Plasma copeptin and markers of arterial disorder in patients with type 2 diabetes, a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: There is currently limited understanding of the relationship between copeptin, the midregional portion of proadrenomedullin (MRproADM) and the midregional fragment of the N-terminal of proatrial natriuretic peptide (MRproANP), and arterial disorders. Toe brachial index (TBI) and aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) are established parameters for detecting arterial disorders. This study evaluated whether copeptin, MRproADM, and MRproANP were associated with TBI and aPWV in patients with type 2 diabetes with no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: In the CARDIPP study, a cross-sectional analysis of 519 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 55-65 years with no history of CVD at baseline, had complete data on copeptin, MRproADM, MRproANP, TBI, and aPWV was performed. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the associations between conventional CVD risk factors, copeptin, MRproADM, MRproANP, TBI, and aPWV. RESULTS: Copeptin was associated with TBI (ß-0.0020, CI-0.0035- (-0.0005), p = 0.010) and aPWV (ß 0.023, CI 0.002-0.044, p = 0.035). These associations were independent of age, sex, diabetes duration, mean 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, and active smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma copeptin may be a helpful surrogate for identifying individuals at higher risk for arterial disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION:  ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT010497377.

In Nordic countries 30-day mortality rate is half that estimated with EuroSCORE II in high-risk adult patients given aprotinin and undergoing mainly complex cardiac procedures.

Objectives. To describe current on- (isolated coronary arterty bypass grafting, iCABG) and off-label (non-iCABG) use of aprotinin and associated safety endpoints in adult patients undergoing high-risk cardiac surgery in Nordic countries. Design. Data come from 10 cardiac surgery centres in Finland, Norway and Sweden participating in the European Nordic aprotinin patient registry (NAPaR). Results. 486 patients were given aprotinin between 2016 and 2020. 59 patients (12.1%) underwent iCABG and 427 (87.9%) non-iCABG, including surgery for aortic dissection (16.7%) and endocarditis (36.0%). 89.9% were administered a full aprotinin dosage and 37.0% were re-sternotomies. Dual antiplatelet treatment affected 72.9% of iCABG and 7.0% of non-iCABG patients. 0.6% of patients had anaphylactic reactions associated with aprotinin. 6.4% (95 CI% 4.2%-8.6%) of patients were reoperated for bleeding. Rate of postoperative thromboembolic events, day 1 rise in creatinine >44µmol/L and new dialysis for any reason was 4.7% (95%CI 2.8%-6.6%), 16.7% (95%CI 13.4%-20.0%) and 14.0% (95%CI 10.9%-17.1%), respectively. In-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality was 4.9% (95%CI 2.8%-6.9%) and 6.3% (95%CI 3.7%-7.8%) in all patients versus mean EuroSCORE II 11.4% (95%CI 8.4%-14.0%, p < .01). 30-day mortality in patients undergoing surgery for aortic dissection and endocarditis was 6.2% (95%CI 0.9%-11.4%) and 6.3% (95%CI 2.7%-9.9%) versus mean EuroSCORE II 13.2% (95%CI 6.1%-21.0%, p = .11) and 14.5% (95%CI 12.1%-16.8%, p = .01), respectively. Conclusions. NAPaR data from Nordic countries suggest a favourable safety profile of aprotinin in adult cardiac surgery.

