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INTRODUCTION: At present, the presence of lead (Pb2+) continues to be a problem in water bodies due to its continuous use and high toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial diversity of a potential consortium used as a biosorbent for the removal of lead in an aqueous solution. METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration and the mean lethal dose of the consortium were determined, and then the optimal variables of pH and temperature for the removal process were obtained. With the optimal conditions, the kinetic behavior was evaluated, and adjustments were made to different mathematical models. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was performed to determine the functional groups of the biomass participating in the removal process, and the diversity of the bacterial consortium was evaluated during Pb2+ removal by an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine System. RESULTS: It was found that the intraparticle diffusion model was the one that described the adsorption kinetics showing a higher rate constant with a higher concentration of Pb2+, while the Langmuir model was that explained the isotherm at 35 °C, defining a maximum adsorption load for the consortium of 54 mg/g. In addition, it was found that Pb2+ modified the diversity and abundance of the bacterial consortium, detecting genera such as Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, among others. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, it can be concluded that the bacterial consortium from mining soil was a biosorbent with the ability to tolerate high concentrations of Pb2+ exposure. The population dynamics during adsorption showed enrichment of Proteobacteria phyla, with a wide range of bacterial families and genera capable of resisting and removing Pb2+ in solution.
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Suelo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Humanos , Plomo/análisis , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Temperatura , Adsorción , Cinética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Horses are non-ruminant, herbivorous mammals, been used through history for various purposes, with a gut microbiota from cecum to the colon, possessing remarkable fermentative capacity. We studied the fecal microbiota of Azteca, Criollo, Frisian, Iberian, Pinto, Quarter and Spanish horse breeds living in Mexico by next-generation DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA gene libraries. Dominant phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Fibrobacteres, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia have different relative abundances among breeds, with contrasted alpha and beta diversities as well. Heatmap analysis revealed that Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Mogibacteriaceae families, and order Clostridiales are more abundant in Spanish, Azteca, Quarter and Criollo breeds. The LEfSe analysis displayed higher abundance of order Bacteroidales, family BS11, and genera Faecalibacterium, Comamonas, Collinsella, Acetobacter, and Treponema in Criollo, Azteca, Iberian, Spanish, Frisian, Pinto, and Quarter horse breeds. The conclusion is that dominant bacterial taxa, found in fecal samples of horse breeds living in Mexico, have different relative abundances.
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Actinobacteria , Bacteroidetes , Actinobacteria/genética , Animales , Bacteroidetes/genética , Clostridiales/genética , Heces/microbiología , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Caballos , Mamíferos/genética , México , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Verrucomicrobia/genéticaRESUMEN
In healthy women at reproductive age, the vaginal microbiota is mainly dominated by Lactobacillus bacteria during pregnancy and non-pregnancy stages. However, little is known about longitudinal changes within the vaginal microbiota composition from the third trimester of pregnancy to childbirth in healthy women. Thus, we conducted an exploratory longitudinal study of vaginal microbiota composition of 10 Mexican pregnant women, sampling from the same volunteer at two-time points: third trimester of pregnancy and active childbirth. Vaginal bacterial microbiota was characterized by V3-16S rDNA libraries by high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics methods. Out of ten, vaginal microbiota from eight women was dominated by the Lactobacillus genus at both time points, whereas the other two women showed vaginal microbiota composition with high abundance of genera Gardnerella, Prevotella, and members of the Atopobiaceae family, without any preterm birth correlation. Importantly, we found no statistically significant differences in relative abundances, absolute reads count, alpha and beta diversity between the third trimester of pregnancy, and active childbirth time points. However, compared to the third trimester of pregnancy, we observed a trend with higher absolute reads counts for Gardnerella, Faecalibaculum, Ileibacterium, and Lactococcus genus at active childbirth and lower absolute reads count of Lactobacillus genus. Our results suggest that the vaginal microbiota composition is stable, and Lactobacillus genus is the dominant taxa in Mexican women's vagina at the third trimester of pregnancy and childbirth.
