Long-term functional success and robust implant survival in lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A case series with a mean follow-up of twenty two and a half years.

PURPOSE: Lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is an accepted treatment option in cases of end-stage lateral osteoarthritis. While lateral UKA has many proposed advantages compared to total knee arthroplasty, its technical challenges and relatively small number of cases make this an uncommon procedure. The aim of this study was to report the survivorship and functional outcomes beyond 20 years of follow-up of isolated UKA. METHODS: Between January 1988 and October 2003, 54 lateral UKAs were performed in a single center. The fitted prosthesis was a fixed plate and cemented polyethylene (PE). All patients had isolated lateral tibiofemoral osteoarthritis, including five open meniscectomies, three arthroscopies, and three open reductions of lateral tibial plateau fractures. Patients with a minimum of 20 years of follow-up were included in the final analysis. RESULTS: Of the 54 UKA, 22 died before reaching the minimum follow-up period and four were lost to follow-up. Twenty-eight were included in the final analysis. Among them, 21 patients remained alive and an additional seven were deceased after 20 years. The mean age at the last follow-up was 84.8 ± 11.9 years with a mean follow-up duration of 22.5 ± 2.1 years. Of the 28 knees, eight underwent revision surgery (5 for the progression of osteoarthritis; 2 for aseptic loosening; 1 for PE wear). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a survival rate at 20 and 25 years of 72.3% (CI 59.1; 88.6). The average time to revision was 14.9 ± 4.9 years. At the last follow-up, the mean function Knee Society Score (KSS) was 41.5 ± 32.9 and the mean objective KSS score was 79.4 ± 9.7. In the unrevised population, 94.7% of patients (n = 18) reported being satisfied or very satisfied with the surgery. CONCLUSION: Lateral UKA remains a viable treatment option for patients with isolated lateral tibiofemoral osteoarthritis, providing satisfactory 20-year implant survivorship and high patient satisfaction.

No difference between resurfaced and non-resurfaced patellae with a modern prosthesis design: a prospective randomized study of 250 total knee arthroplasties.

PURPOSE: Despite numerous well-conducted studies and meta-analyses, the management of the patella during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains controversial. The aim of our study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes between patients with and without patellar resurfacing and to determine the influence of resurfacing on patellar tracking with a "patella-friendly" prosthesis. METHODS: A single-centered prospective randomized controlled study was performed between April 2017 and November 2018. Two hundred and forty-five consecutive patients (250 knees) scheduled for TKA were randomized for patellar resurfacing or patella non-resurfacing. All patients received the same total knee prosthesis and were evaluated clinically and radiologically, including the International Knee Society Score (KSS knee and function), Forgotten Joint Score (FJS), anterior knee pain (AKP), pain when climbing stairs, patellar tilt, and patellar translation. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-nine knees were available for clinical evaluation and 221 knees for radiographic analysis. The revision rate for patellofemoral cause was 3.1% (7 cases) with no difference between the groups (p = 0.217). There was no difference in survival rate between patellar resurfacing (88.3%) and non-resurfacing (85.3%) after 24 months (p = 0.599). There were no differences in KSS functional component (p = 0.599), KSS knee component (p = 0.396), FJS (p = 0.798), and AKP (p = 0.688) at a mean follow-up of 18 months. There was twice as much stair pain for the non-resurfacing group (17.1% versus 8.5%) (p = 0.043). There was patellar tilt in 43% of resurfaced knees (n = 50/116) versus 29% in non-resurfaced knees (n = 30/105) (p = 0.025); however, there was more patellar translation in the non-resurfaced group (21.0% versus 7.8%) (p < 0.001). There were no specific complications attributed to the patellar resurfacing procedure. There were four secondary patellar resurfacing procedures (3.6%) in the non-resurfaced group after a mean of 10 ± 7 months (1-17) postoperatively. CONCLUSION: There is no superiority of patellar resurfacing or non-resurfacing in terms of clinical or radiological outcomes at mid-term. Secondary patellar resurfacing is rare. There is not enough evidence to recommend systematic patellar resurfacing with a "patella-friendly" prosthesis.

No difference in patellar position between mobile-bearing and fixed-bearing total knee arthroplasty for medial osteoarthritis: a prospective randomized study.

