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Early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor essential for the differentiation of various tissues. Our single-cell RNA sequencing data suggest that Ebf1 is expressed in the sensory epithelium of the mouse inner ear. Here, we found that the murine Ebf1 gene and its protein are expressed in the prosensory domain of the inner ear, medial region of the cochlear duct floor, otic mesenchyme, and cochleovestibular ganglion. Ebf1 deletion in mice results in incomplete formation of the spiral limbus and scala tympani, increased number of cells in the organ of Corti and Kölliker's organ, and aberrant course of the spiral ganglion axons. Ebf1 deletion in the mouse cochlear epithelia caused the proliferation of SOX2-positive cochlear cells at E13.5, indicating that EBF1 suppresses the proliferation of the prosensory domain and cells of Kölliker's organ to facilitate the development of appropriate numbers of hair and supporting cells. Furthermore, mice with deletion of cochlear epithelium-specific Ebf1 showed poor postnatal hearing function. Our results suggest that Ebf1 is essential for normal auditory function in mammals.
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Oído Interno , Rampa Timpánica , Animales , Ratones , Cóclea/metabolismo , Conducto Coclear , Mamíferos , Ganglio Espiral de la Cóclea , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
The pathophysiology of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and its impact on the vocal fold is not well understood, but may involve acid damage to vocal fold barrier functions. Two different components encompass vocal fold barrier function: the mucus barrier and tight junctions. Mucus retained on epithelial microprojections protects the inside of the vocal fold by neutralizing acidic damage. Tight junctions control permeability between cells. Here we developed an in vitro experimental system to evaluate acidic injury and repair of vocal fold barrier functions. We first established an in vitro model of rat vocal fold epithelium that could survive at least one week after barrier function maturation. The model enabled repeated evaluation of the course of vocal fold repair processes. Then, an injury experiment was conducted in which vocal fold cells were exposed to a 5-min treatment with acidic pepsin that injured tight junctions and cell surface microprojections. Both of them healed within one day of injury. Comparing vocal fold cells treated with acid alone with cells treated with acidic pepsin showed that acidic pepsin had a stronger effect on intercellular permeability than acid alone, whereas pepsin had little effect on microprojections. This result suggests that the proteolytic action of pepsin has a larger effect on protein-based tight junctions than on phospholipids in microprojections. This experimental system could contribute to a better understanding of vocal fold repair processes after chemical or physical injuries, as well as voice problems due to LPR pathogenesis.
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PURPOSE: The superficial venous system (SVS) of the neck receives blood from the face and oral cavity. The SVS comprises the anterior jugular vein (AJV), external jugular vein (EJV), and facial vein (FV). Comprehensive knowledge of the normal anatomy and potential variations in the venous system is valuable in surgical and radiological procedures. This study aimed to update the anatomic knowledge of the SVS using a radiographic approach, which is a beneficial data source in clinical practice. METHODS: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography images of the neck of patients with head and neck cancer treated between 2017 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Each side of the neck was counted separately. A total of 302 necks of 151 patients were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: The medial AJV was absent in 49.7% (75/151) of the patients on the left side, which was significantly greater than the 19.2% (29/151) on the right (p < 0.001). The left AJV drained into the right venous system in 6.6% (10/151) of the necks. In 48.3% (146/302) of the necks, the FV did not flow into the internal jugular vein but rather into the EJV or AJV; these findings were significantly more frequent than those reported in previous studies. The diameters of the veins were significantly larger when they received blood from the FV than when they were not connected to the FV. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the AJV has a rightward preference during its course. The course of the FV is diverse and affects the diameter of connected veins.