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Microbiota , Nacimiento Prematuro , Bacterias/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Lactobacillus/genética , Estudios Longitudinales , Microbiota/genética , Embarazo , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo , Nacimiento Prematuro/microbiología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Vagina/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Links between gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been explored in many studies using 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun sequencing. Based on these links, microbiome therapies have been proposed to improve gastrointestinal (GI) and ASD symptoms in ASD individuals. Previously, our open-label microbiota transfer therapy (MTT) study provided insight into the changes in the gut microbial community of children with ASD after MTT and showed significant and long-term improvement in ASD and GI symptoms. Using samples from the same study, the objective of this work was to perform a deeper taxonomic and functional analysis applying shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Taxonomic analyses revealed that ASD Baseline had many bacteria at lower relative abundances, and their abundance increased after MTT. The relative abundance of fiber consuming and beneficial microbes including Prevotella (P. dentalis, P. enoeca, P. oris, P. meloninogenica), Bifidobacterium bifidum, and a sulfur reducer Desulfovibrio piger increased after MTT-10wks in children with ASD compared to Baseline (consistent at genus level with the previous 16S rRNA gene study). Metabolic pathway analysis at Baseline compared to typically developing (TD) children found an altered abundance of many functional genes but, after MTT, they became similar to TD or donors. Important functional genes that changed included: genes encoding enzymes involved in folate biosynthesis, sulfur metabolism and oxidative stress. These results show that MTT treatment not only changed the relative abundance of important genes involved in metabolic pathways, but also seemed to bring them to a similar level to the TD controls. However, at a two-year follow-up, the microbiota and microbial genes shifted into a new state, distinct from their levels at Baseline and distinct from the TD group. Our current findings suggest that microbes from MTT lead to initial improvement in the metabolic profile of children with ASD, and major additional changes at two years post-treatment. In the future, larger cohort studies, mechanistic in vitro experiments and metatranscriptomics studies are recommended to better understand the role of these specific microbes, functional gene expression, and metabolites relevant to ASD.
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Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Trastorno Autístico , Microbiota , Niño , Humanos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/metabolismo , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/genética , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/terapia , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/metabolismo , Metagenómica , Estrés Oxidativo , AzufreRESUMEN
A paramour factor limiting metal-microorganism interaction is the metal ion concentration, and the metal precipitation efficiency driven by microorganisms is sensitive to metal ion concentration. The aim of the work was to determine the tolerance of the sulfidogenic sludge generated from hydrothermal vent sediments at microcosms level to different concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn and the effect on the microbial community. In this study the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, sulfate-reducing activity (SRA) determination, inhibition effect through the determination of IC50, and the characterization of the bacterial community´s diversity were conducted. The IC50 on SRA was 34 and 81 mg/L for Zn and Cu, respectively. The highest sulfide concentration (H2S mg/L) and % of sulfate reduction obtained were: 511.30 ± 0.75 and 35.34 ± 0.51 for 50 mg/L of Fe, 482.48 ± 6.40 and 33.35 ± 0.44 for 10 mg/L of Cu, 442.26 ± 17.1 and 30.57 ± 1.18 for 10 mg/L of Zn, respectively. The COD removal rates were of 71.81 ± 7.6, 53.92 ± 1.07 and 57.68 ± 10.2 mg COD/ L d for Fe (50 mg/L), Cu (40 mg/L) and Zn (20 mg/L), respectively. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria were common phyla to four microcosms (stabilized sulfidogenic and added with Fe, Cu or Zn). The dsrA genes of Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans, Desulfotomaculum gibsoniae and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were expressed in the microcosms supporting the SRA results. The consortia could be explored for ex-situ bioremediation purposes in the presence of the metals tested in this work.
