Measuring vaccine effectiveness against persistent HPV infections: a comparison of different statistical approaches.

BACKGROUND: Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is endorsed by the World Health Organization as an intermediate endpoint for evaluating HPV vaccine effectiveness/efficacy. There are different approaches to estimate the vaccine effectiveness/efficacy against persistent HPV infections. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search in Pubmed to identify statistical approaches that have been used to estimate the vaccine effectiveness/efficacy against persistent HPV infections. We applied these methods to data of a longitudinal observational study to assess their performance and compare the obtained vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates. RESULTS: Our literature search identified four approaches: the conditional exact test for comparing two independent Poisson rates using a binomial distribution, Generalized Estimating Equations for Poisson regression, Prentice Williams and Peterson total time (PWP-TT) and Cox proportional hazards regression. These approaches differ regarding underlying assumptions and provide different effect measures. However, they provided similar effectiveness estimates against HPV16/18 and HPV31/33/45 persistent infections in a cohort of young women eligible for routine HPV vaccination (range VE 93.7-95.1% and 60.4-67.7%, respectively) and seemed robust to violations of underlying assumptions. CONCLUSIONS: As the rate of subsequent infections increased in our observational cohort, we recommend PWP-TT as the optimal approach to estimate the vaccine effectiveness against persistent HPV infections in young women. Confirmation of our findings should be undertaken by applying these methods after longer follow-up in our study, as well as in different populations.

Cancer incidence among HIV-positive women in British Columbia, Canada: Heightened risk of virus-related malignancies.

OBJECTIVES: We used population-based data to identify incident cancer cases and correlates of cancer among women living with HIV/AIDS in British Columbia (BC), Canada between 1994 and 2008. METHODS: Data were obtained from a retrospective population-based cohort created from linkage of two province-wide databases: (1) the database of the BC Cancer Agency, a province-wide population-based cancer registry, and (2) a database managed by the BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, which contains data on all persons treated with antiretroviral therapy in BC. This analysis included women (≥ 19 years old) living with HIV in BC, Canada. Incident cancer diagnoses that occurred after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation were included. We obtained a general population comparison of cancer incidence among women from the BC Cancer Agency. Bivariate analysis (Pearson χ(2) , Fisher's exact or Wilcoxon rank-sum test) compared women with and without incident cancer across relevant clinical and sociodemographic variables. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for selected cancers compared with the general population sample. RESULTS: We identified 2211 women with 12 529 person-years (PY) of follow-up who were at risk of developing cancer after HAART initiation. A total of 77 incident cancers (615/100 000 PY) were identified between 1994 and 2008. HIV-positive women with cancer, in comparison to the general population sample, were more likely to be diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma and less likely to be diagnosed with cancers of the digestive system. CONCLUSIONS: This study observed elevated rates of cancer among HIV-positive women compared to a general population sample. HIV-positive women may have an increased risk for cancers of viral-related pathogenesis.

Cost and resource utilization in cervical cancer management: a real-world retrospective cost analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We set out to assess the health care resource utilization and cost of cervical cancer from the perspective of a single-payer health care system. METHODS: Retrospective observational data for women diagnosed with cervical cancer in British Columbia between 2004 and 2009 were analyzed to calculate patient-level resource utilization patterns from diagnosis to death or 5-year discharge. Domains of resource use within the scope of this cost analysis were chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and brachytherapy administered by the BC Cancer Agency; resource utilization related to hospitalization and outpatient visits as recorded by the B.C. Ministry of Health; medically required services billed under the B.C. Medical Services Plan; and prescriptions dispensed under British Columbia's health insurance programs. Unit costs were applied to radiotherapy and brachytherapy, producing per-patient costs. RESULTS: The mean cost per case of treating cervical cancer in British Columbia was $19,153 (standard error: $3,484). Inpatient hospitalizations, at 35%, represented the largest proportion of the total cost (95% confidence interval: 32.9% to 36.9%). Costs were compared for subgroups of the total cohort. CONCLUSIONS: As health care systems change the way they manage, screen for, and prevent cervical cancer, cost-effectiveness evaluations of the overall approach will require up-to-date data for resource utilization and costs. We provide information suitable for such a purpose and also identify factors that influence costs.