PURPOSE: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the treatment of choice for severe osteoarthritis of the knee. Many studies have been performed comparing mobile- and fixed-bearing designs; however, there are insufficient data regarding the patellar position in either system. This study aimed to compare the resultant patellar position with a mobile- versus a fixed-bearing TKA and the influence of both designs on clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective randomized study, between 2007 and 2009, 160 TKA patients were assessed; 79 received a mobile-bearing and 81 received a fixed-bearing implant, for medial compartment osteoarthritis. A posteriorly stabilized, HLS Noetos knee prosthesis (Tornier, Saint-Ismier, France) was used in all cases. The only difference between the groups was whether the tibial component incorporated a fixed or mobile bearing. The patella was resurfaced in all cases. The International Knee Society Score (KSS) and the patellar tilt and translation were compared post-operatively. Patellar translation and patellar tilt analyses were subdivided into two subgroups (< 5 mm vs > 5 mm and < 5° vs > 5°). RESULTS: The KSS was not statistically different between the groups at a mean follow-up of 7.4 years (range 5-11 years). Patellar translation and patellar tilt were not statistically different between the groups. When considering the patellar translation subgroup analysis, a significantly increased risk of patellar translation, greater than 5 mm, was found in the mobile-bearing group compared to fixed-bearing group (OR = 2.3; p = 0.048) without generating any meaningful difference in clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: The theoretical advantages of mobile-bearing implants compared to fixed-bearing implants were not demonstrated in this randomized study, at mid-term follow-up. In daily practice, the choice between mobile-bearing and fixed-bearing designs should be based on the experience and clinical judgment of the surgeon. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prospective randomized study, level I.

Unilateral anterior knee pain is associated with increased patellar lateral position after stressed lateral translation.

PURPOSE: To objectively compare side-to-side patellar position and mobility in patients with idiopathic unilateral anterior knee pain (AKP) using a stress-testing device concomitantly with magnetic resonance imaging. It is hypothesized that the painful knees present greater patellar mobility than the contralateral non-painful knees. METHODS: From a total sample of 359 patients, 23 patients with idiopathic unilateral AKP (30.9 years, 23.4 kg/m2, 43% males) were included within the present study. Both knees of all the patients were examined by conventional imaging, including the measurement of trochlear sulcus angle, Caton-Deschamps index, tibial tuberosity to trochlear groove distance, patellar tilt angle and patellar subluxation (both at rest and upon quadriceps contraction). Additionally, the same patients underwent stress testing (Porto Patella Testing Device); these measurements were taken with the patella at rest, after lateral patellar translation and after lateral patellar tilt. Clinical and functional outcomes were obtained using physical examination and the Kujala and Lysholm scores. RESULTS: Painful knees showed statistically significant higher patellar lateral position after stressed lateral translation than non-painful knees (p = 0.028), 9.8 ± 3.6 mm and 7.1 ± 6.3 mm, respectively. The adjusted multivariate logistic model identified the patellar position after lateral displacement to be significantly associated with AKP (OR = 1.165) and the model (AUC = 0.807, p < 0.001) showed reasonable sensitivity (67%) and specificity (73%). CONCLUSION: Patients with idiopathic unilateral AKP with morphologically equivalent knees showed statistically significant increased patellar lateral position after stressed lateral displacement in their painful knee. The greater lateral patellar mobility quantified by the PPTD testing brings more objectivity to the diagnosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Correction to: Short lateral posterior condyle is associated with trochlea dysplasia and patellar dislocation.

Unfortunately, the author name was incorrectly published in the original publication as Sébatien Lustig insted of Sébastien Lustig. The author name is corrected here by this Erratum. The original article has been corrected.

Short lateral posterior condyle is associated with trochlea dysplasia and patellar dislocation.

