Enhanced oral bioavailability and biodistribution of atractylodin encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticle in cholangiocarcinoma.

Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. and its bioactive compound atractylodin (ATD), have been shown to exert promising anticancer activity against cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) both in vitro and in vivo. However, the clinical development of ATD could be hindered due to hydrophobicity and poor pharmacokinetic properties, and thus, the requirement of high dose administration and the risk of toxicity. In the present study, ATD-loaded in PLGA nanoparticles (ATD-PLGA) and that coated with chitosan (ATD-PLGA-CS) were developed using nanoprecipitation and single emulsification methods, respectively. The optimized ATD-PLGA formulation provided superior physical and pharmaceutical properties over ATD-PLGA-CS. The antiproliferative activity of ATD-PLGA against the two CCA cell lines, HuCCT1 and CL6, and the normal cell line (OUMS-36T-1F) was evaluated using MTT assay. Results showed that normal epithelial cell was less sensitive to ATD-PLGA compared to both CCA cell lines. In mice, the radiolabelled 99m Tc-ATD-PLGA showed superior pharmacokinetic profile over free 99m Tc-ATD, as evidenced by a 2.7-fold increase of area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞ ), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ), time to Cmax (tmax ), and mean residence time (MRT). Higher accumulation of 99m Tc-ATD-PLGA was observed in vital organs/tissues such as blood, liver, heart, and kidney, compared with free 99m Tc-ATD-PLGA. Altogether, the results suggest that PLGA NPs could be a suitable drug delivery carrier for ATD in CCA.

Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Preterm Births among Pregnant Women in Mogadishu, Somalia.

BACKGROUND: Premature birth impacts millions of newborns annually. Sixty percent of the world's preterm births occur in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Somalia's premature birth rates and maternal risk factors are poorly studied; hence, this study aims to identify maternal risk factors related to premature births in Mogadishu, Somalia. METHODS: This unmatched case-control study was conducted at four maternity hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia. The cases were newborns with gestational ages of less than 37 weeks; controls were newborns with gestational ages of 37 to 42 weeks. All were live singletons. Cross-tabulation and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the data; a p-value of 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. RESULT: Of the total of 499 newborns, 70 were cases, and 429 were controls. Adequate prenatal care, maternal urine analysis, tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccination, hemoglobin (Hb) measurement, ultrasound monitoring, intake of iron + folic acid (IFA) supplement, blood pressure (BP) measurement during the current pregnancy, as well as partograph usage during labor all significantly decreased risk of having premature births. A prior history of preterm delivery and preeclampsia, obstetric complications, and female genital mutilation (FGM) significantly increased the risk of preterm births. CONCLUSION: The utilization of antenatal care services, use of a partograph, obstetric complications, and prior history of premature birth and preeclampsia had a substantial effect on preterm birth rates. This study identifies female genital mutilation (FGM) as a previously unidentified risk factor for preterm birth that needs additional investigation.