High Plasma Presepsin Levels in Children With Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.

Presepsin is reported as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for sepsis, and its optimal cutoff value is reported to be 600 to 650 pg/mL. Three children were diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The cause of HLH was unknown in cases 1 and 2, while Epstein-Barr virus infection was the cause in case 3. The plasma presepsin levels at the diagnosis were 1020, 1080, and 3160 pg/mL in cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In case 1, the plasma level of presepsin decreased to 164 pg/mL on day 19 of her sickness, when symptoms improved. Follow-up plasma presepsin levels were missing for cases 2 and 3. No microbiological pathogens were detected in the blood cultures of any of the patients. Our cases suggest that plasma presepsin levels can be elevated in childhood HLH.

Inflammatory serum cytokines and chemokines increase associated with the disease extent in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

OBJECTIVE: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is characterized by immature dendritic cell proliferation, infiltration of LCH lesions by various inflammatory cells, and a lesional cytokine storm. It is classified into three groups on the basis of disease extent, namely, multisystem with risk-organ involvement (MS+), multisystem without risk-organ involvement (MS-), and single-system (SS) disease. We comprehensively analyzed whether serum levels of cytokines/chemokines reflect the disease extent. METHODS: Serum samples from 52 children with LCH (eight, 25, and 19 with MS+, MS-, and SS, respectively) and 34 control children were analyzed quantitatively for 48 humoral factors. DNA samples extracted from biopsied LCH lesions from 12 patients were tested for BRAF V600E status. RESULTS: The LCH patients had significantly higher serum levels of IL-1Ra, IL-3, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, TNF-α, G-CSF, M-CSF, MIF, HGF, VEGF, CCL2, CCL3, CCL7, CXCL1, and CXCL9 than the controls by univariate analysis. Of these IL-9, IL-15 and MIF were significant by multivariate analysis; but not differed between MS and SS diseases. MS disease associated with significantly higher IL-2R, IL-3, IL-8, IL-18, M-CSF, HGF, CCL2, CXCL1, and CXCL9 levels than SS disease by univariate analysis. Of these, CCL2 and M-CSF were significant by multivariate analysis. IL-18 levels were significantly higher in MS+ disease than MS- disease. The LCH patients with BRAF V600E mutation had higher serum levels of CCL7. CONCLUSION: Numerous inflammatory cytokines and chemokines play a role in LCH. Of those, more specific ones reflect the disease extent (MS vs. SS and MS+ vs. MS-) or the BRAF V600E mutation status. It is thought that the most responsible cytokines and chemokines involved in the poor outcome may become future candidate therapeutic targets in LCH.

Adoptive immunotherapy utilizing anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cells for B-cell malignancies.

Genetically modified T-cells with forced expression of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CD19 CAR) have demonstrated promising clinical results for relapsed and refractory B cell malignancies in early clinical trial settings. The first beneficial tumor regressions were identified among approximately half of CLL patients in 2011. Similarly, CD19 CAR T-cells achieved remissions in about 80% of aggressive B-cell lymphomas in 2012. Furthermore, in 2013 this cellular therapy showed an extremely high rate of efficacy against refractory CD19 positive acute lymphoid leukemia, which had been regarded as the most difficult to treat hematologic disease. Recently, despite the absence of CD19 expression by neoplastic plasma cells, patients with refractory multiple myeloma achieved stringent complete remission after this therapy coupled with high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. However, there are significant toxicities. Cytokine releasing syndrome and neurotoxicity are recognized as life-threatening adverse events. Although phase I/II clinical trials have just started in Japan, given the exciting results obtained to date, this cellular therapy is expected to be a novel breakthrough immunotherapy for treating refractory B-cell malignancies.

Successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with reduced intensity conditioning regimen for a pediatric relapsed ALK positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Pediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a chemosensitive malignancy, but about 30% of patients experience relapse. In most of these patients, a second complete remission is obtainable with salvage chemotherapy, though relapse free survival rates are as low as 30-60%. Herein, we report a 6-year-old boy with relapsed anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive ALCL successfully treated with vinblastine monotherapy followed by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), with a reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen, from his father. One HLA locus from the father was mismatched. The boy had neither severe graft-versus-host disease nor transplantation related complications. He is currently well and has remained disease free for 10 months, to date, since transplantation. Allo-HSCT with a RIC regimen may be a promising treatment strategy for relapsed ALK positive ALCL based on obtaining graft-versus lymphoma effects as well as reducing transplantation-related mortality.

