The Effect of Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation on Serum Albumin, Total Protein and Body Mass: A Short-Term, Longitudinal Follow-Up Study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac cachexia and low serum albumin levels are poor prognostic signs in advanced heart failure, while overweight patients or patients who gain weight after treatment have more favourable outcomes. Weight gain following LVAD implantation is common, while the dynamic changes in body mass or serum proteins have not been studied adequately. Our aim was to study short-term changes in serum albumin, total protein and body weight following LVAD implantation and to compare these changes with heart failure patients treated medically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 15 patients scheduled for LVAD implantation and 15 patients receiving medical treatment were prospectively enrolled. Anthropometric and laboratory data for the patients were obtained at baseline and at first and sixth months after LVAD implantation. RESULTS: Anthropometric, demographic and clinical characteristics between two groups were similar at baseline. Both serum albumin (3.59±0.71 vs. 4.17±0.46g/dl, p=0.01) and total protein (6.45±0.80 vs. 7.12±0.35g/dl, p<0.01) levels were significantly lower in LVAD group at baseline. Both total protein and serum albumin levels increased significantly in LVAD group (final total protein 7.60±0.62g/dl and serum albumin 4.20±0.46g/dl; p<0.01 for both), while there was a nonsignificant small decrease in serum albumin in medical group. The change in serum albumin, but not total protein was significantly different between LVAD and medical groups at the sixth month. Body weight initially decreased in LVAD group at first month but was nonsignificantly higher compared to baseline and medical group at the sixth month. There was a moderate correlation between the percentage weight gain and percentage increase in serum albumin in LVAD group at six months (r=0.44). CONCLUSIONS: In suitable patients with advanced heart failure, LVAD treatment can correct hypoalbuminaemia associated with heart failure within six months after implantation.

Coexisting bicuspid aortic and pulmonary valves with normally related great vessels diagnosed by live/real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.

Coexistence of bicuspid aortic and pulmonary valves in the same patient is a very rare entity identified mainly during surgery and postmortem. To the best of our knowledge, only one case has been diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography in a newborn with malposition of the great arteries but no images were presented. Here, we are reporting the first case of bicuspid pulmonary and aortic valves diagnosed by live/real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in an adult with normally related great arteries.

Prognostic value of TAPSE/PASP ratio in right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation: Experience from a tertiary center.

Background: In this study, we aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE)/ pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) ratio in right ventricular failure patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation. Methods: Between February 2013 and February 2020, a total of 75 heart failure patients (65 males, 10 females; median age: 54 years; range, 21 to 66 years) were retrospectively analyzed. The prognostic value of TAPSE/PASP ratio was assessed using the multivariate Cox regression models and confirmed using the Kaplan-Meier analyses. Results: Forty-one (55.4%) patients had an ischemic heart failure etiology. The indication for assist device implantation was bridge to transplant in 64 (85.3%) patients. The overall survival rates at one, three, and five years following left ventricular assist device implantation were 82.7%, 68%, and 49.3%, respectively. Right ventricular failure was observed in 24 (32%) patients during follow-up. In the multivariate analysis, TAPSE/PASP was found to be independently associated with postoperative right ventricular failure (HR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.49-2.23). A TAPSE/PASP of 0.34 mm/mmHg was found to be the most accurate predictor value, with lower ratios correlating with right ventricular failure. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a better overall survival using a TAPSE/PASP ≥ of 0.34 mm/mmHg (p<0.001). Conclusion: A lower TAPSE/PASP ratio, particularly lower values than 0.34 mm/mmHg, strongly predicts right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation in patients with advanced heart failure.

Surgical results of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary endarterectomy in our recently developed program.

BACKGROUND: In this case series, we aimed to present our diagnostic workup, surgical management, and results of the patients who underwent pulmonary endarterectomy. METHODS: In this case series, a total of 26 patients (8 males, 18 females; median age: 58 years; range, 34 to 67 years) who were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team and were diagnosed with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension who underwent pulmonary endarterectomy in our clinic between November 2015 and December 2019 were included. Pulmonary endarterectomy procedure was performed in all cases under cardiopulmonary bypass and total circulatory arrest. The results of the procedures were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Perioperative complications were observed in seven patients (26.9%) and in-hospital mortality rate caused by perioperative complications was 15.38%. At one-year of postoperative follow-up, the mean systolic pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 78±22 mmHg to 41±20 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from 698±10 dyn·s·cm-5 to 235±10 dyn·s·cm-5, 6-min walk distance increased from 345±10 m to 460±10 m and, arterial oxygen saturation increased from 85±3.5% to 95±4%. New York Heart Association functional class improvement from Class III-IV to Class I-II was observed in most patients, and one-year mortality rate was 19.23%. CONCLUSION: We suggest that patients diagnosed chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension should be referred to cardiac surgery centers for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, early before irreversible arteriopathy occurs.