PURPOSE: Surgeons mainly consider the anterior anatomy of the distal femur in the treatment of patellar instability (PI) with trochlear dysplasia (TD). Through this research, the idea was to analyse the posterior femoral condyle length in TD. The research team posited the presence of morphological differences in the posterior part of the femoral epiphysis in TD compared to a control group. They also postulated that the posterior bicondylar angle (PCA), in the axial plane, was increased in TD. METHODS: This is a single-centre morphological study of 100 patients who had a computed tomography (CT) using the same protocol. 50 patients with PI (25 dysplasias A and 25 B-C-D according to the Dejour classification), and 50 controls were included. All patients presenting a clinical PI were considered for the study. None of these patients had undergone a surgical treatment prior to imaging. Demographic characteristics, BMI, and laterality were comparable in all patients. 20 pilot CT scans were used to establish the methodology. The following measurements were performed: anterior bicondylar angle, PCA, and condylar lengths with respect to the surgical transepicondylar axis. Ratios were calculated in relation to the femoral width. TD was classified according to the Dejour classification in grade A or grades B-C-D. An analysis of variance and a linear model were performed within some groups to investigate which parameters correlated with the classification's grade. RESULTS: This study showed a link between TD and the PCA: control group (1.4 ± 0.2°), type A group (1.6 ± 0.3°), and types B, C, D group (2.6 ± 0.3°) (p = 0.01). The difference between the control group and types B, C, D TD group was significant (p = 0.002). In groups B, C, D, the PCA was more important, which proves that in these groups the posterior part of the lateral condyle was relatively shorter compared to the medial condyle. The greater the dysplasia, the longer the medial condyle was in the anterior posterior (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows not only an anterior but also a posterior anomaly in PI with TD. There is a correlation between the severity of the anterior deformation and the PCA: in other words, the knee is placed in valgus in flexure which promotes the external dislocation of the patella. This anatomical study could open a field of research on the development of surgical treatments based on the correction of posterior condylar femoral anomalies in PI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Improved implant position and lower revision rate with robotic-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: The aim of this case-control study was to compare implant position and revision rate for UKA, performed with either a robotic-assisted system or with conventional technique. METHODS: Eighty UKA (57 medial, 23 lateral) were performed with robotic assistance (BlueBelt Navio system) between 2013 and 2017. These patients were matched with 80 patients undergoing UKA using the same prosthesis, implanted using conventional technique. The sagittal and coronal component position was assessed on postoperative radiographs. The revision rate was reported at last follow-up. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 19.7 months ± 9 for the robotic-assisted group, and 24.2 months ± 16 for the control group. The rate of postoperative limb alignment outliers (± 2°) was significantly higher in the control group than in the robotic-assisted group for both lateral UKA (26% in robotic group versus 61% in control group; p = 0.018) and medial UKA (16% versus 32%, resp.; p = 0.038). The coronal and sagittal tibial baseplate position had significantly less outliers (± 3°) in the robotic-assisted group, than in the control group. Revision rates were: 5% (n = 4/80) for robotic assisted UKA and 9% (n = 7/80) for conventional UKA (n.s.). The reasons for revision were different between groups, with 86% of revisions in the control group occurring in association with component malposition or limb malalignment, compared with none in the robotic-assisted group. CONCLUSION: Robotic-assisted UKA has a lower rate of postoperative limb alignment outliers, as well as a lower revision rate, compared to conventional technique. The accuracy of implant positioning is improved by this robotic-assisted system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level of evidence III. Retrospective case-control study CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This is the first paper comparing implant position, clinical outcome, and revision rate for UKA performed using the Navio robotic system with a control group.

High Survival Rate and Very Low Wear of Lateral Unicompartmental Arthroplasty at Long Term: A Case Series of 54 Cases at a Mean Follow-Up of 17 Years.

BACKGROUND: Survivorship of lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has progressively improved. However, there are few studies describing long-term results, and no study reports on polyethylene (PE) wear in lateral unicompartmental arthroplasty. The aims of this study are to determine the survival rate of lateral UKA with a fixed, all-PE bearing, and the PE wear of the tibial implant at a minimum of 15 years follow-up. METHODS: From January 1988 to October 2003, we performed 54 lateral UKAs in 52 patients. All patients had isolated lateral osteoarthritis (OA). The mean age at the index procedure was 65.4 ± 11 years. Thirty-nine UKAs were available for follow-up (30 alive and 9 dead after 15 years). Twelve patients had died before 15 years and 3 patients were lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up was 17.9 years (range, 15-23 years). RESULTS: At the final follow-up, 8 knees of 39 (20.5%) had a surgical revision. The cumulative survival rate was 82.1% at 15 years and 79.4% at 20 years. The main reason of revision was progression of OA (87.5%), followed by aseptic loosening of the tibial component (12.5%). With a mean follow-up of 17.9 years, the mean PE wear was 0.061 mm/y. There was no radiographic loosening in the surviving implants and no revisions for wear. The mean functional International Knee Society score was 66.5 ± 26.8, with a mean objective score of 84.4 points ± 13.2. In the population without revision, 90.5% were satisfied or very satisfied at the latest follow-up. CONCLUSION: Lateral UKA with a fixed, all-PE tibial bearing and a femoral resurfacing implant presents a high survivorship at long term, with very low PE wear.