Successes and gaps in uptake of regular, voluntary HIV testing for hidden street- and off-street sex workers in Vancouver, Canada.

Despite evidence globally of the heavy HIV burden among sex workers (SWs) as well as other poor health outcomes, including violence, SWs are often excluded from accessing voluntary, confidential and non-coercive health services, including HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. This study therefore assessed the prevalence and association with regular HIV testing among street- and off-street SWs in Vancouver, Canada. Cross-sectional baseline data were used from a longitudinal cohort known as "An Evaluation of Sex Worker's Health Access" (AESHA; January 2010-July 2012). This cohort included youth and adult SWs (aged 14+ years). We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the relationship between explanatory variables and having a recent HIV test (in the last year). Of the 435 seronegative SWs included, 67.1% reported having a recent HIV test. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, having a recent HIV test remained significantly independently associated with elevated odds of inconsistent condom use with clients [adjusted (multivariable) odds ratios, AOR: 2.59, 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]: 1.17-5.78], injecting drugs (AOR: 2.33, 95% CIs: 1.17-4.18) and contact with a mobile HIV prevention programme (AOR: 1.76, 95% CIs: 1.09-2.84) within the last six months. Reduced odds of having a recent HIV test was also significantly associated with being a migrant/new immigrant to Canada (AOR: 0.33, 95% CIs: 0.19-0.56) and having a language barrier to health care access (AOR: 0.26, 95% CIs: 0.09-0.73). Our results highlight successes of reaching SWs at high risk of HIV through drug and sexual pathways. To maximize the effectiveness of including HIV testing as part of comprehensive HIV prevention and care to SWs, increased mobile outreach and safer-environment interventions that facilitate access to voluntary, confidential and non-coercive HIV testing remain a critical priority, in addition to culturally safe services with language support.

Reactogenicity, pregnancy outcomes, and SARS-CoV-2 infection following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy in Canada: A national prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe self-reported reactogenicity, pregnancy outcomes, and SARS-CoV-2 infection following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. DESIGN: National, prospective cohort study. SETTING: Participants across Canada were enrolled from July 2021 until June 2022. POPULATION: Individuals pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic, regardless of vaccination status, were included. METHODS: The Canadian COVID-19 Vaccine Registry for Pregnant and Lactating Individuals (COVERED) was advertised through traditional and social media. Surveys were administered at baseline, following each vaccine dose if vaccinated, pregnancy conclusion, and every two months for 14 months. Changes to pregnancy or vaccination status, SARS-CoV-2 infections, or significant health events were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reactogenicity (local and systemic adverse events, and serious adverse events) within 1 week post-vaccination, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: Among 2868 participants who received 1-2 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy, adverse events described included: headache (19.5-33.9%), nausea (4.8-13.8%), fever (2.7-10.2%), and myalgia (33.4-42.2%). Reactogenicity was highest after the 2nd dose of vaccine in pregnancy. Compared to 1660 unvaccinated participants, there were no statistically significant differences in adverse pregnancy or infant outcomes, aside from an increased risk of NICU admission ≥ 24 h among the unvaccinated group. During follow-up, there was a higher rate of participant-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection in the unvaccinated compared to the vaccinated group (18[47.4%] vs. 786[27.3%]). CONCLUSIONS: Participant-reported reactogenicity was similar to reports from non-pregnant adults. There was no increase in adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes among vaccinated vs. unvaccinated participants and lower rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported in vaccinated participants. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: No significant increase in adverse pregnancy or infant outcomes among vaccinated versus unvaccinated pregnant women in Canada.

Primary cervical cancer screening with HPV testing compared with liquid-based cytology: results of round 1 of a randomised controlled trial -- the HPV FOCAL Study.

