Improved Controlled Release and Brain Penetration of the Small Molecule S14 Using PLGA Nanoparticles.

Phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), an important cellular messenger. PDE7's role in neurotransmission, expression profile in the brain and the druggability of other phosphodiesterases have motivated the search for potent inhibitors to treat neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. Different heterocyclic compounds have been described over the years; among them, phenyl-2-thioxo-(1H)-quinazolin-4-one, called S14, has shown very promising results in different in vitro and in vivo studies. Recently, polymeric nanoparticles have been used as new formulations to target specific organs and produce controlled release of certain drugs. In this work, we describe poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based polymeric nanoparticles loaded with S14. Their preparation, optimization, characterization and in vivo drug release profile are here presented as an effort to improve pharmacokinetic properties of this interesting PDE7 inhibitor.

From Kinase Inhibitors to Multitarget Ligands as Powerful Drug Leads for Alzheimer's Disease using Protein-Templated Synthesis.

Multitarget directed ligands (MTDLs) are arising as promising tools to tackle complex diseases. The main goal of this work is to create powerful modulating agents for neurodegenerative disorders. To achieve this aim, we have combined fragments that inhibit key protein kinases involved in the main pathomolecular pathways of Alzheimer's disease (AD) such as tau aggregation, neuroinflammation and decreased neurogenesis, whilst looking for a third action in beta-secretase (BACE1), responsible of ß-amyloid production. We obtained well-balanced MTDLs with in vitro activity in three different relevant targets and efficacy in two cellular models of AD. Furthermore, computational studies confirmed how these compounds accommodate adequately into the long and rather narrow BACE1 catalytic site. Finally, we employed in situ click chemistry using BACE1 as protein template as a versatile synthetic tool that allowed us to obtain further MTDLs.

Designing multitarget ligands for neurodegenerative diseases with improved permeability trough PLGA nanoencapsulation.

Multitarget ligands (MTLs) have emerged as an interesting alternative for addressing complex multifactorial pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases. However, a common challenge associated with these compounds is often their high molecular weight and low solubility, which becomes a hurdle when trying to permeate over the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we have designed two new MTLs that modulate three pharmacological targets simultaneously (tau, beta-amyloid and TAR DNA-binding protein 43). To enhance their brain penetration, we have formulated organic polymeric nanoparticles using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). The characterization of the formulations, evaluation of their permeability through an in vitro BBB model, and assessment of their activity on disease-representative cellular models, such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, have been conducted. The results demonstrate the potential of the new MTLs and their nanoparticle encapsulation for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

TTBK1 and CK1 inhibitors restore TDP-43 pathology and avoid disease propagation in lymphoblast from Alzheimer's disease patients.

Introduction: TDP-43 proteinopathy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is recently emerging as a relevant pathomolecular event that may have been overlooked. Recent results in immortalized lymphocytes from AD patients have shown not only an increase of post-translational modifications in TDP-43, such as hyperphosphorylation and fragmentation, but also its prionic behaviour and cell-to-cell disease transmission. With the main goal to advance therapeutic interventions, we present in this work different kinase inhibitors with potential to restore this pathological mechanism. Methodology: We have used immortalized lymphocytes from healthy controls and AD severe patients to evaluate the correction of TDP-43 pathology after the treatment with previously synthetized TTBK1 and CK1 inhibitors. Moreover we used the conditioned mediums of these cells to perform different disease propagation experiments. Results: TDP-43 pathology observed in lymphoblasts from severe AD patients is reduced after the treatment with TTBK1 and CK1 inhibitors (decreasing phosphorylation and increasing nuclear localisation), Furthermore, the significant increase in TDP-43 phosphorylation, cytoplasmic accumulation and aberrant F-actin protrusions (TNT-like structures) observed in control cells growing in CM from AD lymphoblasts were abolished when the CM from AD lymphoblasts treated with previously reported TTBK1 and CK1 inhibitors were used. In addition, the cytosolic transport mediated by molecular motors of the receptor cells was altered with the induced TDP-43 pathology, but it was not produced with the abovementioned pretreated CMs. Conclusion: TTBK1 and CK1 inhibitors, specially VNG1.47 and IGS2.7 compounds, restore TDP-43 pathology and avoid cell-to-cell propagation in immortalized lymphocytes from AD patients, being excellent candidates for the future therapy of this prevalent and devastating disease.

TDP-43 Modulation by Tau-Tubulin Kinase 1 Inhibitors: A New Avenue for Future Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Therapy.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease without any effective treatment. Protein TDP-43 is a pathological hallmark of ALS in both sporadic and familiar patients. Post-translational modifications of TDP-43 promote its aggregation in the cytoplasm. Tau-Tubulin kinase (TTBK1) phosphorylates TDP-43 in cellular and animal models; thus, TTBK1 inhibitors emerge as a promising therapeutic strategy for ALS. The design, synthesis, biological evaluation, kinase-ligand complex structure determination, and molecular modeling studies confirmed novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as valuable inhibitors for further development. Moreover, compound 29 revealed good brain penetration in vivo and was able to reduce TDP-43 phosphorylation not only in cell cultures but also in the spinal cord of transgenic TDP-43 mice. A shift to M2 anti-inflammatory microglia was also demonstrated in vivo. Both these activities led to motor neuron preservation in mice, proposing pyrrolopyrimidine 29 as a valuable lead compound for future ALS therapy.

