Lesions of Mycobacterium avium spp. hominissuis Infection Resembling M. bovis Lesions in a Wild Mule Deer, Canada1.

We used molecular analyses to confirm Mycobacterium avium spp. hominissuis infection in lung granulomas and pyogranulomas in the tracheobronchial lymph node in a wild mule deer in Banff, Canada. These lesions are similar to those found in M. bovis-infected animals, emphasizing the critical need for disease surveillance in wildlife populations.

Septicemic pasteurellosis causing peracute death and necrotizing myositis in a beef heifer calf (Bos taurus) in Alberta, Canada.

Septicemic pasteurellosis is an acute and fatal bacterial disease of cattle and wild ungulates caused by certain serotypes of Pasteurella multocida. Here we report a single case of septicemic pasteurellosis in a 6-month-old, Red Angus heifer from a cow-calf operation in Alberta, Canada. Postmortem examination revealed necrotizing and hemorrhagic myositis, fibrinous pericarditis and multisystemic bacterial emboli. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from muscle in pure culture, and the capsular antigen group was identified as serogroup B using polymerase chain reaction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of septicemic pasteurellosis in beef cattle in Canada. Key clinical message: Veterinary practitioners and diagnosticians should include septicemic pasteurellosis on their list of differential diagnoses when they encounter similar presentations of peracute death and severe necrotizing myositis in cattle in Canada.

Pasteurellose septicémique causant la mort suraiguë et une myosite nécrosante d'une génisse d'embouche ( Bos taurus ) en Alberta, Canada. La pasteurellose septicémique est une maladie bactérienne aiguë et fatale des bovins et des ongulés sauvages causée par certains sérotypes de Pasteurella multocida. Nous rapportons ici un cas unique de pasteurellose septicémique chez une génisse Red Angus âgée de 6 mois provenant d'un élevage vache-veau en Alberta, Canada. L'examen post-mortem a révélé une myosite nécrosante et hémorragique, une péricardite fibrineuse et des embolies bactériennes multi-systémiques. Pasteurella multocida fut isolé du muscle en culture pure, et l'antigène de groupe capsulaire fut identifié comme étant le sérogroupe B à l'aide de la réaction d'amplification en chaîne utilisant la polymérase. À notre connaissance ceci représente le premier cas rapporté de pasteurelle septicémique chez des bovins d'embouche au Canada.Message clinique clé:Les vétérinaires praticiens et les diagnosticiens devraient inclure la pasteurellose septicémique sur leur liste de diagnostic différentiel lorsqu'ils rencontrent des présentations similaires de mortalité suraiguë et de myosite nécrosante sévère chez des bovins au Canada.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Septicemic pasteurellosis in farmed elk (Cervus canadensis) in Alberta.

Septicemic pasteurellosis is a bacterial disease of domestic and wild animals including bison, elk, and pronghorn antelope caused by Pasteurella multocida. Here we report 2 cases of septicemic pasteurellosis in farmed elk. Pasteurella multocida serogroup B was isolated from multiple tissues in both animals. Gene sequencing (16S ribosomal RNA) and BLAST query confirmed that the sequence is 99% to 100% homologous to the P. multocida sequences in the database.

Pasteurellose septicémique chez des wapitis d'élevage(Cervus canadensis)en Alberta. La pasteurellose septicémique est une maladie bactérienne des animaux domestiques et sauvages, dont le bison, le wapiti et l'antilocarpe, qui est causée par Pasteurella multocida. Dans le présent article, nous présentons un rapport sur 2 cas de pasteurellose septicémique chez les wapitis d'élevage. Le sérogroupe B de Pasteurella multocida a été isolé dans des plusieurs tissus des deux animaux. Le séquençage des gènes (ARN ribosomique16S) et une recherche BLAST a confirmé que la séquence est de 99 % à 100 % homologue aux séquences de P. multocida dans la base de données.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Mycoplasma hominis ssp. associated endocarditis with myocardial necrosis in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in Manitoba in 2011.