Microbiological Spectrum of Nosocomial ECMO Infections in a Tertiary Care Center.

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving treatment in cardiogenic and respiratory shock. It is prone to various complications, infection being among the most frequent. This study aims to define the prevalence and characteristics of infections in ECMO patients in a tertiary care center for cardiac diseases. METHODS: All ECMO patients between 2012 and 2016 in a single cardiac center were retrospectively included. Demographic data, ECMO indications, type, site, duration, and infection-related data were recorded. Data were analyzed among all patients and separately between pediatric and adult patient groups. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-six patients, 66 (53.4%) pediatric and 60 (47.6%) adult, received ECMO within the study period. Mean age was 3.54±4.27 years in the pediatric group and 54.92±15.57 years in the adult group. The main indication for ECMO was postcardiotomy shock (77.8%). Forty-six (36.5%) of all cases developed a culture-proven nosocomial infection with a rate of 49/1000 ECMO days. Infection was associated with > 5 days of ECMO duration and hemodialysis requirement in all patients and lower age in the pediatric group. The most frequent infection site was the lower respiratory tract (14.3%), while the most common isolated organisms were Klebsiella (8.7%) and Streptococcus (4.8%) species. CONCLUSION: The respiratory tract is the most common site of infection, however, all sites impose a threat to recovery, with longer treatment durations required for patients with culture-proven infections. A better understanding of the infectious spectrum and its effect on the mortality and morbidity is required for more successful treatment of ECMO patients.

Raising the bar to ultradisciplinary collaborations in management of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is an underdiagnosed and potentially fatal subgroup of pulmonary hypertension, if left untreated. Clinical signs include exertional dyspnea and non-specific symptoms. Diagnosis requires multimodality imaging and heart catheterization. Pulmonary endarterectomy, an open heart surgery, is the gold standard treatment of choice in selected patients in specialized centers. Targeted medical therapy and balloon pulmonary angioplasty can be effective in high-risk patients with significant comorbidities, distal pulmonary vascular obstructions, or recurrent/persistent pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary endarterectomy. Currently, there is a limited number of data regarding novel coronavirus-2019 infection in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and the changing spectrum of the disease during the pandemic. Challenging times during this outbreak due to healthcare crisis and relatively higher case-fatality rates require convergence; that is an ultradisciplinary collaboration, which crosses disciplinary and sectorial boundaries to develop integrated knowledge and new paradigms. Management strategies for the "new normal" such as virtual care, preparedness for further threats, redesigned standards and working conditions, reevaluation of specific recommendations, and online collaborations for optimal decisions for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients may change the poor outcomes.

The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio correlate with thrombus burden in deep venous thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is associated with a state of increased inflammation at the time of diagnosis as either a cause or consequence. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are easy-to-obtain, low-cost biomarkers of systemic inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine whether these two ratios at the time of diagnosis can be an indicator of thrombus burden in terms of thrombus location in DVT. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of DVT confirmed with venous Doppler ultrasound in a single referral center for cardiovascular diseases between 2014 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Of 1852 patients, 933 with blood counts at time of diagnosis were included. The NLR and PLR were calculated from blood count results. Patients were categorized according to the level of thrombus and the number of vein segments involved as evidenced by Doppler ultrasound findings. RESULTS: Iliac, femoral, popliteal, and crural groups had a mean NLR of 5.07, 4.18, 3.59, and 3.24, respectively (P = .002), and a mean PLR of 1.82 × 107, 1.76 × 107, 1.47 × 107, and 1.64 × 107, respectively (P = .011). Patients with proximal DVT had a higher mean NLR (4.40 ± 4.28 vs 3.54 ± 3.55; P = .05) and PLR (1.77 × 107 ± 1.3 × 107 vs 1.49 × 107 ± 1.08 × 107; P = .03) than patients with distal DVT. NLR increased with the number of vein segments involved (P = .001), but this correlation did not exist with PLR (P = .097). CONCLUSIONS: A state of inflammation, demonstrated by NLR and PLR, at the time of diagnosis in DVT patients correlates with disease burden in terms of thrombus location. Further studies are required to assess the clinical value of NLR and PLR at the bedside.

Telecardiographic measurements for device migration: A useful tool for follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Pump thrombosis in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Inflow cannula migration is a predisposing factor for pump thrombosis. Telecardiographic measurements can be used to follow up apical cannula deviation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the migration of the inflow cannulas in patients with LVADs using angle measurements on telecardiograms. METHODS: Twenty-three patients who were implanted left ventricular assist devices in our clinic between February 2013 and April 2016 were included in our study. During the first year of follow-up, changes in angle measurements on postoperative 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month telecardiograms were compared against the incidence of device thrombus and serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. RESULTS: Patients who were diagnosed with device thrombosis had more change in inflow cannula angles than patients without device thrombus (p<0.05 at 6th and 12th months). Patients with higher LDH values had more parallel angular changes at all intervals, and the change in angle was statistically significant at 3rd, 6th and 12th months (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that it is possible to track the migration of inflow cannulas in patients with left ventricular heart failure using telecardiograms. The correlation between angle change and LDH levels and embolic events may suggest that telecardiographic follow up of angles may be a useful tool for ventricular assist devices teams for early detection of thrombus.