Haemodynamic effects of hypertension and type 2 diabetes: Insights from a 4D flow MRI-based personalized cardiovascular mathematical model.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases mediated by whole-body changes to metabolism, cardiovascular structure and haemodynamics. The haemodynamic changes related to hypertension and T2D are complex and subject-specific, however, and not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the haemodynamic mechanisms in T2D and hypertension by comparing the haemodynamics between healthy controls and subjects with T2D, hypertension, or both. For all subjects, we combined 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging data, brachial blood pressure and a cardiovascular mathematical model to create a comprehensive subject-specific analysis of central haemodynamics. When comparing the subject-specific haemodynamic parameters between the four groups, the predominant haemodynamic difference is impaired left ventricular relaxation in subjects with both T2D and hypertension compared to subjects with only T2D, only hypertension and controls. The impaired relaxation indicates that, in this cohort, the long-term changes in haemodynamic load of co-existing T2D and hypertension cause diastolic dysfunction demonstrable at rest, whereas either disease on its own does not. However, through subject-specific predictions of impaired relaxation, we show that altered relaxation alone is not enough to explain the subject-specific and group-related differences; instead, a combination of parameters is affected in T2D and hypertension. These results confirm previous studies that reported more adverse effects from the combination of T2D and hypertension compared to either disease on its own. Furthermore, this shows the potential of personalized cardiovascular models in providing haemodynamic mechanistic insights and subject-specific predictions that could aid in the understanding and treatment planning of patients with T2D and hypertension. KEY POINTS: The combination of 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging data and a cardiovascular mathematical model allows for a comprehensive analysis of subject-specific haemodynamic parameters that otherwise cannot be derived non-invasively. Using this combination, we show that diastolic dysfunction in subjects with both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension is the main group-level difference between controls, subjects with T2D, subjects with hypertension, and subjects with both T2D and hypertension. These results suggest that, in this relatively healthy population, the additional load of both hypertension and T2D affects the haemodynamic function of the left ventricle, whereas each disease on its own is not enough to cause significant effects under resting conditions. Finally, using the subject-specific model, we show that the haemodynamic effects of diastolic dysfunction alone are not sufficient to explain all the observed haemodynamic differences. Instead, additional subject-specific variations in cardiac and vascular function combine to explain the complex haemodynamics of subjects affected by hypertension and/or T2D.

Sense of vitality is associated with cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes independently of traditional risk factors and arterial stiffness.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine if single items in the quality of life questionnaire short form 36 (SF36) were associated with cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: In 756 T2DM patients (260 women) from the CARDIPP study, nine questions from the domains vitality and well-being in SF36 were analysed. Patients, 55-66 years, were recruited in 2005-2008 and followed up until 31 December 2018 for the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), that is, myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: Median follow-up time: 11.6 years, during which 119 (16%) MACE occurred. The SF36 items: 'seldom full of pep' (HR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4, p = 0.006), 'seldom a lot of energy' (HR 1.3, 95%CI: 1.1-1.5, p < 0.001), 'worn out' (HR 1.2, 95%CI: 1.0-1.4, p = 0.020) and 'seldom happy' (HR 1.2, 95%CI: 1.0-1.4, p = 0.012) were independent risk factors for MACE in separate models, as well as male sex, diabetes duration, HbA1c , sagittal abdominal diameter and aortic pulse wave velocity. The variables 'seldom full of pep' and 'seldom a lot of energy' remained associated with MACE when conducting separate analyses for sexes. Only 'seldom a lot of energy' remained associated with MACE when all items from SF-36 were comprised in the same model. CONCLUSIONS: One single question regarding energy levels from SF36 may be used as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in T2DM patients in primary care, for both men and women. This item may be included in future risk assessment for use in clinical practice for cardiovascular risk stratification of T2DM patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered in clinicaltrial.gov (NCT01049737) in 14 January 2010.

Prevalence of Subclinical Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in the General Population.