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Variación Anatómica , Medios de Contraste , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Venas Yugulares , Cuello , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Medios de Contraste/administración & dosificación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cuello/irrigación sanguínea , Cuello/diagnóstico por imagen , Anciano , Venas Yugulares/diagnóstico por imagen , Venas Yugulares/anatomía & histología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/irrigación sanguínea , Adulto , Anciano de 80 o más AñosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There has been a significant increase in scientific investigations of the hearing-dementia association among the research on potentially modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment. We tested two clinical questions. Analysis 1: does persistent hearing aid (HA) use decrease the decline in cognitive function caused by ageing? Analysis 2: does cognitive function at the time of HA fitting predict future persistent HA use? METHODS: This case-control study performed at two referral centres reported data obtained over a 4.5-year period. We recruited a group of patients with cognitive decline, aged 65 or older with or without hearing loss. The intervention consisted of the use of HAs. The primary outcome measures were adherence to continuous HA use and cognitive function measured using the Japanese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination Test and the Reading Cognitive Test Kyoto. RESULTS: Eighteen HA users and 18 controls were included in the first analysis. HA use was associated with a deceleration of cognitive decline 12 months later. In the second analysis, 11 participants with good adherence to HA use were compared with 12 participants who showed poor adherence to HA use. Among the variables employed in this study, cognitive function measured using the Reading Cognitive Test Kyoto was significantly lower in participants with poor adherence to HA. CONCLUSIONS: HA use in cognitively impaired individuals with hearing loss can slow age-related cognitive decline. Cognitively impaired people with hearing loss who fail to commit to HA use tend to have lower cognitive measurement scores before HA fitting. HA use is generally more challenging as people age and their cognitive abilities decline. Therefore, it is desirable that HAs be used when hearing loss and dementia are in their early stages.
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Cognición , Disfunción Cognitiva , Audífonos , Pérdida Auditiva , Humanos , Anciano , Masculino , Femenino , Pérdida Auditiva/psicología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Cognición/fisiología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Japón , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Cooperación del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Demencia/psicología , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Envejecimiento/psicología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Laryngeal framework surgery is a widely accepted treatment for unilateral vocal fold paralysis with good functional outcomes. Recently, with the aging of the population, opportunities to perform this procedure in elderly patients have increased; however, the safety and efficacy of this procedure in elderly patients has not been established. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the safety and functional outcomes of laryngeal framework surgery in elderly patients. METHODS: Between January 2008 and December 2017, 97 patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis underwent laryngeal framework surgery, and 71 among them completed pre- and post-operative voice function evaluations. The clinical course of these 71 patients were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Out of 71 patients, 35 were assigned to the younger group (< 65 years) and 36 to the elderly group (≥ 65 years). Complications included post-operative edema and submucosal hematoma that were safely managed in all cases, and no differences were identified between the groups. Significant improvements were observed in maximum phonation time (MPT), mean flow rate, alternating current/direct current ratio, pitch perturbation quotient, amplitude perturbation quotient, and noise-to-harmonic ratio in both groups, and multivariate analysis of variance revealed greater improvement in the younger group in MPT. CONCLUSION: Laryngeal framework surgeries for unilateral vocal fold paralysis are safe and effective, regardless of age. Better improvement was observed in the younger group in the MPT suggesting that the effects of laryngeal framework surgeries is more likely to be present in the younger group than in the elderly.
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Parálisis de los Pliegues Vocales , Humanos , Parálisis de los Pliegues Vocales/cirugía , Parálisis de los Pliegues Vocales/fisiopatología , Anciano , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Edad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Resultado del Tratamiento , Fonación , Calidad de la Voz , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Adulto , Laringoplastia/métodosRESUMEN
We herein report a case of thyroid lobectomy performed under local anesthesia for thyroid cancer in a patient who was at a high risk for general anesthesia due to diffuse panbronchiolitis. Although thyroid surgery has been performed in the past under local anesthesia in low-risk patients, thyroid surgery is now rarely performed under local anesthesia. If they are performed, thyroid surgery under local anesthesia is usually performed under monitored anesthesia care; sedation is considered safe and does not cause discomfort to patients. The present patient's respiratory function was poor, raising concerns that once intubated, extubation may not be possible because of the potential deterioration of respiratory function caused by the suppression of spontaneous breathing. Therefore, sedatives were avoided to maintain spontaneous breathing as much as possible. In such high-risk patients, additional care is required to ensure that the procedure is completed with minimal discomfort from pain or dyspnea. Maintaining a slightly upright position and raising the anesthesia screen are necessary to ensure a large space in front of the patient's face. In addition, an appropriate skin incision should be made to obtain a wide field of vision, and local anesthetic injections should be administered frequently to preemptively counter pain. Atropine sulfate was administered to reduce salivation and swallowing. Energy devices effectively reduced blood loss and operative time. Controlling intraoperative pain and bleeding is important, and the methods and techniques are also beneficial in surgery under general anesthesia.