BACKGROUND: Round 1 data of human papillomavirus (HPV) FOCAL, a three-arm, randomised trial, which aims to establish the efficacy of HPV DNA testing as a primary screen for cervical cancer, are presented. METHODS: The three arms are: Control arm - liquid based cytology with atypical squamous cells of unknown significance (ASC-US) triage with hrHPV testing; Intervention Arm - hrHPV at entry with liquid-based cytology (LBC) triage of hrHPV positives, with exit screen at 4 years; Safety check arm - hrHPV at entry with LBC triage of hrHPV positives with exit screen at 2 years. RESULTS: A total of 6154 women were randomised to the control arm and 12 494 to the HPV arms (intervention and safety check). In the HPV arm, the baseline cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)2+ and CIN3+ rate was 9.2/1000 (95%CI; 7.4, 10.9) and 4.8/1000 (95%CI; 3.6, 6.1), which increased to 16.1/1000 (95%CI 13.2, 18.9) for CIN2+ and to 8.0/1000 (95%CI; 5.9, 10.0) for CIN3+ after subsequent screening of HPV-DNA-positive/cytology-negative women. Detection rate in the control arm remained unchanged after subsequent screening of ASC-US-positive/hrHPV DNA-negative women at 11.0/1000 for CIN2+ and 5.0/1000 for CIN3+. CONCLUSION: After subsequent screening of women who were either hrHPV positive/cytology negative or ASC-US positive/HPV negative, women randomised to the HPV arms had increased CIN2+ detection compared with women randomised to the cytology arm.

High prevalence of unintended pregnancies in HIV-positive women of reproductive age in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: There is speculation, but there are few data, on the high rates of unintended pregnancies in HIV-positive women. We investigated rates and correlates of unintended pregnancies among HIV-positive women of reproductive age. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with recruitment stratified to match the geographical distribution of HIV-positive women of reproductive age (18-52 years) living in Ontario, Canada. Women, recruited from 38 sites between October 2007 and April 2009, were invited to complete a 189-item self-administered survey. This analysis focused on questions relating to pregnancy and whether the last pregnancy was intended. Logistic regression models were fitted to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of correlates of unintended pregnancies occurring after HIV diagnosis. Happiness with unintended pregnancies was also assessed. RESULTS: The median age at the time of the survey of the 416 participating HIV-positive women who were previously pregnant (53% before and 47% after HIV diagnosis) was 38 years [interquartile range (IQR) 33-44 years] and their last pregnancy was a median of 8 years (IQR 3-14 years) prior to the survey (n=283). Fifty-nine per cent were born outside Canada and 47% were of African ethnicity. Of the 416, 56% [95% confidence interval (CI) 51-61%] identified that their last pregnancy was unintended (57% before and 54% after HIV diagnosis). In the multivariable model, significant correlates of unintended pregnancy after HIV diagnosis were: marital status (P=0.01) and never having given birth (P=0.01). Women were less happy if their pregnancy was unintended (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was high in this cohort. Pregnancy planning programmes are needed for this population to decrease fetal and maternal complications and reduce vertical and horizontal transmission.

Prevalence and correlates of having sexual and reproductive health priorities met by HIV providers among women living with HIV in a Canadian setting.