Tibiofemoral joint congruence is lower in females with ACL injuries than males with ACL injuries.

PURPOSE: Previous research has demonstrated that women have a higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than men. Tibiofemoral articular geometry may play a role in the occurrence of ACL tears. The purpose of this study was to analyze the gender-specific geometric characteristics differences in tibiofemoral morphology in ACL-deficient patients. METHODS: Medial tibial slope (MTS), lateral tibial slope (LTS), medial tibial plateau concavity, medial and lateral femoral condyle convexity, and lateral plateau convexity were analyzed in 276 patients with complete ACL injuries (138 females and 138 males). Two blinded observers measured the anatomical parameters of tibiofemoral geometry with use of multiplanar CT scans. Intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were assessed and comparisons between anatomic measures were made between male and female patients. RESULTS: The average ICC for all measurements was 0.90 (range 0.83-0.97) indicating good reliability. Male ACL injured patients demonstrated significantly greater LTS (10.5° ± 2.8) than female patients (9.6° ± 3.5°; p < 0.05). No gender difference in MTS was found (n.s.). Medial and lateral femoral condyle convexity and medial tibial plateau concavity were greater in males than females (all p < 0.05). Lateral tibial plateau convexity in females was higher than in males (p < 0.001). The medial and lateral compartments were found to be more incongruent in females than males (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Female patients were noted to have more incongruent medial and lateral compartments than male patients. These gender-specific differences in joint morphology may contribute to graft tear risk and outcomes of ACL reconstruction; however, comparative clinical studies are needed to confirm this possibility. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Partial extensor mechanism allograft reconstruction for chronic patellar tendon disruption shows superior outcomes in native knees when compared to same technique following total arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: Chronic patellar tendon disruption occurs mostly after total knee arthroplasty, and is a challenging complication to treat. We have previously described an original technique for reconstruction using extensor mechanism allograft. The goal of this study was to assess the results of this technique in TKA and native knees. METHODS: An observational, single centre, retrospective study was conducted. Nine patients in the TKA group and eight in the native knee group were included, all treated for chronic PT rupture. The operative technique included fresh-frozen allograft, in which the patella was fashioned into an hourglass shape and press-fit in a corresponding groove in the native patella. The primary outcome was failure of the graft defined by a residual extensor lag > 10°. RESULTS: The mean age was 68 in the TKA group and 51 in the native group. The minimum follow-up was 24 months and the mean follow-up respectively 42 and 39 months. 33% of allografts failed in the TKA group where none failed in the native knee group, with a mean extension lag of 12.2° (0-30) and 1.25° (0-5), respectively. All but the three failures presented with an extension lag < 10°. Four cases of patellar bone block distal migration, less than 1 cm, were recorded in the native knee group without clinical repercussion. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this original technique in the setting of chronic PT rupture were excellent for native knees at a minimum follow-up of 24 months. However, results were less satisfactory in the TKA group, due to the substantial rate of failure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.