BACKGROUND: Early detection of coronary atherosclerosis using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), in addition to coronary artery calcification (CAC) scoring, may help inform prevention strategies. We used CCTA to determine the prevalence, severity, and characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis and its association with CAC scores in a general population. METHODS: We recruited 30 154 randomly invited individuals age 50 to 64 years to SCAPIS (the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Bioimage Study). The study includes individuals without known coronary heart disease (ie, no previous myocardial infarctions or cardiac procedures) and with high-quality results from CCTA and CAC imaging performed using dedicated dual-source CT scanners. Noncontrast images were scored for CAC. CCTA images were visually read and scored for coronary atherosclerosis per segment (defined as no atherosclerosis, 1% to 49% stenosis, or ≥50% stenosis). External validity of prevalence estimates was evaluated using inverse probability for participation weighting and Swedish register data. RESULTS: In total, 25 182 individuals without known coronary heart disease were included (50.6% women). Any CCTA-detected atherosclerosis was found in 42.1%; any significant stenosis (≥50%) in 5.2%; left main, proximal left anterior descending artery, or 3-vessel disease in 1.9%; and any noncalcified plaques in 8.3% of this population. Onset of atherosclerosis was delayed on average by 10 years in women. Atherosclerosis was more prevalent in older individuals and predominantly found in the proximal left anterior descending artery. Prevalence of CCTA-detected atherosclerosis increased with increasing CAC scores. Among those with a CAC score >400, all had atherosclerosis and 45.7% had significant stenosis. In those with 0 CAC, 5.5% had atherosclerosis and 0.4% had significant stenosis. In participants with 0 CAC and intermediate 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease according to the pooled cohort equation, 9.2% had CCTA-verified atherosclerosis. Prevalence estimates had excellent external validity and changed marginally when adjusted to the age-matched Swedish background population. CONCLUSIONS: Using CCTA in a large, random sample of the general population without established disease, we showed that silent coronary atherosclerosis is common in this population. High CAC scores convey a significant probability of substantial stenosis, and 0 CAC does not exclude atherosclerosis, particularly in those at higher baseline risk.

Plasma Protein Profile of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis and Atherosclerotic Outcomes: Meta-Analyses and Mendelian Randomization Analyses.

[Figure: see text].

Circulating TNFrII levels predict incidence of ischemic heart disease and total mortality, independently of intima media thickness and pulse wave velocity in male with type 2 diabetes.

New and clinically useful markers of cardiovascular risk are of great importance in patients with type 2 diabetes since cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in these patients. We analyzed inflammatory markers and other risk factors for heart disease in 761 patients who participated in the CARDIPP-study, Cardiovascular Risk factors in Patients with Diabetes-a Prospective study in Primary care. All participants had type 2 diabetes and were 55-66 years old at recruitment during the years 2005-2008. Patients were followed for incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction, or death from cardiovascular disease until the end of the year 2018 using the national Swedish Cause of Death and Hospitalization Registries. Besides traditional risk-markers for vascular disease, we also measured carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity and intima-media thickness of carotid arteries. During a median period of 13 years, 165 men and 65 women died or were hospitalized for ischemic heart disease and stroke. TNFrII showed statistically significance as a risk factor for stroke, ischemic heart disease, and total mortality in male patients with diabetes type 2, independently of age, diabetes duration, BMI, Hba1c, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, IMT and PWV (p = 0.002, HR 2.70, CI 1.42:5.13, p = 0.002). Circulating TNFrII levels failed to present a similar correlation in women (p = 0.48, CI 0.48:4.84). TNFrII stayed significant in males when HDL/LDL-ratio, CRP and smoking were added to the statistical analysis. Our data support the use of serum TNFrII in male type 2 diabetes patients to add independent prognostic information in terms of mortality and heart disease independently of other strong and well-established risk markers including cholesterol, inflammatory cytokines, PWV and IMT.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01049737.