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PURPOSE: The 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system included the depth of invasion (DOI) for the T classification of oral cancer. However, no standardized method has been established to clinically measure the DOI. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of MRI-based DOI for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) in each MRI sequence. METHODS: We enrolled 49 patients with histologically proven OTSCC, treated surgically between April 2017 and February 2021. We divided the DOI into three groups using 5 and 10 mm, the thresholds for determining the T stage, and retrospectively evaluated the agreement between MRI-based DOI and pathological DOI (pDOI) for each MRI sequence, axial T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), T2-weighted imaging with fat suppression (FS-T2WI), contrast-enhanced T1WI with fat suppression (CE-T1WI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. We also divided the DOI into two groups using 3 mm, the threshold for considering elective neck dissection, and evaluated the overestimation rate of MRI-based DOI in lesions with pDOI ≤ 3 mm. RESULTS: With 5-mm and 10-mm divisions, the accuracy of the DOI assessment was highest on DWI (0.82, weighted kappa = 0.85). With a 3-mm division, the accuracy was also highest on DWI (0.87, kappa = 0.73). The overestimation rate of the MRI-based DOI in lesions with pDOI ≤ 3 mm was lowest on DWI (27.8%). CONCLUSION: DOI on DWI exhibits a comparatively higher rate of concordance with pDOI. DWI may be more useful than other MRI sequences in evaluating the DOI of OTSCC.
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the significance of background noise in machine learning models assessing the GRBAS scale for voice disorders. METHODS: A dataset of 1406 voice samples was collected from retrospective data, and a 5-layer 1D convolutional neural network (CNN) model was constructed using TensorFlow. The dataset was divided into training, validation, and test data. Gaussian noise was added to test samples at various intensities to assess the model's noise resilience. The model's performance was evaluated using accuracy, F1 score, and quadratic weighted Cohen's kappa score. RESULTS: The model's performance on the GRBAS scale generally declined with increasing noise intensities. For the G scale, accuracy dropped from 70.9% (original) to 8.5% (at the highest noise), F1 score from 69.2% to 1.3%, and Cohen's kappa from 0.679 to 0.0. Similar declines were observed for the remaining RBAS components. CONCLUSION: The model's performance was affected by background noise, with substantial decreases in evaluation metrics as noise levels intensified. Future research should explore noise-tolerant techniques, such as data augmentation, to improve the model's noise resilience in real-world settings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: This study evaluates a machine learning model using a single dataset without comparative controls. Given its non-comparative design and specific focus, it aligns with Level 4 evidence (Case-series) under the 2011 OCEBM guidelines Laryngoscope, 134:3537-3541, 2024.
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Aprendizaje Profundo , Ruido , Trastornos de la Voz , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Trastornos de la Voz/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Voz/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Voz/etiología , Calidad de la Voz/fisiología , Masculino , Femenino , Redes Neurales de la ComputaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To develop phonosurgery skills, surgical training of the actual larynx is essential. In our institution, the Japanese deer (Cervus Nippon aplodontids) larynx is used in phonosurgery training. This study aimed to examine the similarities and differences between the Japanese deer and human larynx and to demonstrate their utility in vocal surgery practice. METHODS: A comparative study was conducted using 30 Japanese deer larynges and 51 human donor larynges, evaluating the overall framework, dimensions, and angle of the thyroid cartilage, vocal cord length, and location of the arytenoid cartilage muscular process. The changes and movements of the vocal folds during contraction and relaxation of each internal laryngeal muscle were also visually analyzed. RESULTS: The larynx size of Japanese deer is intermediate between that of human males and females. The adduction and abduction of the vocal folds induced by contraction of the posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, as well as the extension of the vocal folds induced by contraction of the cricothyroid muscle, behaved in the same manner as in the human larynx. CONCLUSION: The morphology of the Japanese deer larynx is similar to that of the human larynx, making it suitable for use in dissection and surgical practice. Owing to the recent animal damage problem and the popularity of gibier cuisine, large quantities of Japanese deer larynx are available at low prices. We believe that the Japanese deer larynx is the most appropriate animal for phonosurgery training so far.