Severe endocarditis with myonecrosis, moderate to severe pleural and pericardial effusions, and mild ascites were found on necropsy in 3 alpacas. Mycoplasma hominis ssp. was detected on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of fresh affected endocardial tissue in 1 alpaca.

Mycoplasma hominisssp. associé à l'endocardite avec une nécrose du myocarde chez un alpaga(Vicugna pacos)au Manitoba en 2011. Une endocardite grave accompagnée de myonécrose, d'effusions pleurales et péricardiques de modérées à graves et d'ascite légère a été découverte à la nécropsie chez 3 alpagas. Mycoplasma hominis ssp. a été détecté à l'amplification en chaîne par polymérase d'un tissu endocardiaque touché chez 1 alpaga.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Exposure of embryonating eggs to Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli potentiates E. coli pathogenicity and increases mortality of neonatal chickens.

Enterococci and Escherichia coli are opportunistic pathogens of poultry and are associated with embryo and neonatal chick mortality. We have recently demonstrated that 56% of dead broiler chicken embryos in commercial hatcheries in western Canada were due to the coinfection of Enterococcus species and E. coli. The objective of this study was to investigate the host-pathogen interactions of Enterococcus faecalis and E. coli in developing chicken embryos. Embryonating eggs at 12 d of incubation were dipped in a solution of E. faecalis and/or E. coli for 30 s to expose the eggshell to study the migration and colonization of E. faecalis and E. coli in the internal organs of chicken embryos and subsequent neonatal chicken mortality following hatch. A multidrug-resistant E. faecalis isolate from a dead chicken embryo and an E. faecalis isolate from a case of yolk sac infection were able to colonize the internal organs of chicken embryos rapidly compared to an E. faecalis isolate from a healthy chicken without affecting viability or hatchability of embryos. Although E. faecalis colonized internal organs of chicken embryos, no evidence of inflammation of these organs nor the expression of virulence genes of E. faecalis was observed. Although E. faecalis and E. coli alone did not affect the viability of embryos, a significantly high neonatal chicken mortality (27%) was observed following exposure of embryos to both E. faecalis and E. coli. Upregulation of IL-1 and CXCR4 was evident 48 h before peak mortality of neonatal chickens; this could suggest a possible link of cytokine dysregulation to increased mortality in coinfected neonatal chickens. However, further studies are warranted to investigate this issue vis-à-vis coinfection with E. faecalis and E. coli in chicken embryos and neonatal chickens.

Detection and quantification of 14 Campylobacter species in pet dogs reveals an increase in species richness in feces of diarrheic animals.

BACKGROUND: The genus Campylobacter includes many species, some of which are known human and animal pathogens. Even though studies have repeatedly identified domestic dogs as a risk factor for human campylobacteriosis, our understanding of Campylobacter ecology in this reservoir is limited. Work to date has focused primarily on a limited number of species using culture-based methods. To expand our understanding of Campylobacter ecology in dogs, a collection of fecal samples from 70 healthy and 65 diarrheic pet dogs were examined for the presence and levels of 14 Campylobacter species using quantitative PCR. RESULTS: It was found that 58% of healthy dogs and 97% of diarrheic dogs shed detectable levels of Campylobacter spp., with C. coli, C. concisus, C. fetus, C. gracilis, C. helveticus, C. jejuni, C. lari, C. mucosalis, C. showae, C. sputorum and C. upsaliensis levels significantly higher in the diarrheic population. Levels of individual Campylobacter species detected ranged from 103 to 108 organisms per gram of feces. In addition, many individual samples contained multiple species of Campylobacter, with healthy dogs carrying from 0-7 detectable species while diarrheic dogs carried from 0-12 detectable species. CONCLUSIONS: These findings represent the largest number of Campylobacter species specifically tested for in animals and is the first report to determine quantifiable levels of Campylobacter being shed from dogs. This study demonstrates that domestic dogs can carry a wide range of Campylobacter species naturally and that there is a notable increase in species richness detectable in the diarrheic population. With several of the detected Campylobacter species known or emerging pathogens, these results are relevant to both ecological and public health discussions.

Systemic infection with Mortierella wolfii following abortion in a cow.