OBJECTIVE: To: (1) describe the prevalence of key reproductive health outcomes (e.g., pregnancy, unintended pregnancy; abortion); and (2) examine social-structural correlates, including HIV stigma, of having key sexual and reproductive health (SRH) priorities met by participants' primary HIV provider, among women living with HIV. METHODS: Data were drawn from a longitudinal community-based open cohort (SHAWNA) of women living with HIV. The associations between social-structural factors and two outcomes representing having SRH priorities met by HIV providers ('being comfortable discussing sexual health [SH] and/or getting a Papanicolaou test' and 'being comfortable discussing reproductive health [RH] and/or pregnancy needs') were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations for repeated measures over time. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs] are reported. RESULTS: Of 314 participants, 77.1% reported having SH priorities met while 64.7% reported having RH priorities met by their primary HIV provider at baseline. In multivariable analysis, having SH priorities met was inversely associated with: sexual minority identity (AOR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.94), gender minority identity (AOR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29-0.95) and recent verbal or physical violence related to HIV status (AOR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31-0.97) and positively associated with recently accessing women-centred services (Oak Tree Clinic) (AOR: 4.25, 95% CI: 2.20-8.23). Having RH priorities met was inversely associated with: sexual minority identity (AOR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.40-0.79), gender minority identity (AOR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.25-0.81) and being born in Canada (AOR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.15-0.56) and positively associated with recently accessing women-centred services (AOR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.29-2.53) and a history of pregnancy (AOR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.47-3.44). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that there remain unmet priorities for safe SRH care and practice among women living with HIV, and in particular, for women living with HIV with sexual and/or gender minority identity and those who experience enacted HIV stigma. HIV providers should create safe, non-judgmental environments to facilitate discussions on SRH. These environments should be affirming of all sexual orientations and gender identities, culturally safe, culturally humble and use trauma-informed approaches.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among a community-recruited sample of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in the three largest cities in Canada from 2017 to 2019.

INTRODUCTION: In 2015/2016, Canada's largest provinces implemented publicly-funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) ≤ 26 years old. We sought to describe HPV vaccine uptake among GBM and determine barriers and facilitators to vaccine initiation with a focus on healthcare access and utilization. METHODS: Engage is a cohort study among GBM aged 16 + years in three Canadian cities recruited from 2017 to 2019 via respondent driven sampling (RDS). Men completed a comprehensive questionnaire at baseline. By publicly-funded vaccine eligibility (≤26 years old = eligible for vaccination, ≥27 years old = ineligible), we described HPV vaccine uptake (initiation = 1 + dose, completion = 3 doses) and explored factors associated with vaccine initiation using Poisson regression. All analyses were weighted with the RDS-II Volz-Heckathorn estimator. RESULTS: Across the three cities, 26-35% and 14-21% of men ≤ 26 years and 7-26% and 2-9% of men ≥ 27 years initiated and completed HPV vaccination, respectively. Vaccine initiation was significantly associated with STI/HIV testing or visiting a HIV care specialist in the past six months (≤26: prevalence ratio[PR] = 2.15, 95% confidence interval[CI] 1.06-4.36; ≥27: PR = 2.73, 95%CI 1.14-6.51) and past hepatitis A or B vaccination (≤26: PR = 2.88, 95%CI 1.64-5.05; ≥27: PR = 2.03, 95%CI 1.07-3.86). Among men ≥ 27 years old, vaccine initiation was also positively associated with accessing PrEP, living in Vancouver or Toronto, but negatively associated with identifying as Latin American and increasing age. Vaccine initiation was twice as likely among men ≥ 27 years with private insurance versus no insurance. CONCLUSIONS: Sixty-five to 74% of men eligible for publicly-funded vaccine across the three cities remained unvaccinated against HPV by 2019. High vaccine cost may partly explain even lower uptake among men ≥ 27 years old. Men seeking sexual health care were more likely to initiate vaccination; bundling vaccination with these services may help improve HPV vaccine uptake.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination across a cascade of knowledge, willingness, and uptake among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Canada's three largest cities.