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Ciervos , Músculos Laríngeos , Laringe , Pliegues Vocales , Animales , Laringe/cirugía , Laringe/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Humanos , Pliegues Vocales/cirugía , Pliegues Vocales/anatomía & histología , Femenino , Músculos Laríngeos/cirugía , Músculos Laríngeos/anatomía & histología , Cartílago Aritenoides/cirugía , Cartílago Aritenoides/anatomía & histología , Cartílago Tiroides/cirugía , Cartílago Tiroides/anatomía & histología , Japón , Pueblos del Este de AsiaRESUMEN
Tracheal cartilage provides structural support to the airways to enable breathing. However, it can become damaged or impaired, sometimes requiring surgical resection and reconstruction. Previously, we clinically applied an artificial trachea composed of a polypropylene mesh and collagen sponge, with a favorable postoperative course. However, the artificial trachea presents a limitation, as the mesh is not biodegradable and cannot be used in pediatric patients. Compared to a polypropylene mesh, regenerated cartilage represents an ideal material for reconstruction of the damaged trachea. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a source for cartilage regeneration has gained widespread acceptance, but challenges such as the invasiveness of harvesting and limited cell supply persist. Therefore, we focused on the potential of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) for tracheal cartilage regeneration. In this study, we aimed to regenerate tracheal cartilage on an artificial trachea as a preliminary step to replace the polypropylene mesh. iMSCs were induced from hiPSCs through neural crest cells and transplanted with a polypropylene mesh covered with a collagen sponge into the damaged tracheal cartilage in immunodeficient rats. Human nuclear antigen (HNA)-positive cells were observed in all six rats at 4 weeks and in six out of seven rats at 12 weeks after transplantation, indicating that transplanted iMSCs survived within the tracheal cartilage defects of rats. The HNA-positive cells coexpressed SOX9, and type II collagen was detected around HNA-positive cells in four of six rats at 4 weeks and in three of seven rats at 12 weeks after transplantation, reflecting cartilage-like tissue regeneration. These results indicate that the transplanted iMSCs could differentiate into chondrogenic cells and promote tracheal cartilage regeneration. iMSC transplantation thus represents a promising approach for human tracheal reconstruction.
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OBJECTIVE: Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) is one of the most established methods for voice reacquisition following total laryngectomy. The most difficult complication following TEP is the management of saliva leakage or secretion into the trachea due to TE fistula enlargement. In this study, we devised a new strategy to close TE fistulas and confirmed its safety and effectiveness. METHODS: Skin incision: If the tracheal mucosa around the voice prosthesis appears intact and normal, an arcuate incision, from 10 to 2 o'clock, is made on the skin 5 mm superior to the edge of the stoma. However, if the surrounding tracheal mucosa is fragile because of leaking, the incision is made on the superior edge of the stoma, with later reconstruction of the posterior tracheal wall. Separation of the trachea and esophagus: If the esophagotracheal spatium appears normal and is easy to dissect, the connective pipes can be found easily. After cutting the pipe, a ligature alone is sufficient for the tracheal side; however, the esophageal wall is closed with Gambee sutures. If the esophagotracheal spatium is compromised and the posterior tracheal wall is fragile (due to saliva leakage), we remove the posterior wall and reconstruct the area using the superior skin flap. We performed our novel method on four patients with intractable conditions; postradiotherapy for laryngeal cancer, total pharyngo-laryngo-esophagectomy (TPLE) with jejunum reconstruction, TPLE with gastric lifting reconstruction, and in a patient who underwent cervicothoracic incisional drainage for descending necrotizing mediastinitis. RESULTS: None of the cases showed postoperative leakage from the fistula, and oral intake was resumed without difficulty. CONCLUSION: This study showed that this strategy based on TE fistula conditions is effective even in difficult-to-treat cases.