The impact of bone morphology on the outcome of the pivot shift test: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The presence of a positive pivot shift after surgical repair of the ACL is considered an important indicator of a failed reconstruction. The ability to predict the result of a pivot shift test after an ACL reconstruction using variables that can be measured prior to surgery could provide an indication of which patients may be at-risk of a poor surgical outcome.The purpose of this study was to determine whether structural characteristics of the femur and tibia, measured using plain radiographs, were associated with the result of the pivot shift test in unilateral ACL reconstructed patients. METHODS: Sixteen patients who had undergone unilateral ACL reconstruction were divided into two groups based on the results of manual pivot shift testing: 1) Pivot group; and 2) No pivot group. All patients had standing true lateral radiographs of both knees. Structural measurements of the tibia and femur were made on both knees. In addition, two new variables were created to describe the tibiofemoral mismatch: 1) Femur Tibia Size Ratio (FTSR); and 2) Tibia to Posterior Femoral Condyle Ratio (TPFCR). These measures were compared within groups and between groups. RESULTS: None of the individual structural characteristics were significantly different when compared between groups. No individual structural characteristics had a significant association with the presence of a positive pivot shift. When a between-group analysis was performed, both the FTSR (p < 0.03) and the TPFCR (p < 0.01) were significantly different between the Pivot group and the No Pivot group. A larger FTSR ratio, or a larger femur relative to the tibia, was associated with a positive pivot shift. A smaller TPFCR ratio, or a smaller tibial depth relative to the depth of the lateral posterior femoral condyle, was associated with a positive pivot shift. CONCLUSIONS: Structural characteristics in the lateral femoral condyle and lateral tibial plateau were found to be associated with the presence of a positive pivot shift. These characteristics could separate between patients in the Pivot group and the No Pivot group. Two indices, the FTSR and the TPFCR, provided better predictive value than individual characteristics in identifying patients with a knee that was structurally "at-risk" for developing a positive pivot shift.

International Perspective on Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: What Have We Been Missing?

Primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common orthopaedic procedure. A graft failure rate of 5% to 10% after primary ACL reconstruction has resulted in an increased need for revision ACL reconstruction. ACL reconstruction failure etiologies include trauma, technical errors, and biologic factors. Based on the current literature, the outcomes of revision ACL reconstruction are clearly inferior compared with those of primary reconstruction. A thorough patient evaluation, including surgical history, a physical examination, and imaging studies, is crucial in the assessment of a failed ACL reconstruction. Tunnel malposition, which is a technical error, is the most common reason for ACL reconstruction failure. Tunnel positioning and widening are important factors to consider in the decision to perform either one-stage or two-stage revision ACL reconstruction. Other concomitant factors such as malalignment, pathologic posterior tibial slope, and meniscal or ligamentous deficiency (in particular, deficiency of the anterolateral ligament) must be considered and addressed to achieve an optimal outcome. Patients who have a positive pivot shift test and rotational instability may require extra-articular anterolateral ligament reconstruction. In addition, patients who have severe pathologic tibial slope and anterior tibial translation may require a tibial deflexion osteotomy.

Management of patellar problems in skeletally mature patients with nail-patella syndrome.

PURPOSE: Nail-patella syndrome (NPS) or hereditary onychoosteodysplasia is a rare autosomal dominant disease, characterized by a tetrad of findings, which include fingernail abnormalities, hypoplasia of the patellae, radial head dislocation and prominent iliac horns. Most of the literature on the treatment of patellar problems in NPS concerns paediatric patients, and there is no standard treatment algorithm for adult patients. METHODS: We reviewed the charts of skeletally mature patients with NPS who presented to our clinic. We reviewed the presenting complaints, the physical examination findings and the radiographic imaging. RESULTS: We identified seven skeletally mature patients with NPS who presented with patellofemoral complaints. Their symptoms were instability, pain, or a combination of the two. Examination and imaging revealed a wide range of severity but included patellar instability and patellar arthritis. In our series, milder forms of the disease were treated with non-operative measures, but the majority of our patients required surgery including medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, tibial tuberosity transposition, patellofemoral and total knee arthroplasty. At midterm follow-up, most patients had good results. CONCLUSION: Nail-patella syndrome has a wide range of presentations and severity in skeletally mature patients. Knee surgeons should be familiar with the spectrum of clinical presentation and the range of treatment options available in order to provide optimum treatment for patients with this disorder. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

