In-silico and in-vitro studies revealed alpha-amyrin as a potent pnhibitor of TLR2 for the therapeutics of bacterial infection and sepsis.

This study employed a multifaceted approach to investigate the inhibitory potential of alpha-amyrin against TLR2, a key player in bacterial infection and sepsis. A high-resolution TLR2 model was constructed using Swiss-MODEL, exhibiting excellent quality with 100% sequence identity and coverage. Cavity detection revealed five significant cavities on TLR2. Molecular docking identifies alpha-amyrin as a potent inhibitor, displaying a strong binding affinity of -8.6 kcal/mol. Comprehensive analyses, including ADMET predictions, PASS analysis, and SwissTargetPrediction, affirm alpha-amyrin's drug-like properties and diverse biological activities. Cytotoxicity assays on HEK-293 cells confirm its safety, and fluorescence-based inhibition assays provide empirical evidence of its inhibitory potency on TLR2 enzymatic activity. Further validations in HUVECs show a significant decrease in TLR2 mRNA expression (p<0.01) and activity (p<0.05) upon alpha-amyrin treatment. In conclusion, this integrative study positions alpha-amyrin as a promising therapeutic candidate for TLR2 inhibition, emphasizing its potential in combating bacterial infections with safety and efficacy.

Assessment of Public Knowledge about Chronic Kidney Disease and Factors Influencing Knowledge Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), cardiovascular diseases, and premature death. The study aims to assess CKD knowledge and predictive variables among the general public. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the general public in Al Medina Al-Munawara, Saudi Arabia, utilizing a 21-item questionnaire-based approach over a 4-month period from January 2023 to April 2023. The developed questionnaire was validated for readability by experts and refined in light of the feedback received from the experts and the final version was prepared. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.71, which shows an acceptable level of internal consistency. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software (version 25). Results: A total of 777 complete surveys were received after applying the exclusion criteria. The study results revealed that the majority of the respondents had poor knowledge 505 (65%), 203 (26.1) had moderate knowledge, and 69 (8.9%) had good knowledge. Gender (p = 0.004), age (<0.001), education level (p = 0.039), marital status (p = 0.003), and occupation (p = 0.002) play significant roles in shaping participants' knowledge levels regarding CKD. Lower odds of good knowledge were associated with females with an OR (95% CI) of 0.448 (0.263-0.764) and intermediate or higher secondary school level of education displayed an OR (95% CI) of 0.39 (0.18-0.89). Higher odds of good knowledge levels were associated with the age group of 18-27 with an OR (95% CI) of 5.077 (1.21-21.38) and being employed with an OR of 3.555 (1.04-12.21). Conclusions: A significant proportion of respondents had poor knowledge about CKD. Several demographic factors were associated with CKD knowledge. Further research is needed to explore these knowledge disparities and develop targeted interventions to improve CKD knowledge among the general public.

Formulation and Characterization of Electrospun Nanofibers for Melatonin Ocular Delivery.

The poor ocular bioavailability of melatonin (MEL) limits the therapeutic action the molecule could exert in the treatment of ocular diseases. To date, no study has explored the use of nanofiber-based inserts to prolong ocular surface contact time and improve MEL delivery. Here, the electrospinning technique was proposed to prepare poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) nanofiber inserts. Both nanofibers were produced with different concentrations of MEL and with or without the addition of Tween® 80. Nanofibers morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal and spectroscopic analyses were performed to characterize the state of MEL in the scaffolds. MEL release profiles were observed under simulated physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C). The swelling behavior was evaluated by a gravimetric method. The results confirmed that submicron-sized nanofibrous structures were obtained with MEL in the amorphous state. Different MEL release rates were achieved depending on the nature of the polymer. Fast (20 min) and complete release was observed for the PVA-based samples, unlike the PLA polymer, which provided slow and controlled MEL release. The addition of Tween® 80 affected the swelling properties of the fibrous structures. Overall, the results suggest that membranes could be an attractive vehicle as a potential alternative to liquid formulations for ocular administration of MEL.

Uptake, Safety and Attitudes Towards COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study on First and Second Doses Among the General Public.