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Cobre/metabolismo , Desulfovibrio desulfuricans/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Peptococcaceae/metabolismo , Zinc/metabolismo , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/metabolismo , Análisis de la Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno , Desulfovibrio desulfuricans/aislamiento & purificación , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiología , Respiraderos Hidrotermales/microbiología , Peptococcaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Aguas del Alcantarillado/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Obesity is a metabolic disorder and global health issue. In Mexico 34.4% of children between 5 and 11 years-old are overweight or obese. Here we address this issue studying the gut microbiome in a sample of Mexican children affected by obesity. We performed metagenomic shotgun-sequencing of DNA isolated from fecal samples from a cohort of normal weight and obese Mexican children using Illumina platform with HiSeq 2500. We also examined their metabolic factors and fecal short-chain fatty acids concentration. The results show that a remarkable dysbiosis of bacteria, archaea and viruses was not observed in the obese children group compared to the normal weight group; however, the archaeal community exhibited an increase of unclassified Methanobrevibacter spp. in obese children. The bacterial communities of all participants were clustered into three different enterotypes. Most normal weight children have a gut bacterial community dominated by Ruminococcus spp. (Enterotype 3), while most obese children had a community dominated by Prevotella spp. (Enterotype 2). On the other hand, changes in the gut microbiome were correlated with clinical metadata and could be used to stratify individuals based on their phenotype. The species Megamonas spp. were over-represented in obese children, whereas members of the family Oscillospiraceae were depleted in the same individuals and negatively correlated with levels of serum cholesterol. A microbiome comparative metabolic pathway analysis showed that two KEGG pathway modules of glycolysis, Glycolysis I (from Glucose 6-Phosphate), and Glycolysis II (from Fructose 6-Phosphate) were significantly overrepresented in normal weight children. Our results establish specific alterations in the gut microbiome of Mexican children affected of obesity, along with clinical alterations, providing information on the microbiome composition that may be useful for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Archaea/clasificación , Bacterias/clasificación , Disbiosis/complicaciones , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Obesidad/complicaciones , Virus/clasificación , Archaea/genética , Bacterias/genética , Niño , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/análisis , Heces/química , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Metaboloma , México , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Virus/genéticaRESUMEN
Obesity is an excessive fat accumulation that could lead to complications like metabolic syndrome. There are reports on gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome in relation to dietary, host genetics, and other environmental factors; however, it is necessary to explore the role of the gut microbiota metabolic pathways in populations like Mexicans, where the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is high. This study identify alterations of the gut microbiota in a sample of healthy Mexican women (CO), women with obesity (OB), and women with obesity plus metabolic syndrome (OMS). We studied 67 women, characterizing their anthropometric and biochemical parameters along with their gut bacterial diversity by high-throughput DNA sequencing. Our results indicate that in OB or OMS women, Firmicutes was the most abundant bacterial phylum. We observed significant changes in abundances of bacteria belonging to the Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae families and significant enrichment of gut bacteria from 16 different taxa that might explain the observed metabolic alterations between the groups. Finally, the predicted functional metagenome of the gut microbiota found in each category shows differences in metabolic pathways related to lipid metabolism. We demonstrate that Mexican women have a particular bacterial gut microbiota characteristic of each phenotype. There are bacteria that potentially explain the observed metabolic differences between the groups, and gut bacteria in OMS and OB conditions carry more genes of metabolic pathways implicated in lipid metabolism.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Redes y Vías Metabólicas , Síndrome Metabólico/etiología , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Obesidad/etiología , Obesidad/metabolismo , Adulto , Biodiversidad , Femenino , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólico/complicaciones , Metagenoma , Metagenómica/métodos , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/complicaciones , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Factores Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Obesity has been a worldwide multifactorial epidemic malady for the last 2 decades. Changes in gut microbiota composition and its metabolites - short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) - have been associated with obesity. Recent evidence suggests that SCFAs made by the gut microbiota may regulate directly or indirectly physiological and pathological processes in relation to obesity. We review the influence of gut microbiota in energy, glucose, and lipid homeostasis control via their metabolites. Gut microbial disturbances in obese children may have a role in their metabolism. At first glance, excessive short-chain fatty acids produced by a particular gut microbiota represent an additional energy source, and should cause an imbalance in energy regulation, contributing to obesity. However, simultaneously, SCFA participates in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic ß-cells through interaction with the FFA2 and FFA3 receptors, and release of peptide hormones which control appetite. This apparent contradictory situation may indicate the involvement of additional particular bacteria or bacterial components or metabolites that may trigger regulatory cascades by interaction with some G-protein-coupled membrane receptors.