Severe meningoencephalitis and endometritis associated with necrotizing vasculitis, thrombosis, and infarction were found at necropsy of a 4-year-old Aberdeen Angus cow with a history of abortion and neurological signs. Focal pyogranulomatous pneumonia and nephritis were also present. Fungal hyphae typical of zygomycetes were abundant within lesions, and Mortierella wolfii was cultured from multiple tissues. This is believed to be the first report of systemic mortierellosis following abortion in North America, and the second reported instance of encephalitis caused by M. wolfii in a cow.

The pulmonary virome, bacteriological and histopathological findings in bovine respiratory disease from western Canada.

The aetiology and pathogenesis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are complex and involve the interplay of infectious agents, management and environmental factors. Previous studies of BRD focused on ante-mortem samples from the upper respiratory tract and identified several unconventional viruses. The lung, however, is the primary location where significant BRD lesions are usually found and is a common post-mortem diagnostic specimen. In this study, results of high-throughput virome sequencing, bacterial culture, targeted real-time PCR and histological examination of 130 bovine pneumonic lungs from western Canadian cattle were combined to explore associations of microorganisms with different types of pneumonia. Fibrinous bronchopneumonia (FBP) was the predominant type of pneumonia (46.2%, 60/130) and was associated with the detection of Mannheimia haemolytica. Detection of Histophilus somni and Pasteurella multocida was associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia (SBP) and concurrent bronchopneumonia and bronchointerstitial pneumonia (BP&BIP), respectively. Sixteen viruses were identified, of which bovine parvovirus 2 (BPV2) was the most prevalent (11.5%, 15/130) followed by ungulate tetraparvovirus 1 (UTPV1, 8.5%, 11/130) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV, 8.5%, 11/130). None of these viruses, however, were significantly associated with a particular type of pneumonia. Unconventional viruses such as influenza D virus (IDV) and bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV) were detected, although sparsely, consistent with our previous findings in upper respiratory tract samples. Taken together, our results show that while virus detection in post-mortem lung samples is of relatively little diagnostic value, the strong associations of H. somni and M. haemolytica with SBP and FBP, respectively, indicate that histopathology can be useful in differentiating bacterial aetiologies.

Non-viable chicken embryos: an overlooked niche harbouring a significant source of multidrug resistant bacteria in the poultry production.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue, posing a grave threat to the public, animal, and environmental health. The AMR surveillance at the level of the hatchery is crucial to develop an AMR control strategy in the poultry industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the AMR profiles of bacteria isolated from yolk material of non-viable broiler chicken embryos at hatch from commercial hatcheries in western Canada. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method focusing on Escherichia coli (n = 170) and Enterococcus (n = 256) species, which are commonly used as indicators of AMR evolution. E. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, triple sulpha, ceftiofur, gentamycin, and spectinomycin at the rate of 52.9%, 50.6%, 40.0% 31.8%, 29.4%, 29.4%, 21.8% respectively. Among those, 37.1% of E. coli were multidrug resistant. The descending order of antimicrobial resistance of E. faecalis was; tetracycline (61.9%), ceftiofur (46.2%), bacitracin (43.9%), erythromycin (31.4%) and tylosin (27.4%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 40.4% of E. faecalis isolates, and 85.7% of E. faecium isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on AMR surveillance of non-viable chicken embryos. Overall, the present study revealed that non-viable chicken embryos, an overlooked niche for AMR surveillance, harbour multidrug-resistant E. coli, and enterococci that can be a substantial source of superbugs in the environment. Our data also highlight the urgency of including non-viable chicken embryos in AMR surveillance programme to understand AMR dissemination and its control.

Use of standard diagnostic techniques to determine eradication of infection in experimental equine septic arthritis.