The combination of tibial anterior translation and axial rotation into a single biomechanical factor improves the prediction of patient satisfaction over each factor alone in patients with ACL reconstructed knees.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify biomechanical factors, in both reconstructed and healthy knees, that correlate with patient satisfaction after ACL reconstruction. METHODS: Seventeen patients who had undergone unilateral ACL reconstruction were reviewed 9 years post-op. Patients completed subjective questionnaires and underwent manual knee laxity testing (Lachman-Trillat, KT-1000, and pivot shift) and automated laxity testing. During automated testing, both legs were rotated into external rotation and then internal rotation until peak rotational torque reached 5.65 Nm. Load-deformation curves were generated from torque and rotation data. Features of the curves were extracted for analysis. Total leg rotation and anterior laxity during KT-1000 testing were combined into a single factor (Joint Play Envelope or JPE). Patients were divided into groups based on patient satisfaction scores (Group 1: Higher Satisfaction, Group 2: Lower Satisfaction, Group 3: Unsatisfied). Load-deformation curve features and manual laxity testing results were compared between groups 1 and 2 to determine which biomechanical factors could distinguish between the groups. Diagnostic screening values were calculated for KT-1000 testing, the pivot shift test, total leg rotation and JPE. RESULTS: During manual testing, no significant differences in biomechanical factors were found when comparing reconstructed knees in group 1 and group 2. When comparing the reconstructed and healthy knees within group 2, the reconstructed knees had a significantly higher displacement during the KT-1000 manual maximum test (p < 0.002). When considering the reconstructed knees alone, neither the result of the pivot shift test nor KT-1000 testing could distinguish between group 1 and group 2. During automated testing, there were no significant differences between the groups when comparing the reconstructed lower limbs. The healthy lower limbs in group 2 had more maximum external rotation (p < 0.02) and decreased stiffness at maximum external rotation (p < 0.02) when compared to the healthy lower limbs in group 1. Total leg rotation was unable to distinguish between group 1 and group 2. JPE could distinguish between group 1 and group 2 when considering the reconstructed limb alone (p < 0.02). All four diagnostic screening values for JPE were equal or higher than in the other criteria. JPE also showed the most significant correlation with patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Joint Play Envelope is an objective measure that demonstrated improved predictive value as compared to other tests when used as a measure of satisfaction in patients with ACL reconstructed knees.

Total knee arthroplasty after varus distal femoral osteotomy vs native knee: similar results in a case control study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the results of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) performed after varus distal femoral osteotomy (VrDFO), in comparison to a control group of TKAs performed as the primary intervention for arthrosis. Main hypothesis was that the medium term results for the two groups would be similar. METHODS: All TKAs performed after VrDFO were extracted from a single centre, prospective database of 4046 arthroplasties. A case-control study was performed with a control group comprising two TKAs performed as the primary intervention for each TKA after VrDFO, and matched for sex, age at intervention, body mass index, the type of arthrosis and the type of implant. All prostheses used a system of posterior stabilisation by a third median condyle (Laboritoire Tornier-Wright). The primary outcome measure was the post-operative Knee Society Score (KSS). RESULTS: Fourteen TKAs after VrDFO were identified, with a median follow-up of 42 months (12-102 months). The control group comprised 28 patients. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of the matching criteria. Pre-operatively, there were no differences between groups in terms of KSS (knee and function scores), range of motion (fixed-flexion and maximum flexion), and mechanical axes on long leg films. Operative duration was identical for the two groups. In the VrDFO group there was more lateral intra-operative laxity (p = 0.006), more intra-operative complications (patella tendon injuries, p = 0.0008), and more frequent need for screw support for the tibial component due to more severe lower limb deformity (p < 0.0001). No significant difference was found between groups with regards to the post-operative KSS; median knee score was 91.7 in the VrDFO group compared to 82.3 in the control group, and function score 70.6 compared to 77.8. Range of motion was comparable between groups with median maximum flexion in the VrDFO group of 115.7° and 110.9° in the control group. CONCLUSION: TKAs after VrDFO is uncommon and can carry an increased risk of intra-operative complications. Despite this, the medium term results are comparable to arthroplasty performed as a primary intervention. TKA should not be denied to patients with previous femoral osteotomy, but care must be taken with gap balancing and axis correction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Diagnostic findings caused by cutting of the iliotibial tract and anterolateral ligament in an ACL intact knee using a standardized and automated clinical knee examination.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the separate contribution of the two definitions of the anterolateral ligament (ALL), the mid-third lateral capsular ligament (MTLCL) and deep capsule-osseous layer of the iliotibial tract (dcITT) in addition to the superficial iliotibial tract (sITT) to the control of tibial motion with respect to the femur during the application of force/torque seen during the three tests of the standard clinical knee examination (AP Lachman test, tibial axial rotation test and varus-valgus stress test). METHODS: Six pelvis-to-toe cadaveric specimens were examined using an automated testing device that carried out the three components of the clinical knee examination. Internal/external rotation torque, anteroposterior load and adduction/abduction torque were applied, while torque/force and positional measurements were recorded. Sequential sectioning of the structures followed the same order for each knee, sITT, dcITT and MTLCL. Testing was repeated after release of each structure. RESULTS: During the tibial axial rotation test, releasing the sITT caused an increase in internal rotation of 2.6° (1.4-4.1°, p < 0.0005), while release of the dcITT increased internal rotation an additional 0.8° (0.4-1.1°, p < 0.0015). Changes in secondary motions of the tibia after sITT release demonstrated an increase in anterior translation of 1.2 mm (0.6-2.0 mm, p < 0.0005) during internal rotation, while release of the dcITT increased the same motion an additional 0.4 mm (0.2-0.5 mm, p < 0.0005). During the AP Lachman test, release of the sITT caused the tibia to move more anteriorly by 0.7 mm (0.4-1.1 mm, p < 0.0005) and increased internal rotation by 2.7° (0.9-5.2°, p < 0.004). The additional release of the dcITT resulted in more anterior translation by 0.3 mm (0.1-0.4 mm, p < 0.002) and internal rotation by 0.9° (0.2-1.7°, p < 0.005). During the varus-valgus stress test, release of the sITT permitted 0.9° (0.4-1.4°, p < 0.0005) more adduction of the tibia, while the additional release of the dcITT significantly increased adduction by 0.4° (0.2°-0.5°, p < 0.001). Release of the MTLCL had a nominal but significant increase in internal rotation, 0.6° (0.1-1.1°, p < 0.0068) and external rotation, -0.1° (-0.1° to -0.2°, p < 0.0025) during the tibial axial rotation test, anterior translation of 0.2 mm (0.0-0.4 mm, p < 0.021) only during the AP Lachman test, and adduction rotation, 0.2° (0.0-0.3°, p < 0.034) only during the varus-valgus stress test. CONCLUSION: The presence of increased adduction during an automated knee examination provides unique information identifying the release of the sITT, dcITT and the MTLCL in this cadaveric study. While their sequential release caused similar pattern changes in the three components of the automated knee examination, the extent of change due to release of the MTLCL was markedly less than after release of the dcITT which was markedly less than after release of the sITT.

