective in detecting low levels of these pathogens in the samples analyzed in this study. The PCR-CE method developed in this study may help monitor food safety in the future. It may also be extended to identify other foodborne pathogens across a wide range of food samples.

Effect of Chitosan Incorporation on the Development of Acrylamide during Maillard Reaction in Fructose-Asparagine Model Solution and the Functional Characteristics of the Resultants.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of 0.5% chitosan incorporation on acrylamide development in a food model solution containing 0.5% fructose and asparagine after heating for 30 min at 180 °C. All the solutions were investigated for the following characteristics: acrylamide, asparagine, reducing sugar content, color, kinematic viscosity, Maillard reaction products (MRPs), and pH every 10 min. After heating for 10 min, the viscosity of chitosan-containing solutions reduced significantly. The investigational data confirmed that chitosan may have decomposed into lower molecular structures, as demonstrated by the reduced viscosity of the solution at pH < 6 and a decrease in the acrylamide content during 30 min of heating in a fructose−asparagine system. This study also confirms that the formation of ultraviolet-absorbing intermediates and browning intensity of MRPs containing acrylamide prepared by fructose−asparagine was more than those of MRPs prepared by glucose−asparagine solution system. MRPs containing acrylamide resulted from the reaction of asparagine with fructose (ketose) rather than glucose (aldose). Acrylamide formation could be significantly mitigated in the fructose−asparagine−chitosan model system as compared to the fructose−asparagine model system for possible beverage and food application.

Predictive models for the growth of Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and Escherichia coli in lettuce harvested on Taiwanese farms.

This study aimed at developing predictive models for Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli in lettuce iceberg (Lactuca sativa) locally grown in Taiwan. The models were developed under constant temperature levels (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C) and validated under dynamic temperature conditions (18°C for 4 h, 7°C for 48 h, 23°C for 4 h). The result showed that (1) all strains were unable to grow at 5°C except for standard strain of Listeria obtained from the BCRC and (2) the growth rate of locally isolated strains of Salmonella and Listeria was higher than the standard one at certain temperature levels and lower than the growth rates of E. coli. The findings in this study enhance our understanding about the growth variability between Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli strains on vegetables locally grown in Taiwan and may be used to improve the management of proper storage temperature in the lettuce supply chain in this country. Considering the temperature recommendation for refrigerated food in Taiwan, the findings in this study therefore recommend that fresh vegetables (e.g., lettuce) should be stored at 5°C or lower to prevent the rapid growth of these microorganisms. Finally, the developed models can be used in the assessment of the microbiological risk of Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli contamination in lettuce locally grown in Taiwan. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study developed predictive models describing the growth of Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli in lettuce locally grown in Taiwan. The models developed in this study can be used in quantitative microbial risk assessment.

Exposure Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis for Chilled Shrimp During Distribution: A Case Study of Home Delivery Services in Taiwan.

In this study, we evaluated the temperature requirements for home delivery in Taiwan by considering food safety risks of chilled shrimp that may be contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus was chosen because it was the main cause of foodborne outbreaks originating from contaminated seafood in Taiwan. The risk of becoming ill due to consumption of raw shrimp was estimated to be 7.3 × 10-3 per serving, estimated based on the real-time temperature profile. Lowering the maximum temperature to 7 °C during transit and cooking shrimps at 100 °C for 5 min could reduce the risk by more than 94%. These interventions, therefore, were suggested to be used as an integral part of temperature management control in the home delivery cold chain. These findings can help food authorities to institute temperature management policies and regulations to prevent broken cold chains and reduce food safety risks. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research may be applicable to home delivery services that deliver low-temperature food products, such as seafood products.