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Esófago , Neoplasias Laríngeas , Laringectomía , Tráquea , Fístula Traqueoesofágica , Humanos , Fístula Traqueoesofágica/cirugía , Laringectomía/métodos , Masculino , Neoplasias Laríngeas/cirugía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tráquea/cirugía , Esófago/cirugía , Anciano , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/cirugía , Colgajos Quirúrgicos , Punciones , Femenino , Laringe ArtificialRESUMEN
No radical treatment is available for the regeneration of dysfunction and defects in airway epithelia. Artificial tracheae made of polypropylene and collagen sponge were used in clinical studies to reconstitute tracheae after resection. For early epithelialization of the luminal surface of the artificial trachea, a model was established, that is, an artificial trachea covered with human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived airway epithelial cells (hiPSC-AECs) was transplanted into a tracheal defect in an immunodeficient rat. Unlike the cell types of hiPSC-derived cells that are currently used in clinical studies, AECs maintain tissues by proliferation and differentiation of basal cells into various cell types that constitute AECs constantly. Therefore, post-transplantation, the proportion of each cell type, such as ciliated and goblet cells, may change; however, no studies have examined this possibility. In this study, using our hiPSC-AEC-transplanted rat model, we investigated changes in the proportion of each cell type in hiPSC-AECs pre-transplantation and post-transplantation. As a result, the proportion of each cell type changed post-transplantation. The proportion of ciliated, basal, and club cells increased, and the proportion of goblet cells decreased post-transplantation. In addition, the proportion of each cell type in engrafted hiPSC-AECs is more similar to the proportion of each cell type in normal proximal airway tissue than the proportion of each cell type pre-transplantation. The results of this study are useful for the development of therapeutic techniques using hiPSC-AEC transplantation.
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Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas , Ratas , Humanos , Animales , Células Epiteliales , Epitelio , Tráquea/trasplante , Colágeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of intratracheal administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on tracheal healing following implantation of a novel layered polyglycolic acid (PGA) material to replace a critical-size defect in rat trachea. METHODS: A critical-size defect in the rat cervical trachea was covered with PGA. Distilled water (DW) or 3.125, 6.25, 12.5 or 25 µg bFGF was administered into the trachea for 2 weeks (n = 6 for each of 5 groups). Regenerated areas of cilia, ciliary beat frequency and ciliary transport function (CTF) in the centre of the PGA were measured. To examine potential side effects of intratracheal administration of bFGF, the right lower lobe was pathologically evaluated. RESULTS: All rats survived during the study period. Histological examination showed ciliated epithelization on the PGA material after 2 weeks. Bronchoscopy revealed stenosis due to granulation following administration of high concentrations of bFGF (12.5 and 25 µg). Compared with the DW group, groups administered 3.125, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 µg bFGF had significantly larger areas of regenerated cilia (15.2%, 27.0%, 41.3%, 33.1% and 31.0%, respectively; P = 0.00143), improved ciliary beat frequency (7.10, 8.18, 10.10, 9.50 and 9.50 Hz, respectively), and improved CTS (6.40, 9.54, 16.89, 16.41 and 14.29 µm/sec, respectively). Pathological examination of the right lower lobe revealed pulmonary fibrosis and hyperplasia with high concentrations of bFGF (12.5 and 25 µg). CONCLUSIONS: Intratracheal administration of bFGF effectively promoted tracheal regeneration at an optimal dose of 6.25 µg following implantation of an artificial trachea.
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Factor 2 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos , Tráquea , Cicatrización de Heridas , Animales , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacos , Factor 2 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/administración & dosificación , Factor 2 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/farmacología , Ratas , Masculino , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Órganos Artificiales , Cilios/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Countless therapeutic antibodies are currently available for the treatment of a broad range of diseases. Some target molecules of therapeutic antibodies are involved in the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), suggesting that SNHL may be a novel target for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy. When considering mAb therapy for SNHL, understanding of the pharmacokinetics of mAbs after local application into the middle ear is crucial. To reveal the fundamental characteristics of mAb pharmacokinetics following local application into the middle ear of guinea pigs, we performed pharmacokinetic analyses of mouse monoclonal antibodies to FLAG-tag (FLAG-mAbs), which have no specific binding sites in the middle and inner ear. FLAG-mAbs were rapidly transferred from the middle ear to the cochlear fluid, indicating high permeability of the round window membrane to mAbs. FLAG-mAbs were eliminated from the cochlear fluid 3 h after application, similar to small molecules. Whole-body autoradiography and quantitative assessments of cerebrospinal fluid and serum demonstrated that the biodistribution of FLAG-mAbs was limited to the middle and inner ear. Altogether, the pharmacokinetics of mAbs are similar to those of small molecules when locally applied into the middle ear, suggesting the necessity of drug delivery systems for appropriate mAb delivery to the cochlear fluid after local application into the middle ear.
