Protective and curative effects of foliar-spray Fenton solutions against cucumber (Cucumis sativus, L.) powdery mildew.

Various Fenton solutions have been developed for advanced oxidation processes in wastewater treatment. In this study, conventional Fenton solutions such as hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) + Fe(2+) (Mix 1) or HOOH + Fe(3+) (Mix 2), and a new type of solution, HOOH + Fe(3+) + oxalic acid (Mix 3), were used as foliar sprays against powdery mildew on cucumber caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Three Fenton solutions, plus a fungicide, fenarimol, were used to cure and/or protect the plant from powdery mildew under greenhouse conditions. Determination of the ·OH photoformation rate of these Fenton solutions revealed that Mix 3 had a photoformation rate 3.6 - 4.3 times higher than those of Mix 1 and 2. Application of fenarimol and Mix 3 to each plant once a week for three weeks resulted in high curative effects for already-diseased plants. Double spraying with fenarimol and the Mix 3 solutions 1-7 days before S. fuliginea inoculation resulted in the protective effects continuing for up to 20 days after spraying. When the disease reemerged at 20 days post inoculation, one reapplication of the spray suppressed the disease for another 7 days. Overall, fenarimol and Mix 3 were most effective for both the protection and suppression of the disease. These results implied that Mix 3 had fungicidal effects similar to fenarimol; therefore, the use of a Fenton solution such as Mix 3 may offer new possibilities for disease control.

Simultaneous ozone fumigation and fluoranthene sprayed as mists negatively affected cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill).

Ozone (O(3)) fumigated at 120 microg L(-1) for 12 hd(-1) was combined with 10 microM fluoranthene, and other treatments, including Mannitol solution to investigate the interaction of the two pollutants on tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Using ten treatments including Mannitol solution and a control, exposure experiment was conducted for 34 d inside six growth chambers used for monitoring the resulted ecophysiological changes. Visible foliar injury, chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf pigment contents, CO(2) uptake and water vapor exchange were monitored in tomato. Ozone or fluoranthene independently affected some ecophysiological traits of the tomato. In addition, simultaneous treatments with the duo had increased (additive) negative effects on the photosynthesis rate (A(max)), stomatal conductance (g(s)), chlorophyll pigment contents (Chl a, Chl b and Chl((a+b))) and visible foliar symptoms. Contrarily, alleviation of the negative effects of O(3) on the leaf chlorophyll a fluorescence variables by fluoranthene occurred. Mannitol solution, which functioned as a reactive oxygen species scavenger was able to mitigate some negative effects of the two pollutants on the tomato plants.

Dataset on part replacement of dipalmitoylphophatidylcholine with locust bean on stimulated tracheobronchial fluid, in vitro bioaccessibility test and modeling of lung deposition of trace elements bound to airborne particulates.

The data presented in this article are related to our work on development of tracheobronchial fluid, in vitro bioaccessibility test and modeling of lung deposition of trace elements bound to airborne particulates [1]. In this article, a neutral modeled tracheobronchial fluid was formulated by partial replacement of some constituents in recipes of previously used lung epithelium fluids with local materials and was used in in vitro bioaccessibility extraction of elements-bound to airborne particulates. Dataset of particulate matters-bound trace elements collected in selected locations Ado - Ekiti is presented and the deposition of elements in different regions of respiratory tracts is estimated using Multiple-path particle deposition (MPPD) mathematic model. The data reveals that the formulated fluid has physical characteristics with superior properties to the existing fluids. The data also shows that bioaccessibility of elements were generally low (<30%) except for Cd and As with relatively moderate values (between 45 and 50%). Additionally, the lung deposition modeling shows that greater percentage of Cd (about 40% of inhaled dose) deposition in the lower alveolar part of the respiratory tract while tracheobronchial and extra-thoracic had 33% and 27% respectively. The data sets can be used as references to analyze data obtained using other formulation.

Interactive effects of simultaneous ozone and fluoranthene fumigation on the eco-physiological status of the evergreen conifer, Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et. Zucc.).