Proximal tibial bony and meniscal slopes are higher in ACL injured subjects than controls: a comparative MRI study.

PURPOSE: Increased tibial slope is reported as a risk factor of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, but the effect of the soft tissues on slope remains unclear. The primary aims of this study were to compare the tibial bony and soft tissue slopes between patients with and without ACL injury, and to investigate the relationship between the meniscal slopes (MS) and the tibial bony slope. Our hypothesis was that the menisci would correct the inclination of the bony tibial slope towards the horizontal. METHODS: Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the lateral and medial tibial slopes (LTS, MTS) and lateral and medial meniscal slopes (LMS, MMS) were compared in 100 patients with isolated ACL injury and a control group of 100 patients with patello-femoral pain and an intact ACL. RESULTS: Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed good inter- and intra-observer reliability for both bony and soft tissue slopes (ICC (0.88-0.93) and (0.78-0.91) for intra- and inter-observer reliability, respectively). The LTS and MTS were significantly greater in the ACL injury group (10.4 ± 3.1 and 9.4 ± 3.3) than in the control group (7.3 ± 3.4 and 7.0 ± 3.7). Similarly, the LMS and MMS were significantly greater in the ACL injury group (4.7 ± 4.7 and 6.0 ± 3.4) than the control group (0.9 ± 4.8 and 3.7 ± 3.6). In both groups, the lateral bony tibial slope was greater than the medial bony tibial slope, but the medial soft tissue slope was greater than the lateral soft tissue slope. CONCLUSION: Increased tibial slopes, both bony and meniscal, are risk factors for ACL injury. As the meniscus tends to correct the observed slope towards the horizontal, loss of the posterior meniscus may potentiate this effect by increasing the functional slope. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Lateral tibial plateau autograft in revision surgery for failed medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: Revision surgery for failed unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) with bone loss is challenging. Several options are available including cement augmentation, metal augmentation, and bone grafting. The aim of the present study was to describe a surgical technique for lateral tibial plateau autografting and report mid-term outcomes. METHODS: Eleven consecutive patients (median age 69.5 years) affected by posteromedial tibial plateau collapse after medial UKA were enrolled in the present study. The delay between UKA and revision surgery was 21 months (range 15-36 months). All patients were revised with a cemented posterior-stabilized implant, with a tibial stem. Medial tibial plateau bone loss was treated with an autologous lateral tibial plateau bone graft secured with two absorbable screws. All patients were evaluated with the Oxford Knee Score (OKS), visual analogue scale for pain (VAS), and complete radiographic evaluation. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 60 months (range 36-84 months), the OKS improved from 21.5 (range 16-26) to 34.5 (range 30-40) (p < 0.01) and the median VAS score improved from 8.0 (range 5-9) to 5.5 (range 3-7) (p < 0.01). No intraoperative complications were recorded. Partial reabsorption of the graft was observed in two cases at final follow-up. CONCLUSION: Lateral tibial plateau bone autograft is an alternative to metal wedge or cement augments in the treatment of medial plateau collapse after UKA. Primary fixation of the tibial plateau autograft can be achieved with absorbable screws and a tibial-stemmed implant. Further comparative studies with a larger series may be helpful to draw definitive conclusions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case series, Level IV.