BACKGROUND: Some Canadian jurisdictions offer publicly funded HPV vaccine to gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) aged ≤26 years. We characterized factors associated with being in different stages of HPV vaccination. METHODS: Engage is a sexual health study of GBM in the three largest Canadian cities recruited via respondent driven sampling (RDS). We categorized participants as: (1) unaware of HPV vaccine, (2) undecided/unwilling to get vaccinated, (3) willing to get vaccinated, (4) vaccinated with one or more doses. Our RDS-II weighted analyses used multinomial logistic regression to identify factors associated with being in earlier stages of the cascade compared to Stage 4. RESULTS: Across the cities, 26-40%, 7-14%, 33-39%, and 13-28% were in Stages 1 to 4, respectively. Compared to Stage 4, being in earlier stages of the cascade was associated with bisexual-identification (Stage 1: adjusted odds ratio[aOR] = 2.84, 95% confidence interval[CI] = 1.06-7.62; Stage 2: aOR = 3.09, 95%CI = 1.19-8.05), having immigrated to Canada (Stage 1: aOR = 1.79, 95%CI 1.07-2.99), preference to keep same-sex romantic relationships private (Stage 1: aOR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.05-1.48; Stage 2: aOR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.05-1.46), not receiving sexual health information (Stage 1: aOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.13-0.71; Stage 2: aOR = 0.27, 95%CI = 0.12-0.64), not accessing a health-care provider (Stage 2: aOR = 0.36, 95%CI = 0.15-0.83), and no past hepatitis A/B vaccination (Stage 1: aOR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09-0.30; Stage 2: aOR = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.09-0.35; Stage 3: aOR = 0.38, 95%CI = 0.21-0.61). DISCUSSION: Interventions are needed to reduce social and financial barriers, increase sexual health knowledge, and improve GBM-competent health-care access to increase vaccine uptake among GBM.

Hematologic improvement in dogs with parvovirus infection treated with recombinant canine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor.

Previously, dogs with canine parvovirus-induced neutropenia have not responded to treatment with recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF). However, recombinant canine G-CSF (rcG-CSF) has not been previously evaluated for treatment of parvovirus-induced neutropenia in dogs. We assessed the effectiveness of rcG-CSF in dogs with parvovirus-induced neutropenia with a prospective, open-label, nonrandomized clinical trial. Endpoints of our study were time to recovery of WBC and neutrophil counts, and duration of hospitalization. 28 dogs with parvovirus and neutropenia were treated with rcG-CSF and outcomes were compared to those of 34 dogs with parvovirus and neutropenia not treated with rcG-CSF. We found that mean WBC and neutrophil counts were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the 28 dogs treated with rcG-CSF compared to disease-matched dogs not treated with rcG-CSF. In addition, the mean duration of hospitalization was reduced (P = 0.01) in rcG-CSF treated dogs compared to untreated dogs. However, survival times were decreased in dogs treated with rcG-CSF compared to untreated dogs. These results suggest that treatment with rcG-CSF was effective in stimulating neutrophil recovery and shortening the duration of hospitalization in dogs with parvovirus infection, but indicate the need for additional studies to evaluate overall safety of the treatment.

Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer risk perception and vaccine acceptability among adolescent girls and young women in Durban, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between HIV and cervical cancer is well established. Interventions that focus on creating human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and cervical cancer prevention messaging for adolescents, caregivers and educators will increase uptake of HPV vaccinations, HPV testing and cervical cancer screening for high-risk adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). In order to effectively develop appropriate interventions, it is important to examine AGYW's perceptions regarding their personal risk of acquiring HPV, as well as vaccine acceptability. OBJECTIVES: To measure the level of perceived personal risk of acquiring HPV and developing cervical cancer; examine the sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with perceived risk; and assess HPV vaccine acceptability. METHODS: AGYW aged 16 - 24 years participating in the AYAZAZI study in Durban, South Africa (SA), were invited to participate in the AYA-HPV Prevention Project (AHPP), and were administered a questionnaire that assessed HPV, cervical cancer and vaccine awareness and knowledge, self-perceived HPV and cervical cancer risk, HPV vaccine uptake and acceptability, and participation in cervical cancer screening. The questionnaire measured self-perceived risk of acquiring HPV and developing cervical cancer for the respondent and other young women, as well as vaccine acceptability. Data from the main AYAZAZI study (12-month) visit were linked to AHPP substudy data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse sociodemographic variables at the 12-month time point. Self-perceived HIV, HPV and cervical cancer risk was measured using an ordinal scale. Chi-square analyses were used to examine differences in sociodemographic and behavioural factors according to self-perceived risk of HPV and cervical cancer. RESULTS: Only a small portion of participants (14.3%) had heard of HPV. Overall, 43.0% (n=49) perceived themselves as at low HPV risk. There were significant differences in self-perceived risk of cervical cancer by age group, income and pregnancy status. The highest proportion of AGYW who perceived themselves as at high risk of cervical cancer reported being sexually active (p=0.002). Although many participants reported not knowing about HPV prior to the study, after learning about it during the study, most said that they would be willing to receive the vaccine (97.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Most young women in SA do not have access to the national HPV vaccine programme, as only girls in grade 4 in some public schools qualify. Almost all participants indicated that if the vaccine was free and recommended by a healthcare professional, they would accept it. Availability of the HPV vaccine and timely treatment of HPV infections are key issues to address in efforts to decrease cervical cancer worldwide.