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Oído Interno , Pérdida Auditiva Sensorineural , Ratones , Cobayas , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/metabolismo , Distribución Tisular , Oído Interno/metabolismo , Cóclea/metabolismo , Oído Medio , Ventana Redonda/metabolismo , Pérdida Auditiva Sensorineural/metabolismoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (MMHN) is a rare condition. This study aimed to investigate oncological outcomes of surgical intervention in patients with MMHN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 34 patients with MMHN who underwent surgical resection as initial treatment at 10 institutions in Japan between July 2005 and June 2015. Results: The 5-year overall survival (OS), local control rate (LCR), disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) rates were 48.7%, 53.4%, 32.4%, and 55.1%, respectively. Based on multivariate analysis, no independent prognostic factors for the 5-year OS and DSS were found. Based on univariate analysis, the 5-year LCR was worse in patients with lesions in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses than in the oral cavity and pharynx. However, no differences in oncological outcomes were identified in relation to primary sites, and postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) and adjuvant systemic therapy did not contribute to improvements in the 5-year OS. CONCLUSIONS: No independent prognostic factors for the 5-year OS or DSS were identified. Regional or distant recurrences are often identified, regardless of local control with surgical resection. Difficult control of MMHN with conventional therapeutic strategies, such as surgical intervention, PORT, and systemic therapy, has been suggested.
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Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Melanoma , Senos Paranasales , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Melanoma/cirugía , Melanoma/patología , Japón/epidemiología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/cirugía , Senos Paranasales/patología , Tasa de Supervivencia , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/epidemiología , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , PronósticoRESUMEN
Investigating the infection mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the airway epithelium and developing effective defense strategies against infection are important. To achieve this, establishing appropriate infection models is crucial. Therefore, various in vitro models, such as cell lines and primary cultures, and in vivo models involving animals that exhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and genetically humanized animals have been used as animal models. However, no animal model has been established that allows infection experiments with human cells under the physiological environment of airway epithelia. Therefore, we aimed to establish a novel animal model that enables infection experiments using human cells. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived airway epithelial cell-transplanted nude rats (hiPSC-AEC rats) were used, and infection studies were performed by spraying lentiviral pseudoviruses containing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the GFP gene on the tracheae. After infection, immunohistochemical analyses revealed the existence of GFP-positive-infected transplanted cells in the epithelial and submucosal layers. In this study, a SARS-CoV-2 infection animal model including human cells was established mimicking infection through respiration, and we demonstrated that the hiPSC-AEC rat could be used as an animal model for basic research and the development of therapeutic methods for human-specific respiratory infectious diseases.
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OBJECTIVE: Transoral surgery is a minimally invasive treatment but may cause severe dysphagia at a lower rate than chemoradiotherapy. METHODS: We compared clinical information, surgical complications, and swallowing function in patients who underwent transoral nonrobotic surgery for laryngo-pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2015 and 2021 in a multicenter retrospective study. RESULTS: Six hundred and forty patients were included. Postoperative bleeding was observed in 20 cases (3.1%), and the risk factor was advanced T category. Postoperative laryngeal edema was observed in 13 cases (2.0%), and the risk factors were prior radiotherapy, advanced T stage, and concurrent neck dissection in patients with resected HPC. Dysphagia requiring nutritional support was observed in 29 cases (4.5%) at 1 month postoperatively and in 19 cases (3.0%) at 1 year postoperatively, respectively. The risk factors for long-term dysphagia were prior radiotherapy and advanced T category. Short-term risk factors for dysphagia were prior radiotherapy, advanced T category, and concurrent neck dissection, while long-term risk factors for dysphagia were only prior radiotherapy and advanced T category. CONCLUSION: Prior radiotherapy, advanced T stage, and concurrent neck dissection increased the incidence of postoperative laryngeal edema and short-term dysphagia, but concurrent neck dissection did not affect long-term dysphagia. Such features should be considered when considering the indication for transoral surgery and postoperative management.
