ß-Lactam antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and target attainment in critically ill patients aged 1 day to 90 years: the ABDose study.

BACKGROUND: The pharmacokinetics of ß-lactam antibiotics in critical illness remain poorly characterized, particularly in neonates, children and the elderly. We undertook a pharmacokinetic study of commonly used ß-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients of all ages. The aims were to produce a whole-life ß-lactam pharmacokinetic model and describe the extent to which standard doses achieve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets associated with clinical cure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 212 critically ill participants with an age range from 1 day (gestational age 24 weeks) to 90 years were recruited from a UK hospital, providing 1339 pharmacokinetic samples. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was undertaken using non-linear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM) for each drug. Pooled data were used to estimate maturation and decline of ß-lactam pharmacokinetics throughout life. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic models for eight drugs were described, including what is thought to be the first benzylpenicillin model in critically ill adults. We estimate that 50% of adult ß-lactam clearance is achieved by 43 weeks post-menstrual age (chronological plus gestational age). Fifty percent of decline from peak adult clearance occurs by 71 years. Paediatric participants were significantly less likely than adults to achieve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets with standard antibiotic doses (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We believe this to be the first prospective whole-life antibiotic pharmacokinetic study in the critically ill. The study provides further evidence that standard antibiotic doses fail to achieve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets associated with clinical success in adults, children and neonates. Maturation and decline parameters estimated from this study could be adopted as a standard for future prospective studies.

Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Benzylpenicillin in Critically Unwell Adults.

Pharmacokinetics are highly variable in critical illness, and suboptimal antibiotic exposure is associated with treatment failure. Benzylpenicillin is a commonly used beta-lactam antibiotic, and pharmacokinetic data of its use in critically ill adults are lacking. We performed a pharmacokinetic study of critically unwell patients receiving benzylpenicillin, using data from the ABDose study. Population pharmacokinetic modelling was undertaken using NONMEM version 7.5, and simulations using the final model were undertaken to optimize the pharmacokinetic profile. We included 77 samples from 12 participants. A two-compartment structural model provided the best fit, with allometric weight scaling for all parameters and a creatinine covariate effect on clearance. Simulations (n = 10,000) demonstrated that 25% of simulated patients receiving 2.4 g 4-hourly failed to achieve a conservative target of 50% of the dosing interval with free drug above the clinical breakpoint MIC (2 mg/L). Simulations demonstrated that target attainment was improved with continuous or extended dosing. To our knowledge, this study represents the first full population PK analysis of benzylpenicillin in critically ill adults.