Education of the primary health care staff based on acceptance and commitment therapy is associated with reduced sick leave in a prospective controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to cope with mental distress and pain issues has helped many patients in primary health care in Sweden. However, the effects of CBT to reduce sick leave has not been equally convincing. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is an evolution of traditional CBT and we aimed to study if education based on ACT of the staff rather than the patients could reduce sick leave in primary health care. METHODS: This was a prospective trial in 6 primary health care centers in Kalmar (total amount of registered subjects of 28,930) in which the staff (physicians, nurses and therapists) received group-based education according to ACT during 2018 and 2019. The effects were compared with 5 similarly sized control health care centers in the neighboring Region of Jönköping in which no such education took place. The main aim was to study changes in sick leave in the 6 primary care centers of Kalmar and to keep track of more general trends by studying sick leave also in Jönköping, letting sick leave in the year 2017 to be the reference period for both areas. RESULTS: The staff at the health care centers in Kalmar reported to having attended a mean of 5.2 ± 2 educational ACT-sessions with psychiatrist Kadowaki in Kalmar. Sick leave for ICD-10 F43 (reaction to severe stress and related adjustment-disorders) was reduced from a mean value of 28.7 ± 9.1ongoing sick leaves/month in 2017 to 22.6 ± 7.0 sick leaves/month in 2018 (-21%, p = 0.033) and to 18.1 ± 10 sick leaves/month in 2019 (-37%, p = 0.038). The corresponding sick leave for any diagnosis (total sick leave) was reduced from 132 ± 39 sick leaves/month in 2017 to 118 ± 38 sick leaves/month in 2018 (-11%, p = 0.056) and to 102 ± 37 sick leaves/month in 2019 (-21%, p = 0.021). The corresponding sick leave comparisons in the control health centers did not show any significant changes (all p-values ≥ 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: Total monthly mean sick leave was reduced 21% in the health care centers in Kalmar during the second year of the educational ACT intervention of the staff while it was unchanged in Jönköping. This suggests a significant effect to induce a reduction in long-term sick leave for patients in primary health care in which the staff received education according to ACT. The results of this trial could serve as a basis for a randomized trial in order to ascertain causality. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Pre-registration November 9, 2018 on ClinicalTrials.gov with number NCT03737019 .

Multiplex proteomics for prediction of major cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Multiplex proteomics could improve understanding and risk prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in type 2 diabetes. This study assessed 80 cardiovascular and inflammatory proteins for biomarker discovery and prediction of MACE in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We combined data from six prospective epidemiological studies of 30-77-year-old individuals with type 2 diabetes in whom 80 circulating proteins were measured by proximity extension assay. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression was used in a discovery/replication design to identify biomarkers for incident MACE. We used gradient-boosted machine learning and lasso regularised Cox regression in a random 75% training subsample to assess whether adding proteins to risk factors included in the Swedish National Diabetes Register risk model would improve the prediction of MACE in the separate 25% test subsample. RESULTS: Of 1211 adults with type 2 diabetes (32% women), 211 experienced a MACE over a mean (±SD) of 6.4 ± 2.3 years. We replicated associations (<5% false discovery rate) between risk of MACE and eight proteins: matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12, IL-27 subunit α (IL-27a), kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, protein S100-A12, TNF receptor (TNFR)-1, TNFR-2 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAIL-R)2. Addition of the 80-protein assay to established risk factors improved discrimination in the separate test sample from 0.686 (95% CI 0.682, 0.689) to 0.748 (95% CI 0.746, 0.751). A sparse model of 20 added proteins achieved a C statistic of 0.747 (95% CI 0.653, 0.842) in the test sample. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: We identified eight protein biomarkers, four of which are novel, for risk of MACE in community residents with type 2 diabetes, and found improved risk prediction by combining multiplex proteomics with an established risk model. Multiprotein arrays could be useful in identifying individuals with type 2 diabetes who are at highest risk of a cardiovascular event.

Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus RNA in Hyalomma rufipes Ticks Infesting Migratory Birds, Europe and Asia Minor.

Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus RNA was detected in immature Hyalomma rufipes ticks infesting northward migratory birds caught in the North Mediterranean Basin. This finding suggests a role for birds in the ecology of the Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus and a potential mechanism for dissemination to novel regions. Increased surveillance is warranted.

Overweight and obesity impair left ventricular systolic function as measured by left ventricular ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain.