Epidemiology and costs associated with genital warts in Canada.

BACKGROUND: Genital warts (condyloma acuminatum) remain one of the most commonly reported sexually transmitted infections (STI) worldwide. Most genital warts are caused by non-oncogenic human papilloma virus. Recurrence is common and many patients receive several rounds of treatment. There are limited data in the literature on the burden of illness and costs associated with genital warts at a population level. METHODS: Episodes of anogenital warts (AGW) were identified from the physician billing database, hospitalisation records and STI clinics from 1998 to 2006. To be included from the physician billing and STI databases, the person had to have a claim that had a diagnosis of condyloma acuminatum (078.11), viral warts (078.1), viral warts unspecified (078.10) or other unspecified warts (078.19), as well as one of the relevant fee codes associated with the treatment of AGW. To be included from the hospital database, the person could be of any age and have a diagnosis of AGW (A63.0), condyloma acuminatum (078.11), viral warts (078.1 or B07), viral warts unspecified (078.10) or other unspecified warts (078.19) in any of the diagnosis fields, as well as one of the relevant procedure codes associated with the treatment of AGW. RESULTS: A total of 39,493 people was diagnosed with AGW and during this period they had a total of 43,586 episodes. The average cost per episode of AGW was $C190 ($C176 for men; $C207 for women). The majority of treatment was with ablative therapy alone (98%). CONCLUSIONS: AGW are associated with a significant burden of illness and costs to the healthcare system.

Self-collection of genital human papillomavirus specimens in heterosexual men.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the accuracy of self-collected human papillomavirus (HPV) specimens in men compared with clinician-collected specimens from men in British Columbia and determined the prevalence of HPV subtypes at different male genital sites. METHODS: Heterosexual men were recruited at the Provincial Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Clinic in Vancouver, Canada. Participants were randomly assigned to conduct self-collection or clinician-collected specimens first. Clinicians obtained specimens using emery paper followed by saline-moistened Dacron swab from three genitourinary sites: glans penis/foreskin, penile shaft (ventral and dorsal surfaces) and scrotum. Participants received written instructions and took specimens from one of the three sites using the same technique as clinicians. HPV testing was performed with the Roche Amplicor HPV test and samples found to be reactive were tested with the Roche Linear Array HPV typing assay to establish the HPV genotype(s) in the sample. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of any HPV genotype from any site was 69.8% in clinician-collected specimens and 55.3% in self-collected specimens. Order of collection (clinician vs self-collected) did not impact on the prevalence of HPV in the specimens. The kappa scores for agreement between clinician-collected and self-collected specimens ranged from fair to excellent. Overall, there was better agreement between self-collected and clinician-collected specimens for HPV-18 (range: kappa = 0.88 to 0.92) than for HPV-16 (range: kappa = 036 to 0.62). CONCLUSION: HPV is a prevalent genital tract infection in men. Site-specific agreement for specific HPV genotypes between clinician-collected and self-collected specimens varied broadly and neither clinicians nor patients routinely obtained samples with consistently higher or lower prevalence at specific genital sites, indicating there are continued opportunities to improve techniques for clinician-collected and self-collected male specimens for HPV.