Septic arthritis is an important disease in horses, necessitating aggressive and prolonged therapy. In order to guide therapy, reliable methods of detecting the eradication of infection are needed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate detection of eradication of infection in an experimental model of equine septic arthritis using standard diagnostic techniques. For this purpose, 17 adult horses were assigned to 3 experimental groups. The middle carpal joint of each horse was injected with Escherichia coli (Septic group, n = 8), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (LPS group, n = 6), or sterile saline (Control group, n = 3) at day 0. Contralateral joints were not injected. Standard therapy was applied to all joints except non-injected joints in the Control group at day 1. Sequential samples of synovial fluid (SF) were collected for bacterial culture using 3 culture media [Columbia blood agar (CBA), brain heart infusion broth (BHI), and Signal blood culture medium] and for cytological evaluation [percentage neutrophils (PN), total nucleated cell count (TNCC), and total protein (TP)]. Escherichia coli-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out to detect E. coli DNA in synovial fluid. Culture and PCR were positive for E. coli in all joints injected with E. coli at day 1 and 1 joint was positive on BHI at day 4. Based on the results of bacterial culture, PCR, and TNCC, the elimination of infection in our experimental model occurred by day 4 post-infection in 6 out of 7 cases. Total protein (TP) and PN remained elevated at clinical threshold used for diagnosis of septic arthritis until day 14. In our experimental model of E. coli-induced arthritis, we conclude that TP and PN may not be good indicators for detecting the eradication of bacterial infection caused by E. coli from infected and subsequently treated joints.

L'arthrite septique est une pathologie importante chez les chevaux, nécessitant une thérapie agressive et prolongée. Afin de guider la thérapie, des méthodes fiables pour détecter l'éradication de l'infection sont requises. Ainsi, l'objectif de la présente étude était d'examiner la détection de l'éradication de l'infection dans un modèle expérimental d'arthrite septique équine en utilisant des techniques diagnostiques standards. À cet effet, 17 chevaux adultes ont été assignés à trois groupes expérimentaux. L'articulation carpienne moyenne de chaque cheval a été injectée avec Escherichia coli (groupe septique, n = 8), du lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (groupe LPS, n = 6), ou de la saline stérile (groupe témoin, n = 3) au jour 0. Les articulations contra-latérales n'ont pas été injectées. Au jour 1, une thérapie standard fut appliquée à toutes les articulations sauf les articulations non-injectées dans le groupe témoin. De manière séquentielle des échantillons de liquide synovial (LS) furent prélevés pour culture bactérienne en utilisant trois milieux de culture [gélose au sang Columbia (CBA), bouillon coeur-cerveau (BHI), et hémoculture Signal] et pour évaluation cytologique [pourcentage de neutrophiles (PN), dénombrement total de cellules nucléées (DTCN), et la quantité de protéines totales (PT)]. Une réaction d'amplification en chaîne par la polymérase (ACP) spécifique à E. coli a été réalisée afin de détecter l'ADN d'E. coli dans le LS. La culture et l'ACP étaient positives pour E. coli dans toutes les articulations injectées avec E. coli au jour 1 et une articulation était positive avec le BHI au jour 4. Sur la base des résultats des cultures bactériennes, de l'ACP, et du DTCN, l'élimination de l'infection dans notre modèle expérimental est survenue au jour 4 post-infection dans 6 des 7 cas. Les valeurs de PT et de PN sont demeurées élevées au seuil clinique utilisé pour diagnostiquer une arthrite septique jusqu'au jour 14. Dans notre modèle expérimental d'arthrite induite par E. coli, nous concluons que les valeurs de PT et de PN ne seraient pas de bons indicateurs pour détecter l'éradication de l'infection bactérienne causée par E. coli dans des articulations infectées et subséquemment traitées.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

Frequency of Escherichia coli virotypes in calf diarrhea and intestinal morphologic changes associated with these virotypes or other diarrheagenic pathogens.