AIMS: Obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and heart failure but it is unclear to which extent it is related to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of overweight and obesity on left ventricular systolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a control group of non-diabetic persons. METHODS: We prospectively investigated 384 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 184 controls who participated in the CARDIPP and CAREFUL studies. The participants were grouped according to body mass index (normal weight < 25 kg/m2, overweight 25-29 kg/m2, and obesity ≥ 30 kg/m2). Echocardiography was performed at the beginning of the study and after 4-years in the patient group. RESULTS: Univariable and multivariable regression analysis revealed that variations in left ventricular ejection fraction, global longitudinal strain, left ventricular mass and diastolic function expressed as E/é (the ratio between early diastolic mitral flow and annular motion velocities) all are related to body mass index. The mean and standard deviation of left ventricular ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain values were 57% (8%) vs. - 18.6% (2.3%) for normal weight patients, 53% (8%) vs. - 17.5% (2.3%) for overweight, and 49% (9%) vs. - 16.2% (3.0%) for obese (p < 0.05 vs. p < 0.05). Corresponding results in the control group were 58% (6%) vs. - 22.3% (3.0%), 55% (7%) vs. - 20.8% (3.1%) and 54% (8%) - 19.6% (4.0%) (p < 0.05 vs. p < 0.05). Patients who gained weight from baseline to follow-up changed left ventricular ejection fraction (median and interquartile range) by - 1.0 (9.0) % (n = 187) and patients who lost weight changed left ventricular ejection fraction by 1.0 (10.0) % (n = 179) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity impair left ventricular ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain in both patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic persons. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT 01049737.

The association between circulating endostatin and a disturbed circadian blood pressure pattern in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Endostatin, cleaved from collagen XVIII in the extracellular matrix, is a promising circulating biomarker for cardiovascular damage. It possesses anti-angiogenic and anti-fibrotic functions and has even been suggested to be involved in blood pressure regulation. Less is known if endostatin levels relate to circadian blood pressure patterns. In the present paper we studied the association between circulating levels of endostatin and nocturnal dipping in blood pressure. METHODS: We used the CARDIPP-study, a cohort of middle aged, type 2 diabetics (n = 593, 32% women), with data on both 24-hour and office blood pressure, serum-endostatin, cardiovascular risk factors, and incident major cardiovascular events. Nocturnal dipping was defined as a >10% difference between day- and night-time blood pressures. RESULTS: Two-hundred four participants (34%) were classified as non-dippers. The mean endostatin levels were significantly higher in non-dippers compared to dippers (mean ± standard deviation: 62.6 ± 1.8 µg/l vs. 58.7 ± 1.6 µg/l, respectively, p = .007). Higher serum levels of endostatin were associated with a diminished decline in nocturnal blood pressure adjusted for age, sex, HbA1c, mean systolic day blood pressure, hypertension treatment, glomerular filtration rate, and prevalent cardiovascular disease (regression coefficient per SD increase of endostatin -0.01, 95% CI, -0.02-(-0.001), p = .03). Structural equation modelling analyses suggest that endostatin mediates 7% of the association between non-dipping and major cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: We found an independent association between higher circulating levels of endostatin and a reduced difference between day- and night-time systolic blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Yet endostatin mediated only a small portion of the association between non-dipping and cardiovascular events arguing against a clinical utility of our findings.

Diastolic orthostatic hypertension and cardiovascular prognosis in type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In patients with type 2 diabetes, the prognostic impact of an orthostatic rise in blood pressure is not known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prognostic implications of the diastolic orthostatic blood pressure response in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes. We also evaluated associations between different orthostatic blood pressure responses and markers of subclinical cardiovascular organ damage. METHODS: Office blood pressures were measured in the sitting and in the standing position in 749 patients with type 2 diabetes who participated in the CARDIPP study (Cardiovascular Risk factors in Patients with Diabetes-a Prospective study in Primary care). Diastolic orthostatic hypertension was defined as a rise of diastolic blood pressure ≥10 mmHg and diastolic orthostatic hypotension was defined as a drop of diastolic blood pressure ≥10 mmHg. Recruitment took place between the years 2005-2008, and patients were followed until any of the primary outcome events (cardiovascular death or hospitalization for either myocardial infarction or stroke) occurred or until December 31st, 2014. Measurements of aortic pulse wave velocity and of carotid intima-media thickness were performed at base-line. RESULTS: Diastolic orthostatic hypertension was found in 140 patients (18.7 %) and was associated with significantly lower risk of cardiovascular events (crude hazard ratio compared with patients with normal systolic and diastolic orthostatic blood pressure response: 0.450, 95 % C.I. 0.206-0.987, P = 0.046). Diastolic orthostatic hypotension was found in 31 patients (4.1 %) and was associated with higher values for aortic pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness, compared with patients with normal systolic and diastolic orthostatic blood pressure response. CONCLUSIONS: Diastolic orthostatic hypertension is common in patients with type 2 diabetes, and may be a novel marker for decreased cardiovascular risk in these patients.