Protein kinase inhibitors for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis therapy.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that causes the progressive loss of motoneurons and, unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for this disease. Interconnecting multiple pathological mechanisms are involved in the neuropathology of this disease, including abnormal aggregation of proteins, neuroinflammation and dysregulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Such complex mechanisms, together with the lack of reliable animal models of the disease have hampered the development of drugs for this disease. Protein kinases, a key pharmacological target in several diseases, have been linked to ALS as they play a central role in the pathology of many diseases. Therefore several inhibitors are being currently trailed for clinical proof of concept in ALS patients. In this review, we examine the recent literature on protein kinase inhibitors currently in pharmaceutical development for this diseaseas future therapy for AS together with their involvement in the pathobiology of ALS. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Neurochemistry in Japan. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.6/issuetoc.

Increasing Brain Permeability of PHA-767491, a Cell Division Cycle 7 Kinase Inhibitor, with Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles.

A potent cell division cycle 7 (CDC7) kinase inhibitor, known as PHA-767491, has been described to reduce the transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 KDa (TDP-43) phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo, which is one of the main proteins found to aggregate and accumulate in the cytoplasm of motoneurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients. However, the main drawback of this compound is its low permeability to the central nervous system (CNS), limiting its use for the treatment of neurological conditions. In this context, the use of drug delivery systems like nanocarriers has become an interesting approach to improve drug release to the CNS. In this study, we prepared and characterized biodegradable nanoparticles in order to encapsulate PHA-767491 and improve its permeability to the CNS. Our results demonstrate that poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles with an average radius between 145 and 155 nm could be used to entrap PHA-767491 and enhance the permeability of this compound through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), becoming a promising candidate for the treatment of TDP-43 proteinopathies such as ALS.

Host-Directed FDA-Approved Drugs with Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2 Identified by Hierarchical In Silico/In Vitro Screening Methods.

The unprecedent situation generated by the COVID-19 global emergency has prompted us to actively work to fight against this pandemic by searching for repurposable agents among FDA approved drugs to shed light into immediate opportunities for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. In the attempt to proceed toward a proper rationalization of the search for new antivirals among approved drugs, we carried out a hierarchical in silico/in vitro protocol which successfully combines virtual and biological screening to speed up the identification of host-directed therapies against COVID-19 in an effective way. To this end a multi-target virtual screening approach focused on host-based targets related to viral entry, followed by the experimental evaluation of the antiviral activity of selected compounds, has been carried out. As a result, five different potentially repurposable drugs interfering with viral entry-cepharantine, clofazimine, metergoline, imatinib and efloxate-have been identified.

COVID-19: Drug Targets and Potential Treatments.

Currently, humans are immersed in a pandemic caused by the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which threatens public health worldwide. To date, no drug or vaccine has been approved to treat the severe disease caused by this coronavirus, COVID-19. In this paper, we will focus on the main virus-based and host-based targets that can guide efforts in medicinal chemistry to discover new drugs for this devastating disease. In principle, all CoV enzymes and proteins involved in viral replication and the control of host cellular machineries are potentially druggable targets in the search for therapeutic options for SARS-CoV-2. This Perspective provides an overview of the main targets from a structural point of view, together with reported therapeutic compounds with activity against SARS-CoV-2 and/or other CoVs. Also, the role of innate immune response to coronavirus infection and the related therapeutic options will be presented.

Tau Tubulin Kinase 1 (TTBK1), a new player in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases.

Tau-tubuline kinases (TTBK) are a family of serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases recently discovered and implicated in the phosphorylation of important substrates such as tau, tubuline or TDP-43. Its two homologs, TTBK1 and TTBK2, show different expression patterns and different involvements in physiological mechanisms of great importance such as mitosis, ciliogenesis and neurotransmission. Their phosphorylation activity has also linked them to the development of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinocerebellar ataxia type 11. There are currently only three inhibitors of these kinases described in the literature. This review intends to give an overview of the structure, expression, physiological and pathological mechanisms of both kinases as well as an extended analysis on the molecules that can inhibit them. The final analysis of all this information led us to propose TTBK1 as a new target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and its selective inhibitors as potential effective drugs for the treatment of these severe unmet disorders.

TDP-43: A Key Therapeutic Target beyond Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Accumulation of TDP-43 in the cytoplasm of diseased neurons is the pathological hallmark of frontotemporal dementia-TDP (FTLD-TDP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), two diseases that lack efficacious medicine to prevent or to stop disease progression. The discovery of mutations in the TARDBP gene (encoding the nuclear protein known as TDP-43) in both FTLD and ALS patients provided evidence for a link between TDP-43 alterations and neurodegeneration. Our understanding of TDP-43 function has advanced profoundly in the past several years; however, its complete role and the molecular mechanisms that lead to disease are not fully understood. Here we summarize the recent studies of this protein, its relation to neurodegenerative diseases, and the therapeutic strategies for restoring its homeostasis with small molecules. Finally, we briefly discuss the available cellular and animal models that help to shed light on TDP-43 pathology and could serve as tools for the discovery of pharmacological agents for the treatment of TDP-43-related diseases.