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Ácidos Grasos Volátiles , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Obesidad Infantil , Adolescente , Niño , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/fisiología , Humanos , Metaboloma/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Buffalo calves have a high mortality rate (~80%) in commercial dairies and testis cryopreservation can provide a feasible option for the preservation of germplasm from immature males that die before attaining sexual maturity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate combinations of 10 or 20% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with 0, 20 or 80% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for cryopreservation of immature buffalo testicular tissues, subjected to uncontrolled slow freezing. Tissues cryopreserved in 20% DMSO with 20% FBS (D20S20) showed total, tubular and interstitial cell viability, number of early apoptotic and DNA-damaged cells, surviving germ and proliferating cells and expression of testicular cell-specific proteins (POU class 5 homeobox (POU5F1), vimentin (VIM) and actin α2 (ACTA2)) similar to that of fresh cultured control (FCC; P>0.05). Expression of cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A (CYP11A1) protein and testosterone assay showed that only tissues cryopreserved in D20S20 had Leydig cells and secretory functions identical to that of FCC (P>0.05). High expression of superoxide dismutase2 (SOD2), cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) and RNA-binding motif protein3 (RBM3) proteins in cryopreserved tissues indicated involvement of cell signalling pathways regulating cellular protective mechanisms. Similarity in expression of pro-apoptosis proteins transcription factor tumour protein P53 (TP53) and BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) in D20S20 cryopreserved tissues to that of FCC (P>0.05) suggested lower apoptosis and DNA damage as key reasons for superior cryopreservation.
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Búfalos , Criopreservación/veterinaria , Crioprotectores/química , Testículo/fisiología , Animales , Dimetilsulfóxido/química , Congelación , MasculinoRESUMEN
Purpose: This work explores the dynamics of spatiotemporal changes in the taxonomic structure of biofilms and the degradation kinetics of three imidazole group compounds: carbendazim (CBZ), methyl thiophanate (MT), and benomyl (BN) by a multispecies microbial community attached to a fixed bed horizontal tubular reactor (HTR). This bioreactor mimics a permeable reactive biobarrier, which helps prevent the contamination of water bodies by pesticides in agricultural wastewater. Methods: To rapidly quantify the microbial response to crescent loading rates of benzimidazole compounds, a gradient system was used to transiently raise the fungicide volumetric loading rates, measuring the structural and functional dynamics response of a microbial community in terms of the volumetric removal rates of the HTR entering pollutants. Results: The loading rate gradient of benzimidazole compounds severely impacts the spatiotemporal taxonomic structure of the HTR biofilm-forming microbial community. Notable differences with the original structure in HTR stable conditions can be noted after three historical contingencies (CBZ, MT, and BN gradient loading rates). It was evidenced that the microbial community did not return to the composition prior to environmental disturbances; however, the functional similarity of microbial communities after steady state reestablishment was observed. Conclusions: The usefulness of the method of gradual delivery of potentially toxic agents for a microbial community immobilized in a tubular biofilm reactor was shown since its functional and structural dynamics were quickly evaluated in response to fungicide composition and concentration changes. The rapid adjustment of the contaminants' removal rates indicates that even with changes in the taxonomic structure of a microbial community, its functional redundancy favors its adjustment to gradual environmental disturbances.
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Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) is an FDA approved treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infections, and is being explored for other clinical applications, from alleviating digestive and neurological disorders, to priming the microbiome for cancer treatment, and restoring microbiomes impacted by cancer treatment. Quantifying the extent of engraftment following an FMT is important in determining if a recipient didn't respond because the engrafted microbiome didn't produce the desired outcomes (a successful FMT, but negative treatment outcome), or the microbiome didn't engraft (an unsuccessful FMT and negative treatment outcome). The lack of a consistent methodology for quantifying FMT engraftment extent hinders the assessment of FMT success and its relation to clinical outcomes, and presents challenges for comparing FMT results and protocols across studies. Here we review 46 studies of FMT in humans and model organisms and group their approaches for assessing the extent to which an FMT engrafts into three criteria: 1) Chimeric Asymmetric Community Coalescence investigates microbiome shifts following FMT engraftment using methods such as alpha diversity comparisons, beta diversity comparisons, and microbiome source tracking. 2) Donated Microbiome Indicator Features tracks donated microbiome features (e.g., amplicon sequence variants or species of interest) as a signal of engraftment with methods such as differential abundance testing based on the current sample collection, or tracking changes in feature abundances that have been previously identified (e.g., from FMT or disease-relevant literature). 3) Temporal Stability examines how resistant post-FMT recipient's microbiomes are to reverting back to their baseline microbiome. Individually, these criteria each highlight a critical aspect of microbiome engraftment; investigated together, however, they provide a clearer assessment of microbiome engraftment. We discuss the pros and cons of each of these criteria, providing illustrative examples of their application. We also introduce key terminology and recommendations on how FMT studies can be analyzed for rigorous engraftment extent assessment.