Forest decline has long been attributed to air pollution and acid rain/fog, with ozone having a record for damaging trees. This study investigated eco-physiological changes on Japanese red pine caused by simultaneous fumigation of O(3) (O) and fluoranthene (F) over a 90 day period. Seedlings were exposed individually or in combinations to 10 muM fluoranthene and O(3) (3 ppm and 6 ppm in 60 days and 90 days, respectively) inside growth chambers. Eco-physiological parameters monitored included gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, needle chlorophyll content, and visual appearance. After 90 days, O + F treatment showed deleterious effects on visual needle appearance and the net photosynthesis rate near saturated irradiance. In addition, decreased levels in stomatal conductance, photochemical efficiency of PS II in the dark, and total chlorophyll and Chl a: Chl b were observed. F only treatment showed similar results but in lesser magnitude compared with F + O treatment. O treatment alone showed no significant negative effect, probably due to its low concentration in the 60 day treatment. The addition of mannitol (OH radical scavenger) mitigated O + F and F negative effects. Fluoranthene deposited on Japanese red pine presents great eco-physiological damage risk, even at low O(3) concentration. Furthermore, the effects of O(3) assisted phyto-toxicity of fluoranthene on red pine may have relevance to other plant species.

Development of tracheobronchial fluid for in vitro bioaccessibility assessment of particulates-bound trace elements.

This study was piloted to evaluate bioaccessibility of particulate-bound trace elements using synthetic epithelia lung fluid; in which dipalmitoylphophatidylcholine was substituted with locus bean gum (LBSFL). The resulting data reveal that no significant change in physicochemical characteristics of the stimulated lung fluid compare with similar synthetic fluids; pH value of 7.3, density (0.998gcm-3), conductivity (13.9 mS m-1), surface viscosity (1.136 × 10-12 pas) and surface tension (50.6 mN m-1). To prove the potential applicability of the fluid in in vitro bioaccessibility test, we compared bioaccessibility of particulates-bound trace elements using this fluid with those of stimulated epithelial lung fluid. Bioaccessibility were relatively low values (<30%) in locus bean substituted lung fluid and stimulated epithelial lung fluid. Specifically, As and Cd had significantly higher bioaccessibility values in locus bean substituted lung fluid than stimulated epithelial lung fluid. The data demonstrate that fluid formulated and used in this study can provide a suitable means of evaluate bioaccessibility of trace elements-bound to airborne particulates. •The fluid was used for assessing bioaccessibility of particulate matters-bound trace elements•The formulated fluid can be applied to study in toxicity assessment•The data can be used for inter-laboratory comparison of bioaccessibility of particulate -bound trace element and could stimulate environmental concerns on the impacts of airborne particulates.

Phytotoxicities of fluoranthene and phenanthrene deposited on needle surfaces of the evergreen conifer, Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.).

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been widely studied with respect to their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on animals and human cells. Phenanthrene (PHE) and fluoranthene (FLU) effects on the needle photosynthetic traits of 2-year-old Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et. Zucc.) seedlings were investigated. Three months after fumigation of foliage with solutions containing these PAHs (10 microM each), FLU had negative effects on net photosynthesis at near-saturating irradiance, stomatal conductance, initial chlorophyll fluorescence, and the contents of total chlorophyll, magnesium, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) of current-year needles. PHE had similar negative effects to FLU but in lesser magnitude. The effects of the PAHs were mitigated by the addition of an OH-radical scavenger (mannitol) into the PAH solutions. PAHs deposited on the surface of pine needles may induce the generation of reactive oxygen species in the photosynthetic apparatus, a manner closely resembling the action of the herbicide paraquat.

Fluoranthene fumigation and exogenous scavenging of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in evergreen Japanese red pine seedlings (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et. Zucc.).

Generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) such as O(2)(-), H(2)O(2), and *OH is known to be a major mechanism of damage in biological systems. This study investigated and compared effectiveness of scavenging ROI generated in fluoranthene (FLU) pre-fumigated Japanese red pine seedlings. Three kinds of eco-physiological assessments were used to express the impact of the different fumigants used inside the green house. Gas exchange measurements showed negative changes induced by 10 microM FLU on Japanese pine seedlings during a 10 d exposure period whilst no negative change was found during a 5 d exposure period. Moreover, during a 14 d FLU exposure incorporating ROI scavengers, results revealed that chlorophyll fluorescence, needle chemical contents and needle dry mass per unit area of the seedlings were affected. The negative effects of FLU on the conifer were dependent on both the dose and period of FLU fumigation. Peroxidase (PERO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and mannitol (MANN) were all effective scavengers of ROI. MANN scavenged *OH, the most lethal of the ROI. For practicable use, MANN is more economical, and may be the best ROI scavenger among the three considered. It can be concluded that efficient scavenging of ROI in biological systems is important to mitigate the negative effects of FLU on Japanese red pine trees.