Acute-phase ITIH4 levels distinguish multi-system from single-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis via plasma peptidomics.

BACKGROUND: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a proliferative disorder in which abnormal Langerhans cell (LC)-like cells (LCH cells) intermingle with inflammatory cells. Whether LCH is reactive or neoplastic remains a controversial matter. We recently described Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) as a possible causative agent of LCH and proposed interleukin-1 loop model: LCH is a reactive disorder with an underlying oncogenic potential and we now propose to test this theory by looking for acute markers of inflammation. We detected MCPyV-DNA in the peripheral blood cells of patients with high-risk organ-type (LCH-risk organ (RO) (+)) but not those with non-high-risk organ-type LCH (LCH-RO (-)); this difference was significant. LCH-RO (-) is further classified by its involvement of either a single organ system (SS-LCH) or multiple organ systems (MS-LCH). In patients with LCH-RO (-), MCPyV-DNA sequences were present in LCH tissues, and significant differences were observed between LCH tissues and control tissues associated with conditions such as dermatopathic lymphadenopathy and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. Although MCPyV causes subclinical infection in nearly all people and 22 % of healthy adults will harbor MCPyV in their buffy coats, circulating monocytes could serve as MCPyV reservoirs and cause disseminated skin lesions. METHODS: Plasma sample from 12 patients with LCH-RO (-) (5 MS-LCH and 7 SS-LCH) and 5 non-LCH patients were analyzed by peptidomics. Mass spectrometry (MS) spectra were acquired and peptides exhibiting quantitative differences between MS-LCH and SS-LCH patients were targeted. RESULTS: One new candidate biomarker, m/z 3145 was selected and identified after obtaining a MS/MS fragmentation pattern using liquid chromatography-MS/MS. This peak was identified as a proteolytic fragment derived from inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4, [PDB: Q14624]). CONCLUSIONS: Peptidomics of LCH have revealed that the level of acute-phase ITIH4 distinguishes MS-LCH-RO (-) from SS-LCH-RO (-). Acute-phase proteins serve non-specific, physiological immune functions within the innate immune system. LCH may be a reactive disorder with both underlying neoplastic potential of antigen presenting cells harboring BRAF mutations and hyper-immunity of other inflammatory cells against MCPyV infection. Among LCH-RO (-), MCPyV-DNA sequences were present in both MS-LCH tissues and SS-LCH tissues without significant differences. ITIH4 may show that LCH activity or LCH subtypes correlates with the systemic or localized reactions of MCPyV infection.

Osteopontin has a crucial role in osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cell formation.

The osteoclast (OC) is a major player in the pathogenic bone destruction of inflammatory bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Recently, it was shown that immature dendritic cells (iDC) fuse faster and more efficiently than monocytes in forming OC-like multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), and that osteopontin (OPN) is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bone diseases. In this study, we hypothesized that OPN is a key factor for generation of OC-like MGCs from iDCs. We used an in vitro culture system to differentiate iDCs, derived from monocytes obtained from the blood of healthy donors, into OC-like MGCs. We evaluated OPN levels and expression of OPN receptors during the course of differentiation. OPN has an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif, and protease cleavage reveals a SVVYGLR motif. The concentrations of both full-length and cleaved forms of OPN increased during the course of OC-like MGC formation. Expression of OPN RGD- and SVVYGLR-recognizing receptors also increased at later stages. We analyzed whether blocking OPN binding to its receptors affected OC-like MGC formation. Monocytes treated with OPN siRNA were able to differentiate into iDCs effectively; however, differentiation of these iDCs into OC-like MGCs was significantly reduced. The formation of OC-like MGCs was not significantly reduced by RGD synthetic peptide. By contrast, SVVYGLR synthetic peptide caused a significant reduction. These data suggest that the cleaved form of OPN plays a critical role in driving iDC differentiation into OC-like MGCs in the early phase of differentiation, in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion.