Calf diarrhea is a common cause of pre-weaning morbidity and mortality in cattle operations. We evaluated the role of Escherichia coli by assessing the frequency of genes encoding virulence factors (virotypes) in E. coli from feces or intestinal contents, and the association of these virotypes or other diarrheagenic pathogens with intestinal morphologic changes in calves with or without diarrhea. E. coli was isolated from 408 feces and 105 intestines of calves with diarrhea and compared to those isolated from 635 feces and 100 intestines of calves without diarrhea, from 2002 to 2016. Virotype EAST1:F17, in combination with minor virotypes, was the most commonly detected type, but without differences in frequency between the 2 groups of calves. No significant intestinal morphologic changes were observed with the different E. coli virotypes in either group of calves, except for bacterial attachment to enterocytes for virotype STa:F5, which was detected only in calves with diarrhea. These observations suggest that E. coli, excluding virotype STa:F5, is not a significant diarrhea-causing agent in calves. However, the intestinal lesions observed in ~82% of calves with diarrhea were attributed to other diarrheagenic pathogens that include bovine coronavirus, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., rotavirus, and Salmonella spp.

Mastitis caused by Bacillus anthracis in a beef cow.

A mixed-breed beef cow was presented with swelling of the front and hind left quarters of the mammary gland and mild depression. Direct examination and culture of the serosanguinous-like milk samples collected from these quarters were consistent with Bacillus anthracis infection.

Canine brucellosis in a Saskatchewan kennel.

Canine brucellosis is rare in Canada. This report describes an outbreak of Brucella canis infection within a kennel, emphasizing diagnostic and pathologic findings. Gender differences are described. The progestational, nongravid uterus, female spleen, and prostate gland are consistent sites of bacterial isolation.

Contribution of AIDA-I to the pathogenicity of a porcine diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and to intestinal colonization through biofilm formation in pigs.

In order to evaluate the role of the AIDA-I of porcine diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strain PD20 serogroup O143 (AIDA-I(+), STb(+)), a mutant strain PD20M (AIDA-I(-), STb(+)) was generated from strain PD20 by an allelic exchange procedure. In addition, the full-length aidA gene was reintroduced into strain PD20M to generate the complemented strain PD20C (pTaidA, AIDA-I(+), STb(+)). A non-pathogenic E. coli strain PD71 was used as negative control. Each strain was inoculated to newborn pigs via stomach tube. Severity of diarrhea was evaluated clinically and intestinal colonization was assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) including immunogold electron microscopy (IGEM). The adhesion pattern to HeLa cells, bacterial auto-aggregation and biofilm formation were evaluated in vitro. Pigs infected with strains PD20 or PD20C developed diarrhea 16 and 28h after inoculation, respectively, in contrast to pigs infected with strains PD20M or PD71. Histology, IHC, TEM and IGEM examinations showed heavy bacterial colonization with biofilm formation in the large intestine, and marked in vivo expression of AIDA-I protein in pigs infected with strains PD20 or PD20C in contrast to pigs infected with strains PD20M or PD71. The in vitro assays showed marked diffuse adherence to HeLa cells, enhanced bacterial auto-aggregation and significant biofilm formation (p<0.05) by the AIDA-I(+) strains, when compared to AIDA-I(-) strains. These results demonstrate that expression of AIDA-I is essential for intestinal colonization and in vitro bacterial autoaggregation and biofilm formation. Thus, AIDA-I may be considered a significant virulence determinant in development of diarrhea caused by porcine diarrheagenic AIDA-I(+)E. coli PD20 in piglets.

Increased Incidence of Enterococcal Infection in Nonviable Broiler Chicken Embryos in Western Canadian Hatcheries as Detected by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