Intention of parents to have male children vaccinated with the human papillomavirus vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Although already approved for use in males in some jurisdictions, there is little information about parental attitudes toward having their sons receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. The goal of this study was to ascertain parental intentions to vaccinate their sons with an HPV vaccine and to determine factors that predict this intention. METHODS: Parents of children aged 8-18 years were recruited from across Canada through random digit dialling. Participants were asked to respond to a series of questions in the context of a Grade 6 (age 11/12 years old), publicly funded school-based HPV vaccine programme, including their intention to vaccinate their sons with the HPV vaccine. Parents were also asked about a series of characteristics thought to predict intention to vaccinate as well as demographic characteristics. Backwards logistic regression was conducted to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) to identify the factors that are predictive of parents' intention to vaccinate their son(s) against HPV. RESULTS: Of the 1381 respondents with male children, 67.8% (95% CI 65.3 to 70.3) intend to vaccinate their son(s) against HPV. Parents who had positive attitudes toward vaccines and the HPV vaccine in particular (AOR 41.5, 95% CI 9.5 to 181.7), parents who were influenced by subjective norms (AOR 7.8, 95% CI 5.8 to 10.5), parents who felt that the vaccine had limited influence on sexual behaviour (AOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.3) and parents who were aware of HPV (AOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0) were significantly more likely to report an intention to vaccinate boys against HPV. In contrast, residence in British Columbia compared to Atlantic Canada (AOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.8) and higher education (AOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.9) were negatively associated with intention to vaccinate. Parents who reported an intention to vaccinate their daughters were also highly likely to report an intention to vaccinate their sons (kappa = 0.9, p<0.001). DISCUSSION: The majority of Canadian parents would intend to have their male children receive the HPV vaccine in the context of a publicly funded school-based immunisation programme. Overall attitudes toward vaccine, recommendations from health professionals and impact of the vaccine on sexual practices are important predictors of intention to have a male child receive the HPV vaccine.

Masitinib is safe and effective for the treatment of canine mast cell tumors.

BACKGROUND: Activation of the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase is associated with the development of canine mast cell tumors (MCT). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of masitinib, a potent and selective inhibitor of KIT, in the treatment of canine MCT. ANIMALS: Two hundred and two client-owned dogs with nonmetastatic recurrent or nonresectable grade II or III MCT. METHODS: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. Dogs were administered masitinib (12.5 mg/kg/d PO) or a placebo. Time-to-tumor progression (TTP), overall survival, objective response at 6 months, and toxicity were assessed. RESULTS: Masitinib increased overall TTP compared with placebo from 75 to 118 days (P = .038). This effect was more pronounced when masitinib was used as first-line therapy, with an increase in the median TTP from 75 to 253 days (P = .001) and regardless of whether the tumors expressed mutant (83 versus not reached [P = .009]) or wild-type KIT (66 versus 253 [P = .008]). Masitinib was generally well tolerated, with mild (grade I) or moderate (grade II) diarrhea or vomiting as the most common adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Masitinib is safe and effective at delaying tumor progression in dogs presenting with recurrent or nonresectable grade II or III nonmetastatic MCT.

Prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfadiazine during chemotherapy in dogs with lymphoma and osteosarcoma: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: The administration of chemotherapy is associated with risk for morbidity. Management of chemotherapy-related morbidity in veterinary oncology has been primarily supportive. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of prophylactic antimicrobial use on chemotherapy-associated morbidity in dogs with lymphoma or osteosarcoma. ANIMALS: Dogs presenting with histologically confirmed osteosarcoma or lymphoma were eligible. METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive placebo or trimethoprim-sulfadiazine for 14 days after their first doxorubicin chemotherapy. Both owner and clinician were blinded with respect to treatment. Patient assessment included CBC, physical examination and performance, and toxicosis grading on days 7 and 14. Investigated outcomes were hospitalization, suspicion of infection, gastrointestinal toxicity, neutropenia, nonhematologic toxicity, and quality of life. RESULTS: Seventy-three dogs were enrolled; 34 had osteosarcoma, and 39 had lymphoma. Dogs receiving trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (n = 36) had a significantly reduced hospitalization rate (P = .03), nonhematologic toxicity (P = 0.039), grade 2-4 nonhematologic toxicity (P < .0001), grade 2-4 gastrointestinal toxicity (P = .007). and altered performance (P = .015). By group, dogs with osteosarcoma (n = 34) that received the antimicrobial experienced fewer occurrences of nonhematologic toxicity (P = .02) and less severe nonhematologic toxicity (P = .038). Dogs with lymphoma (n = 39) had significant reductions in the occurrence of hospitalization (P = .035), severity of nonhematologic toxicity (P = .036), and alterations of performance (P = .015). CONCLUSIONS: The use of prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfadiazine has benefit in reducing morbidity in dogs with osteosarcoma or lymphoma during the first 14 days after treatment with doxorubicin.