Data set on concentrations, bioavailability, dose and lung deposition of labile metals bound to inhalable and respirable fractions of ambient particulate matters in Akure suburbs.

This article consists of data sets of concentrations, dose and deposition of some labile metals bound to inhale ambient particulate matter collected at human breathing height of 1.5-2 m in Akure, South Western Nigeria. Ten (10) data points, of different air quality, were selected for study using active sampling method; during the dry season months of November, 2016 to March, 2017. At each data point, the dust particles were collected four times, sorted into inhalable and respirable fractions. The metal concentrations in each fraction were determined using Perkin-Elmer 6000 Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis. The data set were processed and analyzed via descriptive statistics (averages and standard deviations), and numerical analyses. The data were explored further to estimate the exposure dose of metal particles and deposition in various regions of lung (alveolar, trachea-bronchial and extra thoracic) in adults (male and female) dwelling in the area. The data revealed that the highest dose and deposition of metals (Pb, Cd and Cr) occur in the alveolar region of the lung of adults.

Mannitol can mitigate negative effects of simulated acid mist and fluoranthene in juvenile Japanese red pine (P. densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.).

The negative health effects of simulated acid mists and fluoranthene on juvenile Japanese red pine were investigated, and the methods of protection from these pollutants were examined. The needle gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, chemical contents and visual damage to needles caused by acid mist applied alone or its conjunction with fluoranthene were investigated over 60 d and 20 d, respectively. Acid mist at pH 2 and 3 caused physiological and visual damage, which was enhanced by the addition of fluoranthene to the mist. However, fluoranthene and acid mist at pH 4 and 5 showed only minor effects. These findings indicate that acid mist may be more harmful to pine trees if it occurs in conjunction with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, suppression of the singular and additive effects of these compounds was achieved using mannitol, which may be widely applicable to suppression of reactive oxygen species-mediated plant damage.

The use of Sunpatiens (Impatiens spp.) as a bioindicator of some simulated air pollutants--using an ornamental plant as bioindicator.

Sunpatiens were exposed separately or combined to ozone gas (130 ppb), fluoranthene (10 microM) and sulphuric acid mists (pH 3) sprayed as simulated pollutants in chamber conditions for 21 d. The treatments negatively affected the gas (CO(2) and moisture) exchange, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, and the leaf-quality expressed in chlorophyll value (SPAD). Fluoranthene and the acid individual negative effects on the measured eco-physiological variables were nearly the same on Sunpatiens; their effects became aggravated on combining the duo. The foliar symptom assessments of chlorosis, necrosis and stippling revealed severe damages in ozone containing treatments compared with other treatments. The presence of fluoranthene exuberate ozone negative effects on some of the plant eco-physiological status. Where mannitol (1mM) additions were contained in treatments, mitigation effects of the negative impact of pollutants resulted. These findings indicated that Sunpatiens can be used as an active bioindicator of singular and multiple pollutants in field conditions.

Negative effects of fluoranthene on the ecophysiology of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Fluoranthene mists negatively affected tomato plants.

Cherry tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) were sprayed with fluoranthene and mixture of fluoranthene and mannitol solutions for 30d. The exposure was carried out in growth chambers in field conditions, and the air was filtered through charcoal filters to remove atmospheric contaminants. Plants were sprayed with 10microM fluoranthene as mist until they reached the fruiting stage, and the eco-physiological parameters were measured to determine the effects of the treatments. We measured CO(2) uptake and water vapour exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf pigment contents, visual symptoms and biomass allocation. Fluoranthene which was deposited as mist onto leaves negatively affected both growth and the quality of tomato plants, while other treatments did not. The photosynthetic rate measured at saturated irradiance was approximately 37% lower in fluoranthene-treated plants compared with the control group. Other variables, such as stomata conductance, the photochemical efficiency of PSII in the dark, Chl a, Chl b, and the total chlorophyll contents of the tomato leaves were significantly reduced in the fluoranthene-treated plants. Tomato plants treated with fluoranthene showed severe visible injury symptoms on the foliage during the exposure period. Mannitol (a reactive oxygen scavenger) mitigated effects of fluoranthene; thus, reactive oxygen species generated through fluoranthene may be responsible for the damaged tomato plants. It is possible for fluoranthene to decrease the aesthetic and hence the economic value of this valuable crop plant.