The emergence of enterococcal infections in neonatal broiler chickens in the poultry industry has become common in many countries, including Canada. The objective of this study was to examine the bacterial infections in nonviable broiler chicken embryos in three western Canadian poultry hatcheries using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The pattern of embryo mortality that occurred during incubation and the breakout analysis results were similar in all three hatcheries. The majority of embryo mortality occurred during the late stage of incubation (35.08%), followed by the early stage of incubation (15.35%). The breakout analysis showed that 65.82% of swabs had at least one type of bacterial growth while 34.17% of swabs were negative for bacterial isolation. Of those 65.82% swabs with bacterial growth, 34.3% of swabs yielded a mixed bacterial population while 31.52% yielded one type of bacterial growth. The frequency of bacterial isolation from hatch debris (60%-75%) increased with the age of broiler breeders. MALDI-TOF MS was able to provide genus-level identification of 83.13% of isolates among all bacterial types isolated. MALDI-TOF MS identified Enterococcus and Escherichia coli isolates with 97.18% and 100% accuracy at species level, respectively, whereas Staphylococcus species were identified with 62.59% accuracy. The congruence between MALDI-TOF MS identification and 16S rRNA or cpn60 universal gene target sequencing was 100% or 90%, respectively. Of all bacteria isolated, Enterococcus species (29.71%) were the most prevalent, followed by E. coli (19.46%). About 56% of E. coli-infected samples were coinfected with Enterococcus species. Among all Enterococcus species isolated, Enterococcus faecalis (79.58%) was the most prevalent, followed by Enterococcus faecium (8.1%). Overall, our study showed that Enterococcus-associated embryo mortality was predominant in all three hatcheries investigated and suggests that MALDI-TOF MS technology can be applied to identify bacteria such as Enterococcus species isolated from poultry.

Identification by mass spectroscopy of F4ac-fimbrial-binding proteins in porcine milk and characterization of lactadherin as an inhibitor of F4ac-positive Escherichia coli attachment to intestinal villi in vitro.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) must attach to the intestinal surface to cause diarrhea. Milk and colostrum play an important role in protecting suckling piglets against ETEC through their constituent antibodies as well as non-immunoglobulin factors. We used affinity chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify lactadherin, beta-casein, whey acidic protein, lipoprotein lipase, and several structural cellular proteins as non-immunoglobulin F4ac fimbriae-binding porcine milk proteins. To determine their potential biological relevance in a digestive environment, we treated porcine milk with pepsin or pepsin-pancreating in vitro, and found that pepsin digestion did not interfere with the F4-binding capacity of lactadherin as well as it revealed a cryptic F4-binding site(s) in alpha-S(1) casein and heart fatty acid binding protein. We also demonstrated that lactadherin interfered with attachment of F4ac-positive ETEC to porcine small intestinal villi in vitro and that this interference was carbohydrate dependent. Thus, our evidence suggests that lactadherin and the other F4-binding milk proteins, together with other defense components of milk, could play a role in protection of neonatal piglets against ETEC induced diarrhea.

In vivo and in vitro colonization patterns of AIDA-I-positive Escherichia coli isolates from piglets with diarrhea.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the colonization patterns of 3 pathogenic Escherichia coli strains: PD58 and PD149 of the AIDA-I/STb/EAST1 pathotype, serogroup O: ND (not determined), and PD31 of the LT/STb/EAST1 pathotype, serogroup O149. These strains were isolated from diseased piglets and caused diarrhea in experimentally inoculated, newborn, colostrum-deprived pigs. In this study, intestinal tissues from newborn pigs experimentally infected with a high inoculum (20 ml containing 10(10) cfu) were harvested and examined for bacterial colonization using light microscopy. A nonaqueous perfluorocarbon fixation method was used to preserve the glycocalyx of the microvillus border in tissues collected for TEM. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that E. coli strain PD149 displayed long flexible fimbria-like structures that intimately attached the bacteria both to the microvillus border of the upper colon and to adjacent bacteria. In vitro, this strain demonstrated the localized adherence pattern to HEp-2 cells characteristic of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC). Both PD58 and PD31 strains colonized the upper colon through the formation of a biofilm, also characteristic of EAggEC. Strains PD58 and PD31 adhered poorly to HEp-2 cells in vitro, although these demonstrated a colonization pattern suggestive of diffuse and aggregative adherence, respectively. These findings suggest that strains PD58 and PD149, expressing the AIDA-I, factor and strain PD31 represents hybrid pathotypes of diarrheagenic E. coli and that they probably cause diarrhea in piglets through differing mechanisms.

Isolation and association of Escherichia coli AIDA-I/STb, rather than EAST1 pathotype, with diarrhea in piglets and antibiotic sensitivity of isolates.