Association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 with nephropathy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in type 2 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) contribute to experimental diabetic kidney disease, a condition with substantially increased cardiovascular risk when present in patients. Therefore, we aimed to explore the levels of sTNFRs, and their association with prevalent kidney disease, incident cardiovascular disease, and risk of mortality independently of baseline kidney function and microalbuminuria in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes. In pre-defined secondary analyses we also investigated whether the sTNFRs predict adverse outcome in the absence of diabetic kidney disease. METHODS: The CARDIPP study, a cohort study of 607 diabetes patients [mean age 61 years, 44 % women, 45 cardiovascular events (fatal/non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke) and 44 deaths during follow-up (mean 7.6 years)] was used. RESULTS: Higher sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were associated with higher odds of prevalent kidney disease [odd ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD) increase 1.60, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.32-1.93, p < 0.001 and OR 1.54, 95 % CI 1.21-1.97, p = 0.001, respectively]. In Cox regression models adjusting for age, sex, glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, higher sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 predicted incident cardiovascular events [hazard ratio (HR) per SD increase, 1.66, 95 % CI 1.29-2.174, p < 0.001 and HR 1.47, 95 % CI 1.13-1.91, p = 0.004, respectively]. Results were similar in separate models with adjustments for inflammatory markers, HbA1c, or established cardiovascular risk factors, or when participants with diabetic kidney disease at baseline were excluded (p < 0.01 for all). Both sTNFRs were associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS: Higher circulating sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 are associated with diabetic kidney disease, and predicts incident cardiovascular disease and mortality independently of microalbuminuria and kidney function, even in those without kidney disease. Our findings support the clinical utility of sTNFRs as prognostic markers in type 2 diabetes.

Norovirus Dynamics in Wastewater Discharges and in the Recipient Drinking Water Source: Long-Term Monitoring and Hydrodynamic Modeling.

Norovirus (NoV) that enters drinking water sources with wastewater discharges is a common cause of waterborne outbreaks. The impact of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on the river Göta älv (Sweden) was studied using monitoring and hydrodynamic modeling. The concentrations of NoV genogroups (GG) I and II in samples collected at WWTPs and drinking water intakes (source water) during one year were quantified using duplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The mean (standard deviation) NoV GGI and GGII genome concentrations were 6.2 (1.4) and 6.8 (1.8) in incoming wastewater and 5.3 (1.4) and 5.9 (1.4) log10 genome equivalents (g.e.) L-1 in treated wastewater, respectively. The reduction at the WWTPs varied between 0.4 and 1.1 log10 units. In source water, the concentration ranged from below the detection limit to 3.8 log10 g.e. L-1. NoV GGII was detected in both wastewater and source water more frequently during the cold than the warm period of the year. The spread of NoV in the river was simulated using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The modeling results indicated that the NoV GGI and GGII genome concentrations in source water may occasionally be up to 2.8 and 1.9 log10 units higher, respectively, than the concentrations measured during the monitoring project.

