Synthesis and Novel Purification Process of PANI and PANI/AgNPs Composite.

In this work, polyaniline (PANI) is synthesized via oxidative polymerization of aniline and purified using organic solvents where the emeraldine phase is isolated by employing a phase separation system. The above contributes to the increase in the percentage yield compared to previous works and the possibility of being used as a single phase. In addition, the PANI/AgNPs composite is prepared in situ at the polymerization of aniline, adding silver nitrate and glycine to create the AgNPs inside the PANI matrix by controlling the pH, temperature, time of reaction and incorporating a new purification technique.

(2-tert-Butyl-5-hy-droxy-methyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)methanol.

In the title compound, C(10)H(20)O(4), the dioxane ring adopts a chair conformation. The tert-butyl group occupies an equatorial position, and is staggered with respect to the O atoms of the dioxane ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected by O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonds into zigzag chains of R(4) (4)(8) and R(2) (2)(12) ring motifs that run parallel to the a axis.

Influence of Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Ga3+ on the iron-based trimetallic layered double hydroxides for water oxidation.

In this work, we synthesized five novel iron-based trimetallic layered double hydroxides (LDHs) by the urea-assisted co-precipitation method for the electrocatalytic water oxidation reaction (WOR). In particular, the synthesized electrocatalysts were labeled CoCuFe-LDH, ZnNiFe-LDH, ZnCoFe-LDH, ZnCuFe-LDH, and CoGaFe-LDH. The electrocatalysts were thoroughly characterized by means of Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), N2 adsorption/desorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We analyzed the changes in the electronic structures, changes in the surface area, and the oxygen vacancies, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the materials had the hydrotalcite-like structure typical of LDHs. Electrochemical results indicated that the best electrocatalyst was the CoGaFe-LDH achieving an overpotential of 369.9 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 64.8 mV dec-1 in alkaline conditions (KOH 1 M). Additionally, this material displayed a charge transfer resistance (R ct) of 30.1 Ω cm2. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the materials containing Zn2+ exhibit low kinetics; whilst materials with Co2+ or Ga3+ yield the best performances. The catalytic activity of the CoGaFe-LDH can be attributed to the decrease of the R ct caused by electronic effects due to the addition of the Ga3+, lowering the thermodynamic barriers and thus enhancing the electron transfer. This work opens the door for a new approach to design efficient multimetallic catalysts based on the transition metals for WOR.

Adsorption and decomposition of cyclohexanone (C6H10O) on Pt(111) and the (2 × 2) and (√3 × âˆš3)r30°-Sn/Pt(111) surface alloys.

Adsorption and decomposition of cyclohexanone (C(6)H(10)O) on Pt(111) and on two ordered Pt-Sn surface alloys, (2 × 2)-Sn/Pt(111) and (√3 × âˆš3)R30°-Sn/Pt(111), formed by vapor deposition of Sn on the Pt(111) single crystal surface were studied with TPD, HREELS, AES, LEED, and DFT calculations with vibrational analyses. Saturation coverage of C(6)H(10)O was found to be 0.25 ML, independent of the Sn surface concentration. The Pt(111) surface was reactive toward cyclohexanone, with the adsorption in the monolayer being about 70% irreversible. C(6)H(10)O decomposed to yield CO, H(2)O, H(2), and CH(4). Some C-O bond breaking occurred, yielding H(2)O and leaving some carbon on the surface after TPD. HREELS data showed that cyclohexanone decomposition in the monolayer began by 200 K. Intermediates from cyclohexanone decomposition were also relatively unstable on Pt(111), since coadsorbed CO and H were formed below 250 K. Surface Sn allowed for some cyclohexanone to adsorb reversibly. C(6)H(10)O dissociated on the (2 × 2) surface to form CO and H(2)O at low coverages, and methane and H(2) in smaller amounts than on Pt(111). Adsorption of cyclohexanone on (√3 × âˆš3)R30°-Sn/Pt(111) at 90 K was mostly reversible. DFT calculations suggest that C(6)H(10)O adsorbs on Pt(111) in two configurations: by bonding weakly through oxygen to an atop Pt site and more strongly through simultaneously oxygen and carbon of the carbonyl to a bridged Pt-Pt site. In contrast, on alloy surfaces, C(6)H(10)O bonds preferentially to Sn. The presence of Sn, furthermore, is predicted to make the formation of the strongly bound C(6)H(10)O species bonding through O and C, which is a likely decomposition precursor, thermodynamically unfavorable. Alloying with Sn, thus, is shown to moderate adsorptive and reactive activity of Pt(111).