RESUMEN
Tissue morphogenesis in plants requires communication between cells, a process involving the trafficking of molecules through plasmodesmata (PD). PD conductivity is regulated by endogenous and exogenous signals. However, the underlying signaling mechanisms remain enigmatic. In Arabidopsis, signal transduction mediated by the receptor-like kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB) contributes to inter-cell layer signaling during tissue morphogenesis. Previous analysis has revealed that SUB acts non-cell-autonomously suggesting that SUB controls tissue morphogenesis by participating in the formation or propagation of a downstream mobile signal. A genetic screen identified QUIRKY (QKY), encoding a predicted membrane-anchored C2-domain protein, as a component of SUB signaling. Here, we provide further insight into the role of QKY in this process. We show that like SUB, QKY exhibits non-cell-autonomy when expressed in a tissue-specific manner and that non-autonomy of QKY extends across several cells. In addition, we report on localization studies indicating that QKY and SUB localize to PD but independently of each other. FRET-FLIM analysis suggests that SUB and QKY are in close contact at PD in vivo. We propose a model where SUB and QKY interact at PD to promote tissue morphogenesis, thereby linking RLK-dependent signal transduction and intercellular communication mediated by PD.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Plasmodesmos/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Plasmodesmos/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/genética , Transducción de Señal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The spatial coordination of growth is of central importance for the regulation of plant tissue architecture. Individual layers, such as the epidermis, are clonally propagated and structurally maintained by symmetric cell divisions that are oriented along the plane of the layer. The developmental control of this process is poorly understood. The simple cellular basis and sheet-like structure of Arabidopsis integuments make them an attractive model system to address planar growth. Here we report on the characterization of the Arabidopsis UNICORN (UCN) gene. Analysis of ucn integuments reveals localized distortion of planar growth, eventually resulting in an ectopic multicellular protrusion. In addition, ucn mutants exhibit ectopic growth in filaments and petals, as well as aberrant embryogenesis. We further show that UCN encodes an active AGC VIII kinase. Genetic, biochemical, and cell biological data suggest that UCN suppresses ectopic growth in integuments by directly repressing the KANADI transcription factor ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE. Our findings indicate that UCN represents a unique plant growth regulator that maintains planar growth of integuments by repressing a developmental regulator involved in the control of early integument growth and polarity.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , División Celular/fisiología , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/fisiología , Integumento Común/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/genética , Inmunohistoquímica , Hibridación in Situ , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
Ovules are the major female reproductive organs in higher plants. In addition, ovules of Arabidopsis thaliana are successfully used as model system to study plant organogenesis. Here we describe two microscopic techniques to analyze Arabidopsis ovule development from the organ to the cellular level in a rapid and reproducible fashion. Both methods are of great value when comparing the morphology of wild-type and mutant ovule development.