High serum osteopontin levels in pediatric patients with high risk Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Osteopontin (OPN) acts as an osteoclast activator, a proinflammatory cytokine, and a chemokine attracting histiocytes/monocytes and is abundantly expressed in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). We investigated whether serum OPN levels are related to disease types in LCH. Fifty-eight newly diagnosed LCH patients were studied; eight with risk organ (liver, spleen and/or hematopoietic) involvements positive multisystem (MS+) disease, 27 with risk organ involvement negative multisystem (MS-) disease and 23 with single system (SS) disease. Pediatric patients with non-inflammatory disease (n=27) were used as controls. All of patients with MS+ disease were younger than 3 years. Serum OPN levels and 44 kinds of humoral factors were measured by ELISA and Bio-Plex suspension array system, respectively. In the patients younger than 3 years, the median serum OPN level (interquartile range) was 240.3 ng/ml (137.6-456.0) in MS+ (n=8); 92.7 ng/ml (62.0-213.8) in MS- (n=14) and 72.5 ng/ml (55.6-94.0) in SS (n=9) and 74.4 ng/ml (42.2-100.0) in control (n=12). The OPN values were significantly higher in the MS+ group than the MS-, SS and control groups (p=0.044, p=0.001 and p=0.002, respectively), but not different between the MS-, SS and control groups. In the patients older than 3 years, the median level of serum OPN (IQR) was 56.2 ng/ml (22.9-77.5) in MS- (n=13), 58.9 ng/ml (31.0-78.7) in SS (n=14) and 41.9 (28.9-54.1) in control (n=15). These values did not differ significantly between each group. The serum OPN levels were positively correlated with the serum IL-6, CCL2, IL-18, IL-8 and IL-2 receptor concentration. OPN may be involved in risk organ dissemination and poor prognosis of LCH through the function as inflammatory cytokine/chemokine.

Recent advances in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of the pathogenesis and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). The pathogenesis of LCH remains obscure and the optimal treatment for LCH has not been established, although incremental progress has been made. Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are known to play a role in LCH, which suggests that LCH is an immune disorder. However, the oncogenic BRAF mutation is also detected in more than half of LCH patients, which suggests that LCH is a neoplastic disorder. Remaining major issues in the treatment of LCH are how to rescue patients who have risk-organ involvement but do not respond to first-line therapy, the optimal treatment for the orphan disease of multifocal adult LCH, and how to reduce and treat central nervous system-related consequences, such as central diabetes insipidus and neurodegeneration. More research is needed to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease and to resolve the treatment issues.

A marked decrease in CD4-positive lymphocytes at the onset of hepatitis in a patient with hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia.

A 10-year-old Japanese boy developed acute hepatitis with high levels of serum Torque teno virus DNA and marked lymphocytopenia, especially CD4 T-lymphocytopenia. Although the total lymphocyte counts rose as the patient recovered from hepatitis, this was largely because of a marked rise in CD8 cells. In contrast, CD4 cells recovered poorly, resulting in a further striking fall in the CD4/8 ratio. Two months later, the patient developed hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia. He was successfully treated with immunosuppressive therapy, which normalized the lymphocyte subset proportions. T-cell subsets analysis at the onset of hepatitis might be useful for predicting development of hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia.

Pathogenic variants in SLF2 and SMC5 cause segmented chromosomes and mosaic variegated hyperploidy.

Embryonic development is dictated by tight regulation of DNA replication, cell division and differentiation. Mutations in DNA repair and replication genes disrupt this equilibrium, giving rise to neurodevelopmental disease characterized by microcephaly, short stature and chromosomal breakage. Here, we identify biallelic variants in two components of the RAD18-SLF1/2-SMC5/6 genome stability pathway, SLF2 and SMC5, in 11 patients with microcephaly, short stature, cardiac abnormalities and anemia. Patient-derived cells exhibit a unique chromosomal instability phenotype consisting of segmented and dicentric chromosomes with mosaic variegated hyperploidy. To signify the importance of these segmented chromosomes, we have named this disorder Atelís (meaning - incomplete) Syndrome. Analysis of Atelís Syndrome cells reveals elevated levels of replication stress, partly due to a reduced ability to replicate through G-quadruplex DNA structures, and also loss of sister chromatid cohesion. Together, these data strengthen the functional link between SLF2 and the SMC5/6 complex, highlighting a distinct role for this pathway in maintaining genome stability.

Rapid blood cell recovery with immunosuppressive therapy combined with romiplostim in a patient with very severe hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia who underwent liver transplantation.

Patients with hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAA) who undergo living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) have a poor prognosis with infections and bleeding complications. Rapid recovery of blood cells is critical for preventing these complications and improving the outcome. Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) combined with thrombopoietin receptor agonists is considered effective for aplastic anemia. However, there are no data on the benefits of adding thrombopoietin receptor agonists to IST for HAA. We present the case of a child with severe HAA who underwent LDLT, and who achieved rapid blood cell recovery with IST combined with romiplostim, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist. In addition, despite having undergone LDLT, the patient had no adverse events such as serious liver dysfunction or thrombosis. This case suggests that IST combined with thrombopoietin receptor agonists may be a promising treatment option for HAA patients undergoing LDLT.

Serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in children with acute encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of acute encephalopathy (AE) remains unclear, and a biomarker has not been identified. METHODS: Levels of 49 cytokines and chemokines, including osteopontin (OPN), were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with AE (n = 17) or febrile convulsion (FC; n = 8; control group). The AE group included acute necrotizing encephalopathy (n = 1), acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD; n = 3), clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS; n = 4), and unclassified acute encephalopathy (UCAE; n = 9) that does not meet the criteria of syndrome classification. Five individuals with AE had neurological sequelae or death (poor prognosis), whereas 12 were alive without neurological sequelae (good prognosis). RESULTS: The CSF:serum ratios of OPN, CC chemokine ligand (CCL)4, and interleukin (IL)-10 were significantly higher in AE than in FC. The CSF levels of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were significantly higher in the poor-prognosis group than in the good-prognosis group. The CSF:serum ratios of OPN were significantly higher in AESD and in MERS than in FC. The CSF:serum ratios of MIF and OPN were higher in MERS than in UCAE or FC. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that microglia-related cytokines and chemokines such as OPN, MIF, and LIF could be novel biomarkers of AE, in addition to the previously reported IL-10 and CCL4, and that MIF and LIF may be markers of poor prognosis.

Analysis of the BRAF and MAP2K1 mutations in patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis in Japan.

In Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), somatic gene mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway have been identified in more than 80% of cases in Western countries, in which mutually exclusive BRAF and MAP2K1 mutations are involved. Among them, BRAF V600E mutation is the major contributor (50-60%). In 59 patients (50 children and nine adults) with LCH (not including pulmonary LCH) in Japan, we first screened for BRAF V600E in all patients followed by target sequencing for other gene mutations in 17 of BRAF V600E-negative patients. As a result, BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 27/59 (46%) patients. We also identified BRAF mutations other than V600E in five and MAP2K1 mutations in nine patients. Thus, gene mutations in BRAF or MAP2K1 were identified in 41/44 (93%) of the fully tested patients. Regarding the correlation of clinical features and genotype in pediatric patients, we found that BRAF V600E mutation status was not correlated with sex, age at diagnosis, disease extent, response to first-line therapy, relapse, or CNS-related sequelae. Interestingly, MAP2K1 exon 2 in-frame deletion was related to the risk organ involvement; however, further studies are required to clarify the impact of these gene mutations on the clinical features of patients with LCH.

Molecular genetic and cytogenetic analysis of a primary cutaneous CD8-positive aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma.

We performed cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic analyses of a primary cutaneous CD8-positive aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma, a rare type of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. G-banded analysis at initial diagnosis and recurrence revealed complex karyotype and clonal evolution reflecting genomic instability that parallels the aggressive clinical course observed. Spectral karyotyping revealed numerous structural abnormalities. SNP array-based analysis of an initial diagnostic sample revealed numerous gains and losses of chromosomal material, including loss of short arm of the chromosome 17, to which TP53 is mapped. The molecular cytogenetics and array data of this case suggest genomic instability, particularly chromosomal instability and haploinsufficiency for TP53, the latter possibly giving rise to alteration of p14ARF-Mdm2-p53 tumor suppressor protein pathway, likely to be associated with unfavorable clinical course.

Cost effectiveness of prophylactic treatment with activated prothrombin complex concentrate in a patient with inhibitor-positive hemophilia A.

Patients with hemophilia and high titers of inhibitors are hard to treat during bleeding events and consequently are more likely to incur high treatment costs and to experience deterioration in quality of life. We report here the case of a boy with hemophilia A and high titers of inhibitors who responded well to prophylactic activated prothrombin complex concentrate (APCC) treatment. Previously, he had to be hospitalized frequently because of painful bleeding of target joints of the knee and ankle. At the age of 4 years and 3 months, APCC prophylaxis at a dose of 60 U/kg, three times a week, was initiated together with on-demand therapy with recombinant factor VIIa. This reduced the frequency and severity of bleeding and ended the need for hospitalization. This, together with a decreased requirement for bypass agents, APCC treatment significantly reduced the cost of treatment for this patient.