Serum leptin levels are independently related to the incidence of ischemic heart disease in a prospective study of patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: New and clinically useful markers of cardiovascular risk are of essence in type 2 diabetes since ischemic heart disease is a major cause of death in these patients. METHODS: We analyzed baseline data from 476 men and 244 women who participated in "Cardiovascular Risk factors in Patients with Diabetes -a Prospective study in Primary care" study. All participants had type 2 diabetes and were 55-66 years old at recruitment during year 2005 to 2008. Except for established traditional risk markers for vascular disease, we also estimated vascular complications non-invasively by performance of carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (PWV, with applanation-tonometry) and intima-media thickness of carotid arteries (IMT, with B-mode ultrasound). Patients were followed for incidence of ischemic heart disease mortality and morbidity until end of the year 2012, using the national Swedish Cause of Death and Hospitalization Registries. RESULTS: During the follow-up period of a median of 6 years 47 men and 10 women died or were hospitalized for ischemic heart disease including myocardial infarction. Leptin levels were positively related to the hazard ratio (HR) in men (HR for each log 10 unit 4.9, CI 1.99 to 11.8) and women (HR 11.5, CI 1.47 to 89.7). Leptin predicted ischemic heart disease independently of age, HbA1c, BMI, systolic blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (men: HR 12.9 CI 3.2-53, women: HR 19.9, CI 1.2-327) This finding of increased risk related to high leptin levels was also statistically significant when carotid-femoral PWV and IMT were both added to the equations in men (hazard ratio 9.2 CI 2.1-41). CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the use of serum leptin in type 2 diabetes to add independent prognostic information in terms of ischemic heart disease when compared with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. In the men of the cohort this prognostic information was in addition also to data on IMT and PWV, two non-invasive measurements of the extent of vascular disease. The power to detect a similar relationship in women was less strong due to lower incidence of cardiovascular disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01049737.

Phosphatidylethanol Compared with Other Blood Tests as a Biomarker of Moderate Alcohol Consumption in Healthy Volunteers: A Prospective Randomized Study.

AIM: It is generally agreed that traditional alcohol biomarkers lack in sensitivity to detect hazardous alcohol consumption. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) and traditional alcohol markers to detect moderate alcohol consumption and to distinguish between moderate alcohol consumption and abstinence. METHODS: Forty-four subjects, 32 females and 12 males, were included in the study. They were randomized to alcohol abstention or to alcohol consumption. Female participants consumed 150 ml of red wine (equivalent to 16 g of alcohol) per 24 h and the male participants double the amount. The study lasted for 3 months. Blood samples were drawn at the start and at the end of the study period. Blood samples were analysed for PEth, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). RESULTS: ROC curves for the various biochemical markers were plotted in order to assess their ability to discriminate between abstention and moderate daily consumption of alcohol. PEth and CDT were the only markers with AUROCs significantly higher than 0.5, and PEth was detected in all participants randomized to alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: PEth was the only marker that could detect moderate intake and the present results also indicate that PEth probably can distinguish moderate alcohol consumption from abstinence.

A low dose of daily licorice intake affects renin, aldosterone, and home blood pressure in a randomized crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Licorice, through the effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GA), raises blood pressure (BP). The World Health Organization has suggested that 100 mg GA/d would be unlikely to cause adverse effects, but of 13 previously published studies none have been randomized and controlled and independently quantified the GA content. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to analyze the effects on home BP of a daily licorice intake containing 100 mg GA. METHODS: Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to start with either licorice or a control product in a nonblinded, 2 × 2 crossover study. Home BP was measured daily, and blood samples were collected at the end of each 2-wk period. RESULTS: There were 28 participants and no dropouts. The median age was 24.0 y (interquartile range 22.8-27.0 y). During the licorice compared with control intake period, the systolic home BP increased [mean difference: 3.1 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8, 5.4 mm Hg) compared with -0.3 mm Hg (95% CI: -1.8, 1.3 mm Hg); P = 0.018] and renin and aldosterone were suppressed [mean change: -30.0% (95% CI: -56.7%, -3.3%) compared with 15.8% (95% CI: -12.8%, 44.4%); P = 0.003; and -45.1% (95% CI: -61.5%, -28.7%) compared with 8.2% (95% CI: -14.7%, 31.1%); P <0.001, respectively]. In the quartile of participants with the most pronounced suppression of renin and aldosterone, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide concentration increased during the licorice compared with control period [mean change: 204.1% (95% CI: -11.6%, 419.7%) compared with 72.4% (95% CI: -52.2%, 197.1%); P = 0.016]. CONCLUSIONS: We found licorice to be more potent than previously known, with significant increases in BP, after a daily intake of only 100 mg GA. Thus, the safe limit of intake of this substance might need to be reconsidered. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05661721 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05661721).