Resistance to Ehrlich ascites tumor in a strain of dystrophic mice.

Ehrlich ascites tumor grows in almost any mouse host. We have found a strain of dystrophic mice to be strongly resistant to Ehrlich ascites tumor. Mice of the dystrophic strain survived injection of Ehrlich Ascites tumor cells that had just been passaged through either dystrophic mice or C57BL X DBA/2 F1, (hereafter known as BD2F1) mice. However, most of the dystrophic mice died when they were given injections of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells that had just been passaged through Swiss white mice. All Swiss white and BD2F1 mice died when they were inoculated with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, regardless of the type of mouse through which the Ehrlich ascites tumor cells had just been passaged. In some dystrophic mice, the tumor grew to a palpabale size and then disappeared. This provided the opportunity to passage the tumor from one dystrophic mouse to another and thereby to demonstrate resistance in the dystrophic mice to tumor that had grown previously in dystrophic mice. There was no detectable difference in the rate of tumor growth in either Swiss white or BD2F1 mice.

Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on hematopoiesis in normal cats.

The objective of this study was to determine how recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) affects hematopoiesis in normal cats. Recombinant human G-CSF was given at 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0 micrograms/kg to two cats each s.c. twice daily for 21 days. This resulted in significant (p less than 0.01) elevations of peripheral blood neutrophils from 3.0- to 9.2-fold above pretreatment levels and significantly (p less than 0.02) above levels of nontreated control cats (n = 4). A statistically significant dose-related response was not seen at these dosages in any parameter evaluated. The period of maximum neutrophilia occurred between days 10 and 14 of rhG-CSF treatment, with maximum neutrophil counts ranging from 20,370 cells/microliters to 61,400 cells/microliters (normal is less than 12,500). Lymphocytosis (greater than 7000 lymphocytes/microliters) and monocytosis (greater than 850 monocytes/microliters) were observed in 50% of the cats receiving rhG-CSF during the period of maximal neutrophil stimulation. Monocyte counts in treated cats were significantly (p less than 0.01) elevated over those of treatment controls on days 12-17. Lymphocyte numbers in rhG-CSF-treated cats were significantly elevated (p less than 0.05) over pretreatment controls on days 12 and 14 of rhG-CSF treatment. No significant changes were observed in reticulocyte counts, platelet counts, or hematocrit levels. By day 19, neutrophil levels had dropped significantly (p less than 0.01) from the maximum neutrophil levels, with one cat attaining a normal blood neutrophil count by day 21 of rhG-CSF treatment. Marrow aspirates revealed an overall increase in marrow cellularity through day 14 of treatment in rhG-CSF-treated cats, with increased myeloid:erythroid ratios (two- to ninefold) over those of nontreated controls. The erythroid and lymphoid component of the marrow decreased from day 0 to day 14, whereas the early myeloid progenitors (myeloblasts, progranulocytes, and myelocytes) increased significantly (p less than 0.05). No significant differences in the percentage of later myeloid forms in the marrow were observed over the treatment period. In vitro colony-forming assays of marrow obtained from treated cats revealed increases in granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) through day 14, with subsequent decreases by day 21 of rhG-CSF treatment. Recombinant human G-CSF was also effective at in vitro stimulation of feline marrow cells from untreated cats in a dilution study, with maximal CFU-GM formation at 0.1 microgram rhG-CSF/ml assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)