Objective: To investigate public uptake, attitudes and the safety of the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: This was a cross-sectional web-based survey study. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared from a literature search and information about COVID-19 available at various resources. The developed questionnaire was validated for readability by experts and refined in light of the feedback received from the experts and the final version was prepared. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.7 which shows an acceptable level of scale internal consistency. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software (version 25). Results: A total of 513 participants completed the survey, including 311 (60.6%) women and 202 (39.4%) men. The mean age was (31.5±12.8) years. It was found that 493 (96.1%) took the first and second doses of COVID-19 and 376 (73.3%) suffered from side effects, of these 14% (56/376) reported the side effects to the health authorities. The most common side effects were fatigue (51.5%), fever (42.3%), headache (39.5%), and injection site pain (37.6%). Half of the participants (50.5%) had a positive attitude towards COVID-19 preventive measures. Females had higher odds of experiencing side effects than males OR (95% CI); 2.002 (1.312-3.056). Individuals living in urban areas had lower odds of experiencing side effects than those living in rural areas OR (95% CI); 0.364 (0.142-0.933). Conclusion: Vaccine uptake was massive and side effects due to the COVID-19 vaccine were common but minor. The majority of the participants had positive attitudes towards recommended COVID-19 preventive measures. Being female and living in rural areas were associated with experiencing side effects.

Formulation of Levocetirizine-Loaded Core-Shell Type Nanofibrous Orally Dissolving Webs as a Potential Alternative for Immediate Release Dosage Forms.

Several applications of nanofiber-based systems are based on their corresponding functionality-related properties, which often cannot be satisfied by a fiber web with a monolithic structure because of the various physicochemical properties and amounts of embedded compounds. Therefore, one of the main directions in the development of fiber systems is creating core-shell type complex fiber structures that can provide application-specific properties to the fiber matrix. The present study aimed to formulate levocetirizine-loaded core-shell type hydrophilic polymer-based fibrous systems. The core phase contained the antihistamine levocetirizine, while the permeation enhancer (Na-taurocholate), the local pH regulator (citric acid), and the cyclodextrin used as a taste masking agent were included in the shell phase of the fibrous formulation. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that a randomly oriented homogeneous fibrous structure was obtained, while the Raman mapping and chemometric analysis confirmed the partially formed core-shell structure. A fast release rate of the antihistamine drug from the complex structural fibrous system was obtained (within 1 min complete dissolution can be observed) due to its increased surface area to volume ratio and its more favorable wettability properties, which consequently allows for more erosion. The masking properties against the unpleasant bitter taste of API of the formulated complex nanostructure were confirmed by the results of the electronic tongue. The formulated complex nanostructure enabled fast and complete release of the API, providing a potential enhancement in the rate and extent of absorption while masking the unpleasant taste of levocetirizine, which has a high impact on the patient adherence. All in all, the results show that the developed orally dissolving fibrous web formulation can be a potential alternative to the commercially available orally disintegrating tablets.

A Systematic Review of Drug-Loaded Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Ophthalmic Inserts.

Currently, ocular inserts and nanoparticles have received much attention due to the limited bioavailability of conventional eye preparations and the toxicity problems of systemic drug administration. The current systematic review aims to present recent studies on the use of electrospun nanofiber-based ocular inserts to improve the bioavailability of drugs used for different ophthalmic diseases. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Ovid Medline, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Reaxys, Google Scholar, and Google Patents/Espacenet taking "drug-loaded", "nanofibers", and "ophthalmic inserts" and their equivalent terms as keywords. The search was limited to original and peer-reviewed studies published in 2011-2021 in English language. Only 13 out of 795 articles and 15 out of 197 patents were included. All results revealed the success of nanofiber-based ocular inserts in targeting and improved bioavailability. Ocular inserts based on nanofibers can be used as safe, efficient carriers for the treatment of anterior and posterior eye diseases.

Scale-up of Electrospinning: Market Overview of Products and Devices for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Purposes.

Recently, the electrospinning (ES) process has been extensively studied due to its potential applications in various fields, particularly pharmaceutical and biomedical purposes. The production rate using typical ES technology is usually around 0.01-1 g/h, which is lower than pharmaceutical industry production requirements. Therefore, different companies have worked to develop electrospinning equipment, technological solutions, and electrospun materials into large-scale production. Different approaches have been explored to scale-up the production mainly by increasing the nanofiber jet through multiple needles, free-surface technologies, and hybrid methods that use an additional energy source. Among them, needleless and centrifugal methods have gained the most attention and applications. Besides, the production rate reached (450 g/h in some cases) makes these methods feasible in the pharmaceutical industry. The present study overviews and compares the most recent ES approaches successfully developed for nanofibers' large-scale production and accompanying challenges with some examples of applied approaches in drug delivery systems. Besides, various types of commercial products and devices released to the markets have been mentioned.