P-selectin and C-reactive protein in relation to home blood pressure and coronary calcification: a SCAPIS substudy.

BACKGROUND: Soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) have previously been associated with hypertension, but the relation with out-of-office blood pressure (BP) and coronary artery calcification score is unknown. We aimed to examine the relationship between sP-selectin, hsCRP and home BP, as well as coronary artery calcification score and carotid artery plaques. METHODS: In the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS), 5057 randomly selected participants were evaluated with office and home BP using the semi-automatic Omron M10-IT device. For this cross-sectional study, participants with sP-selectin <4 standard deviations above mean and hsCRP <5 mg/l, representing low-grade inflammation, were included. Using generalized linear models, these inflammatory markers were evaluated in relation to BP classifications, as well as coronary artery calcification score and carotid artery plaques. RESULTS: Of participants, 4548 were included in the analyses. The median age was 57.2 (53.4-61.2) years, and 775 (17.0%) reported taking medication for hypertension. Participants in the highest quartile of sP-selectin [odds ratio (OR) 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40-1.98, P  < 0.001] and hsCRP [OR 2.25, (95% CI 1.89-2.60), P  < 0.001] were more likely to have sustained hypertension. Participants in the highest quartile of hsCRP were also more likely to have masked hypertension, OR (95% CI) 2.31 (1.72-3.10), P  < 0.001 and carotid artery plaques, OR (95% CI) 1.21 (1.05-1.38), P  = 0.007. CONCLUSION: Increased sP-selectin and hsCRP were independently associated with sustained hypertension. These findings indicate an association between hypertension and platelet activity, as expressed by sP-selectin.

Sagittal abdominal diameter is a more independent measure compared with waist circumference to predict arterial stiffness in subjects with type 2 diabetes--a prospective observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Anthropometric measurements are useful in clinical practice since they are non-invasive and cheap. Previous studies suggest that sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) may be a better measure of visceral fat depots. The aim of this study was to prospectively explore and compare how laboratory and anthropometric risk markers predicted subclinical organ damage in 255 patients, with type 2 diabetes, after four years. METHODS: Baseline investigations were performed in 2006 and were repeated at follow-up in 2010. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was evaluated by ultrasonography and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured with applanation tonometry over the carotid and femoral arteries at baseline and at follow-up in a cohort of subjects with type 2 diabetes aged 55-65 years old. RESULTS: There were significant correlations between apolipoprotein B (apoB) (r = 0.144, p = 0.03), C - reactive protein (CRP) (r = 0.172, p = 0.009) at baseline and IMT measured at follow-up. After adjustment for sex, age, treatment with statins and Hba1c, the associations remained statistically significant. HbA1c, total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol did not correlate to IMT at follow-up. Baseline body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.130, p = 0.049), waist circumference (WC) (r = 0.147, p = 0.027) and sagittal Abdominal Diameter (SAD) (r = 0.184, p = 0.007) correlated to PWV at follow-up. Challenged with sex, SBP and HbA1c, the association between SAD, not WC nor BMI, and PWV remained statistically significant (p = 0.036). In a stepwise linear regression, entering both SAD and WC, the association between SAD and PWV was stronger than the association between WC and PWV. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that apoB and CRP, but not LDL-cholesterol predicted subclinical atherosclerosis. Furthermore, SAD was more independent in predicting arterial stiffness over time, compared with WC, in middle-aged men and women with type 2 diabetes.