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Menopause in human females and subsequent ovarian hormone deficiency, particularly concerning 17ß-estradiol (E2), increase the risk for metabolic dysfunctions associated with obesity, diabetes type 2, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. Several studies indicate that these disorders are also strongly associated with compositional changes in the intestinal microbiota; however, how E2 deficiency and hormone therapy affect the gut microbial community is not well understood. Using a rat model, we aimed to evaluate how ovariectomy (OVX) and subsequent E2 administration drive changes in metabolic health and the gut microbial community, as well as potential associations with learning and memory. Findings indicated that OVX-induced ovarian hormone deficiency and E2 treatment had significant impacts on several health-affecting parameters, including (a) the abundance of some intestinal bacterial taxa (e.g., Bifidobacteriaceae and Porphyromonadaceae), (b) the abundance of microbial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (e.g., isobutyrate), (c) weight/BMI, and (d) high-demand spatial working memory following surgical menopause. Furthermore, exploratory correlations among intestinal bacteria abundance, cognition, and BMI underscored the putative influence of surgical menopause and E2 administration on gut-brain interactions. Collectively, this study showed that surgical menopause is associated with physiological and behavioral changes, and that E2-linked compositional changes in the intestinal microbiota might contribute to some of its related negative health consequences. Overall, this study provides novel insights into interactions among endocrine and gastrointestinal systems in the post-menopausal life stage that collectively alter the risk for the development and progression of cardiovascular, metabolic, and dementia-related diseases.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animales , Estrógenos , Femenino , Menopausia , Obesidad , Ratas , Memoria EspacialRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The aim of the present work was to assess the electrogenic activity of bacteria from hydrothermal vent sediments achieved under sulfate reducing (SR) conditions in a microbial fuel cell design with acetate, propionate and butyrate as electron donors. METHODS: Two different mixtures of volatile fatty acids (VFA) were evaluated as the carbon source at two chemical oxygen demand (COD) proportions. The mixtures of VFA used were: acetate, propionate and butyrate COD: 3:0.5:0.5 (stage 1) and acetate - butyrate COD: 3.5:0.5 (stage 2). Periodical analysis of sulfate (SO4 -2), sulfide (HS-) and COD were conducted to assess sulfate reduction (SR) and COD removal along with measurements of voltage and current to assess the global performance of the consortium in the system. RESULTS: Percentage of SR was of 97.5 ± 0.7 and 74.3 ± 1.5% for stage 1 and 2, respectively. The % COD removal was of 91 ± 2.1 and 75.3 ± 9.6 for stage 1 and 2, respectively. Although SR and COD removal were higher at stage 1, in regards of energy, stage 2 presented higher current and power densities and Coulombic efficiency as follows: 741.7 ± 30.5 µA/m2, 376 ± 34.4 µW/m2 and 5 ± 2.7%, whereas for stage 1 these values were: 419 ± 71 µA/m2, 52.7 ± 18 µW/m2 and 0.02%, respectively. A metagenomic analysis - stage 2 - in the anodic chamber, demonstrated that SR was due to Dethiosulfovibrionaceae (HA73), Desulfobacter and Desulfococcus and the electrogenic microorganisms were Planococcus, SHD-231, Proteiniclasticum, vadinCA02, and families Porphyromonadacea and Pseudomonadaceae. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that microorganisms prevenient from hydrothermal vent sediments adapted to a microbial fuel cell system are able to generate electricity coupled to 74.3 ± 1.5 and 75.3 ± 9.6% of SR and COD removal respectively, with a mixture of acetate - butyrate.