To identify emerging Escherichia coli that have the potential to cause diarrhea in pigs, the prevalence of E. coli pathotypes was determined among 170 and 120 isolates from diarrheic and nondiarrheic piglets, respectively. The isolates were tested for F4, F5, F6, F18, and F41 fimbriae, for E. coli attaching and effacing (EAE), porcine attaching and effacing-associated (Paa), and adhesin involved in diffuse adherence (AIDA-I) factors, for LT, STa, STb, and enteroaggregative heat-stable (EAST1) enterotoxins, and for Shiga toxins (Stxl, Stx2, and Stx2e), using DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were O-serotyped and tested for antibiotic resistance against 10 drugs. Seventeen different pathotypes, accounting for 40.0% of the isolates, were recovered from diarrheic piglets. The main pathotypes included EAST1 (13.5%), F4/LT/STb/EAST1 (6.5%), AIDA-I/STb/EAST1 (4.1%), F5/STa (2.9%), EAE/EAST1 (2.9%), and AIDA-I/F18 (2.3%). Only 3 pathotypes, EAE (11.7%), EAST1 (10.8%), and EAE/EAST1 (3.3%), were recovered from nondiarrheic piglets. Paa factor was detected in 8.8% and 7.5% of isolates from diarrheic and nondiarrheic piglets, respectively, and always was associated with other virulence determinants. Overall, 22.9% of isolates from diarrheic piglets appeared to be enteropathogens: enterotoxigenic E. coli (11.7%), enteropathogenic E. coli (3.5%), and E. coli isolates (3.0%) for which none of the above adherence factors was detected. Pathotypes AIDA-I/STb/EAST1 and AIDA-I/STb were isolated only from diarrheic piglets and accounted for 4.7% of isolates. Strains of these pathotypes induced diarrhea when inoculated into newborn colostrum-deprived pigs, in contrast to an isolate positive only for EAST1, which did not induce diarrhea. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that isolates of the AIDA-I/STb/EAST1 and AIDA-I/STb pathotypes were the only strains sensitive to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. This study showed that at least 20.5% of isolates from diarrheic piglets appeared to be associated with AIDA-I/STb pathotype and that EAST1 pathotype is probably not an important marker for diarrhea in piglets.

Pathotypes of avian Escherichia coli as related to tsh-, pap-, pil-, and iuc-DNA sequences, and antibiotic sensitivity of isolates from internal tissues and the cloacae of broilers.

One hundred four Escherichia coli isolates were collected from internal tissues and the cloacae of broilers with colibacillosis or from the cloacae of healthy birds. The isolates were tested for the presence of DNA sequences for temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (tsh), for P (pap) and F1 (pil) fimbriae, and for aerobactin synthesis (iuc) by DNA/DNA hybridization. The isolates were also tested for O1, O2, and O78 serogroups, serum and antibiotic resistance, and virulence in day-old chickens. The Tsh/Pil/Iuc was the major pathotype detected in 53.8% of isolates from internal tissues, as compared with only 28.8% of isolates from the cloacae. The Tsh/Pap/Iuc pathotype was detected at a lower frequency (15.4%) but only in isolates from internal tissues. Among the virulence-associated marker genes, tsh and iuc were detected in most of the isolates from internal tissues (90.4% and 92.3%), as compared with only 51.9% and 63.5% of isolates from the cloacae, respectively, pap was detected to a lesser extent, in 25% of isolates but only from internal tissues. In contrast to the pil gene, the tsh-, pap-, and iuc-DNA sequences were more frequently detected in isolates from internal tissues than in isolates from the cloacae. O-antigen typing revealed that 25% of isolates belonged to serogroups O1 (4.8%), O2 (9.6%), and O78 (10.6%). Although most isolates appeared to be resistant to serum, only isolates from internal tissues were virulent in day-old chickens in contrast to isolates from the cloacae. More than 10% of isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics used for the study. However, less resistance to enrofloxacin and norfloxacin was observed. Our data suggest that the Tsh/Pil/Iuc and Tsh/Pap/Iuc pathotypes and Tsh and Iuc virulence-associated markers are important factors of avian pathogenic E. coli. Enrofloxacin appeared to be the best choice for treatment of the infection.