Optimización de la estrategia de unión en el diseño de compuestos multidiana prometedores para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Improved linkage design for the discovery of multitarget ligands as powerful drugs for Alzheimer’s disease

Los fármacos multidiana son entidades moleculares diseñadas para presentar más de una actividad biológica. Debido a esta propiedad, estos compuestos son considerados herramientas privilegiadas para el tratamiento de enfermedades complejas como las infecciones bacterianas, el cáncer o las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Las estrategias de diseño para crear fármacos multidiana han sido típicamente unión, fusión e incorporación. En este trabajo presentamos la creación de compuestos multidiana combinando fragmentos activos de tal manera que puedan inhibir una tercera diana adicional una vez unidos, con el objetivo de crear fármacos prometedores para el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Este tipo de fármacos multidiana resultan muy apropiados para el tratamiento de estas patologías multifactoriales, de las que a día de hoy se desconoce su etiología y que carecen de tratamientos efectivos. Para conseguir este objetivo hemos combinado fragmentos de moléculas que inhiben quinasas involucradas en los mecanismos patomoleculares principales de la enfermedad de Alzheimer como la agregación de tau, la neuroinflamación y la disminución de la neurogénesis. Además se ha buscado una tercera actividad en la enzima BACE1, responsable patología del β-amiloide en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Finalmente, y tras los resultados prometedores obtenidos con los fármacos multidiana, hemos comenzado a implementar la técnica de química click in situ para optimizar la selección de inhibidores utilizando la enzima BACE1 como molde de reacción. (AU)

Multitarget drugs are molecular entities that are designed to present more than one biological activity. They are arising as powerful tools to tackle complex diseases including bacterial resistances, cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. Typically, the rational strategies to design multitarget drugs are linkage, fusion and incorporation or merge. Here we present the creation of a multitarget drug combining active fragments in a way that could inhibit an additional third target with the objective to create powerful modulating agents for neurodegenerative diseases. Multitarget compounds are ideally suited for the treatment of these pathologies due to their unknown etiology, multifactorial pathology and lack of efficient treatments. To achieve this aim we have combined fragments that inhibit kinases involved in the main pathomolecular pathways of Alzheimer’s disease such as tau aggregation, neuroinflammation and decreased neurogenesis, looking for a third action in BACE1, responsible of β-amyloid production. Finally, and after the successful results obtained using this methodology, we have started to implement the in situ click chemistry technique to better select the multitarget compounds using BACE1 as a template. (AU)

Optimización de la estrategia de unión en el diseño de compuestos multidiana prometedores para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Improved linkage design for the discovery of multitarget ligands as powerful drugs for Alzheimer's disease

Los fármacos multidiana son entidades moleculares diseñadas para presentar más de una actividad biológica. Debido a esta propiedad, estos compuestos son considerados herramientas privilegiadas para el tratamiento de enfermedades complejas como las infecciones bacterianas, el cáncer o las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Las estrategias de diseño para crear fármacos multidiana han sido típicamente unión, fusión e incorporación. En este trabajo presentamos la creación de compuestos multidiana combinando fragmentos activos de tal manera que puedan inhibir una tercera diana adicional una vez unidos, con el objetivo de crear fármacos prometedores para el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Este tipo de fármacos multidiana resultan muy apropiados para el tratamiento de estas patologías multifactoriales, de las que a día de hoy se desconoce su etiología y que carecen de tratamientos efectivos. Para conseguir este objetivo hemos combinado fragmentos de moléculas que inhiben quinasas involucradas en los mecanismos patomoleculares principales de la enfermedad de Alzheimer como la agregación de tau, la neuroinflamación y la disminución de la neurogénesis. Además se ha buscado una tercera actividad en la enzima BACE1, responsable patología del β-amiloide en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Finalmente, y tras los resultados prometedores obtenidos con los fármacos multidiana, hemos comenzado a implementar la técnica de química click in situ para optimizar la selección de inhibidores utilizando la enzima BACE1 como molde de reacción

Multitarget drugs are molecular entities that are designed to present more than one biological activity. They are arising as powerful tools to tackle complex diseases including bacterial resistances, cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. Typically, the rational strategies to design multitarget drugs are linkage, fusion and incorporation or merge. Here we present the creation of a multitarget drug combining active fragments in a way that could inhibit an additional third target with the objective to create powerful modulating agents for neurodegenerative diseases. Multitarget compounds are ideally suited for the treatment of these pathologies due to their unknown etiology, multifactorial pathology and lack of efficient treatments. To achieve this aim we have combined fragments that inhibit kinases involved in the main pathomolecular pathways of Alzheimer’s disease such as tau aggregation, neuroinflammation and decreased neurogenesis, looking for a third action in BACE1, responsible of β-amyloid production. Finally, and after the successful results obtained using this methodology, we have started to implement the in situ click chemistry technique to better select the multitarget compounds using BACE1 as a templat