Early weight bearing versus delayed weight bearing in medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: The need for a period of non-weight bearing after medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy remains controversial. It is hypothesized that immediate weight bearing after medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy would have no difference in functional scores at one year compared to delayed weight bearing. METHODS: Fifty patients, median age 54 years (range 40-65), with medial compartment osteoarthritis, underwent a medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy utilizing a locking plate without bone grafting. Patients were randomized into an Immediate or a Delayed (2 months) weight bearing group. All patients were assessed at one-year follow-up and the two groups compared. The primary outcome measure was the IKS score. Secondary outcome measures included the IKDC score, the VAS pain score and rate of complications. RESULTS: The functional scores significantly improved in both groups. The IKS score increased from 142 ± 31 to 171 ± 26 in the Immediate group (p < 0.001) and from 148 ± 22 to 178 ± 23 in the Delayed group (p < 0.001). The IKDC score increased from 49 ± 17 pre-operatively to 68 ± 14 one-year post-operatively in the Immediate group (p < 0.0001) and from 44 ± 16 to 69 ± 19 in the Delayed group (p < 0.001). The average VAS for pain 2 months after surgery was 3 ± 3 in the Immediate group and 3 ± 2 in the Delayed (n.s.). There was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the outcome measures. The mean mechanical femorotibial angle changed from 6° of varus (0°-15° of varus, SD = 3°) to 4° of valgus (5°-11° of valgus, SD = 3°) in the Immediate group and from 5° of varus (0°-10° of varus, SD = 3°) to 3° of valgus (2° of varus to 8° of valgus, SD = 3°) in the Delayed group. No difference was seen between groups, and no loss of correction was observed in any patient. Two cases of non-union occurred, one in each group. One infection and one deep vein thrombosis occurred in the Immediate group. CONCLUSION: Immediate weight bearing after medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy had no effect on functional scores at 1 year follow-up and did not significantly increase the complication rate. Immediate weight bearing after medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy appears to be safe and can allow some patients a quicker return to activities of daily living and a decreased convalescence period. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Contributions of the anterolateral complex and the anterolateral ligament to rotatory knee stability in the setting of ACL Injury: a roundtable discussion.

Persistent rotatory knee laxity is increasingly recognized as a common finding after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. While the reasons behind rotator knee laxity are multifactorial, the impact of the anterolateral knee structures is significant. As such, substantial focus has been directed toward better understanding these structures, including their anatomy, biomechanics, in vivo function, injury patterns, and the ideal procedures with which to address any rotatory knee laxity that results from damage to these structures. However, the complexity of lateral knee anatomy, varying dissection techniques, differing specimen preparation methods, inconsistent sectioning techniques in biomechanical studies, and confusing terminology have led to discrepancies in published studies on the topic. Furthermore, anatomical and functional descriptions have varied widely. As such, we have assembled a panel of expert surgeons and scientists to discuss the roles of the anterolateral structures in rotatory knee laxity, the healing potential of these structures, the most appropriate procedures to address rotatory knee laxity, and the indications for these procedures. In this round table discussion, KSSTA Editor-in-Chief Professor Jón Karlsson poses a variety of relevant and timely questions, and experts from around the world provide answers based on their personal experiences, scientific study, and interpretations of the literature. Level of evidence V.