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Beer is a beverage that has been consumed worldwide for thousands of years due to social, religious, and cultural reasons; it contains polyphenolic compounds as well as phenolic acids with a potential positive effect on human health. This study aimed to explore the impact of moderate beer consumption on human health and gut microbiota diversity. Three hundred fifty-five mL of non-alcoholic beer (NAB) or alcoholic beer (AB) were consumed daily by the participants for 30 days in each study. Anthropometric measures, blood samples for biochemistry, and fecal samples for microbiota analysis were collected on Day 1 and Day 30. Microbial diversity was characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA libraries, and data were analyzed using the QIIME pipeline. We found that NAB and AB have effects on the composition of the gut microbiota, favoring the proliferation of Bacteroidetes with respect to Firmicutes. No increase in weight, waist, and hip parameters was observed, and the liver and lipid profile values were not modified for NAB. In addition, the consumption of NAB induced a decrease in fasting blood serum glucose and an increase in functional ß cells, while, on the other hand, there was an increase in blood serum glucose and a decrease in functional ß cells with the consumption of AB. In general, beer consumption neither changed anthropometric values, nor affected liver function. Although the glucose values decreased with NAB or increased with AB, they remained within the normal range. Our conclusion is that moderate consumption of NAB has a positive effect on human health via supplementation of biological active polyphenol and phenolic acids, and by enrichment of the gut microbiota diversity with beneficial bacteria, while the presence of alcohol in AB interferes with this effect. More work should be done on this topic before general conclusions are drawn.
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Cerveza , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Etanol/farmacología , Ayuno , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Cheese is a live food whose preparation involves procedures and microbial communities playing an important role for the final product. We characterized the bacterial and fungal diversity of seventeen different Mexican cheeses by high-throughput DNA sequencing of 16S/18S rDNA libraries. We propose the existence of bacterial and fungal core communities, where at genera level, bacteria include Streptococcus spp., Lactococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Aerococcus spp., and Weisella spp. while at species level, the fungal community includes Galactomyces reessii, Scheffersomyces stipitis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast), and S. cerevisiae_rm11-1a. In addition to the bacterial and fungal core communities, we found members of the cheese microbiota that could be associated to other factors of the cheese manufacturing process. Co-occurrence analysis made in this work, indicates that bacterial and fungal communities maintain positive and negative interactions which are important to shape the resident microbial communities in cheeses. This work is a contribution to the description of the microbial diversity found in some Mexican cheeses.
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Bacterias , Queso , Hongos , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento/métodos , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Queso/clasificación , Queso/microbiología , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/genética , México , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Obesity is a metabolic disease characterized by low-grade inflammation and accompanied by dyslipidemia and up-regulation of other bioactive molecules, creating a predisposition to endothelial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome. We studied the association between gut microbiota diversity and endothelial dysfunction (EDF) markers in obese Mexican children and adolescents. We examined clinical data including metabolic factors and EDF markers in blood samples. Gut bacterial diversity was characterized by high-throughput sequencing of V3-16S rDNA libraries. Triglycerides, insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistant (HOMA-IR), leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and EDF marker intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) were significantly higher in obese children and adolescents. Multivariate analysis showed statistically significant positive associations between vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and Veillonellaceae, and between ICAM-1 and Ruminococcus in obese children. In obese adolescents, there was a statistically significant positive association between total cholesterol and Ruminococcus, and between ICAM-1 and Bacteroides. LEfSe analysis showed that the genus Lactobacillus and family Coriobacteriaceae were enriched in children, and genera Collinsella and Prevotella were enriched in obese adolescents. Obese children and adolescents had higher levels of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. These results suggest that obese Mexican children and adolescents had increased levels of CRP and a reduction of adiponectin, which causes higher expression of EDF markers, affecting endothelial function and associating with changes in the gut microbiota.