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Trastornos de Deglución , Neoplasias Laríngeas , Disección del Cuello , Neoplasias Faríngeas , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Trastornos de Deglución/etiología , Femenino , Neoplasias Laríngeas/cirugía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Neoplasias Faríngeas/cirugía , Factores de Riesgo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/cirugía , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Adulto , Edema Laríngeo/etiología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirugía , Hemorragia Posoperatoria/epidemiología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cirugía Endoscópica por Orificios NaturalesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hypothyroidism is a recognized late adverse event following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC). In the JCOG1008 trial, we treated patients with high-risk HNC with postoperative chemoradiotherapy. We aimed to elucidate factors associated with hypothyroidism by analyzing the JCOG1008 data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2012-2018, 261 patients from 28 institutions were enrolled in JCOG1008. Thyroid function tests were conducted to assess hypothyroidism, including free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone assays. Hypothyroidism was defined as Grade 2 or higher in CTCAE v4.0. Various clinical and dosimetric parameters were analyzed. In radiotherapy, there were no dose constraints for the thyroid. Multivariable analysis was conducted on these variables to identify predictive factors for hypothyroidism. RESULTS: The analysis included 162 patients (57 with 3D-CRT and 105 with IMRT), with a median follow-up of 4.7 years (0.3-9.3 years). Among these, 27 (16.7 %) developed hypothyroidism within 2 years after radiotherapy. In a multivariable analysis, the weekly cisplatin [OR=7.700 (CI: 1.632-36.343, p = 0.010)] and baseline FT4 [OR=0.009 (CI: <0.001-0.313, p = 0.010)] were significantly associated with hypothyroidism in the IMRT group. Regarding dosimetric characteristics, V60Gy [OR=1.069 (CI: 0.999-1.143, p = 0.054)] was potentially associated with the development of hypothyroidism. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the incidence of hypothyroidism within 2 years after postoperative chemoradiotherapy for high-risk HNC was 16.7 % based on analytical results from prospective clinical trials.
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Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Hipotiroidismo , Humanos , Hipotiroidismo/etiología , Hipotiroidismo/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/radioterapia , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/terapia , Factores de Riesgo , Incidencia , Anciano , Quimioradioterapia/efectos adversos , AdultoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Late laryngopharyngeal cancers after transoral surgery include not only local recurrences but also metachronous multiple cancers. METHODS: We compared clinical information, surgical outcomes, and late laryngopharyngeal cancers in patients who underwent transoral nonrobotic surgery for laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma without lymph node metastases between 2015 and 2021 in a multicenter retrospective study. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty-seven patients were included. Positive surgical margins were found in 121 patients (26.5%). Twenty-two patients (4.8%) received additional treatment. Positive horizontal margins of invasive carcinoma (p = 0.003) and positive horizontal margins of carcinoma in situ only (p = 0.032) were independent risk factors for local recurrence, and prior radiotherapy (p = 0.001) for metachronous multiple cancers. Local control was significantly worse without additional treatment (p = 0.049), but there was no significant difference in survival. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with positive margins had an increased frequency of local recurrence, but salvage therapy was effective.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Neoplasias Hipofaríngeas , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirugía , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hypopharyngeal carcinoma is likely to spread to the lymph nodes, but there is no established strategy for management in transoral surgery. METHODS: We compared oncologic and functional outcomes in a retrospective multicenter study of patients who underwent transoral surgery for hypopharyngeal carcinoma between 2015 and 2021. RESULTS: Two-hundred and thirty-two patients were included. Comparing patients with and without adjuvant radiotherapy, 3-year regional recurrence-free survival (RRFS) was not significantly different in pN2b and pN2c, but was significantly worse in pN3b without adjuvant radiotherapy. In patients without neck dissection, the 3-year RRFS was 85.6%, 76.8%, and 70.0% for T1, T2, and T3 primary lesions, respectively, and was significantly worse for T2 or higher (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of extracapsular invasion, regional control did not deteriorate without adjuvant therapy. If prophylactic neck dissection is not performed, careful follow-up is necessary if the primary lesion is T2 or greater.