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Endotelio Vascular/fisiopatología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Obesidad Infantil , Adolescente , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Resistencia a la Insulina , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico , México/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/sangre , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
AIMS: To report the clinical and microbiological profile along with treatment outcome of patients with endophthalmitis caused by Corynebacterium sp. METHODS: This is a retrospective, consecutive, non-comparative case series of patients with culture-proven Corynebacterium endophthalmitis seen between August 2004 and July 2014. RESULTS: Of 5439 patients clinically diagnosed as infective endophthalmitis, vitreous samples were culture positive for bacteria in 1488 (27%). Sixteen patients (1%) were identified as Corynebacterium endophthalmitis. The clinical settings included trauma (n=10), post-cataract surgery (n=5) and post-penetrating keratoplasty (n=1). In 7/16 (44%) patients, the organisms were visualised in direct microscopy. Tested by disc-diffusion method, all isolates were vancomycin sensitive. However, 9 of 10 isolates were resistant to ceftazidime and 5 of 14 isolates were resistant to amikacin. Initial treatment strategies included pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotics (vancomycin and amikacin/ceftazidime) injection (n=9) and pars plana lensectomy along with pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal antibiotics (vancomycin and amikacin/ceftazidime) injection (n=7). Final visual acuity was 20/200 or better in 11 (69%) of 16 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of corynebacterial endophthalmitis is low. The organisms are susceptible to vancomycin, and early appropriate treatment results in favourable outcome.
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Infecciones por Corynebacterium , Corynebacterium/aislamiento & purificación , Endoftalmitis , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Niño , Preescolar , Corynebacterium/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Endoftalmitis/diagnóstico , Endoftalmitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Endoftalmitis/microbiología , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/diagnóstico , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , India , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vancomicina/farmacología , Vancomicina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To describe a case of postoperative Mycobacterium manitobense endophthalmitis with good visual outcome that is the first report of endophthalmitis by this organism. METHODS: Clinical and microbiological description of a patient with postoperative endophthalmitis. RESULTS: A 50-year-old chronic alcoholic man was referred to us with decreased vision in his right eye for 4 days. He had undergone cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation in his right eye a month ago. The presenting vision in his right eye was counting fingers close to face. He was diagnosed as a case of postoperative endophthalmitis. Subsequently, the patient underwent pars plana vitrectomy and vitreous biopsy. The microbiologic investigation of the vitreous biopsy showed poorly stained gram-positive beaded bacilli that were acid fast, and growth in culture was identified as Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum by Vitek 2 bacterial identification system. However, DNA analysis confirmed the organism to be M. manitobense. The patient responded well to repeat interventions with intravitreal antibiotics with a final reported visual acuity of 20/30 at 4 months after first intervention. CONCLUSION: Although known to be an organism causing soft-tissue infections, M. manitobense can also cause postsurgical endophthalmitis. The diagnosis can be confused with Corynebacterium sp. on smear and culture. Subsequent DNA sequencing of the culture provides definite identification of the organism.
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Extracción de Catarata/efectos adversos , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/diagnóstico , Endoftalmitis/microbiología , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/microbiología , Infecciones por Mycobacterium/diagnóstico , Mycobacterium/aislamiento & purificación , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/microbiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Introduction: At present, the presence of lead (Pb2+) continues to be a problem in water bodies due to its continuous use and high toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial diversity of a potential consortium used as a biosorbent for the removal of lead in an aqueous solution. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration and the mean lethal dose of the consortium were determined, and then the optimal variables of pH and temperature for the removal process were obtained. With the optimal conditions, the kinetic behavior was evaluated, and adjustments were made to different mathematical models. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was performed to determine the functional groups of the biomass participating in the removal process, and the diversity of the bacterial consortium was evaluated during Pb2+ removal by an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine System. Results: It was found that the intraparticle diffusion model was the one that described the adsorption kinetics showing a higher rate constant with a higher concentration of Pb2+, while the Langmuir model was that explained the isotherm at 35 °C, defining a maximum adsorption load for the consortium of 54 mg/g. In addition, it was found that Pb2+ modified the diversity and abundance of the bacterial consortium, detecting genera such as Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, among others. Conclusions: Thus, it can be concluded that the bacterial consortium from mining soil was a biosorbent with the ability to tolerate high concentrations of Pb2+ exposure. The population dynamics during adsorption showed enrichment of Proteobacteria phyla, with a wide range of bacterial families and genera capable of resisting and removing Pb2+ in solution.(AU)