Cost of Healthcare Associated With Deep Vein Thrombosis in Patients Treated With Warfarin in Turkey: 2010-2013 Database Analysis of a Tertiary Care Center.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost of healthcare with respect to the quality of anticoagulation in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) treated with warfarin in daily practice via the database analysis of a tertiary care center in the period 2010 to 2013. METHODS: Of 258 307 records in total, 42 582 unique patients with DVT and 32 012 patients with international normalized ratio (INR) measurements were included. Overall, 6720 unique patients with DVT diagnosis and one or more INR measurements were identified, and the records of 4377 out of 6720 unique patients were validated and included in the analysis data set. The cost analysis was based on direct medical costs from the payer's perspective. Cost items were related to healthcare resource utilization (inpatient and outpatient services) during the study period, which provided a basis for calculation of per-patient, outpatient, inpatient, and total direct medical costs. RESULTS: Mean outpatient, inpatient, and total hospital admission costs were $578, $2195, and $2785, respectively, for patients with time in the therapeutic range of 70% or more, whereas the same costs were $571, $2163, and $3192, respectively, for patients with time in the therapeutic range of less than 70%. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings for a retrospective cohort of patients with DVT undergoing warfarin therapy reveal that patients spent 70% or more, as opposed to less than 70%, of follow-up time within the therapeutic INR range and that outpatient care, as opposed to inpatient care, was associated with lower healthcare costs. Given the significant contribution that hospital stay makes to the cost burden of DVT, our findings also highlight the association between poor warfarin anticoagulant control and increased hospitalization costs.

Progesterone receptor expression in fibromuscular dysplasia: A report of two unusual cases.

Fibromuscular dysplasia is rarely biopsied. Progesterone receptor expression in myofibroblastic cells is useful for the histopathological evaluation in difficult-to-diagnose cases. Herein, we report two unusual cases of fibromuscular dysplasia in which progesterone receptor expression was shown in vessel sections.

The importance of mass diameter in decision-making for preoperative coronary angiography in myxoma patients.

OBJECTIVES: Although coronary angiography (CAG) is generally performed to rule out coexisting coronary artery disease in patients with cardiac myxoma, its necessity to evaluate vascular supply of the myxoma is debatable. The aim of this article is to evaluate clinical experience and CAG findings in our patient group. METHODS: This retrospective analysis was performed in 46 patients (17 men, mean age 57.7 ± 8.6 years), who underwent surgery with an indication for cardiac myxoma between 2004 and 2016 with a CAG performed preoperatively. All CAGs were evaluated in a blinded manner by a cardiac surgeon and a cardiologist separately. Correlations between the presence and pattern of feeding vessels, presence of an arteriocavity fistula (ACF), coronary arterial dominance, size of mass and clinical presentations were analysed. RESULTS: Coronary artery disease defined as >50% obstructive lesions was detected in 10 patients (21.7%). The tumour diameter was found to be significantly higher in patients who had an ACF and a dual-feeding artery (P = 0.049 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Additionally, there was a significant relationship between the presence of dual-feeding vessels and ACF (P = 0.014). ROC analysis revealed a cut-off point of 27 mm in diameter based on the presence of an ACF and a dual-feeding artery. In cases with a diameter of 27 mm or above, the risk of existence of an ACF was 4.68-fold greater, with a confidence interval of 95%, and a dual-feeding pattern was seen in all of them. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that preoperative CAG can be considered to detect feeding vessels that may lead to a steal phenomenon, which may alter the management in patients with myxoma greater than 27 mm in diameter.

The relationship between inotropic support therapy and central partial pressure of venous-arterial carbon dioxide after cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the effects of partial pressure of venous-arterial carbon dioxide changes in the early period after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients who did or did not receive inotropic support therapy and the effect of these changes on tissue perfusion. METHODS: A total of 100 consecutive patients (70 males, 30 females; mean age 61.8±2.3 years; range, 20 to 75 years) who underwent open heart surgery were divided into two groups as those who did not receive any inotropic agent (group 1, n=50) and those who received at least one inotropic agent (group 2, n=50) during the early postoperative period. Heart rate, blood oxygen saturation level, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure and urine volume, lactate and base excess levels were recorded during the postoperative first 24 hours. At the same timeframe, partial pressure of venous-arterial carbon dioxide level was calculated from central venous and peripheral blood samples. RESULTS: In both groups, partial pressure of venous-arterial carbon dioxide were significantly higher in the postoperative fourth hour compared with basal values. This significant difference continued for the postoperative first 24 hours. Partial pressure of venous-arterial carbon dioxide in group 2 was significantly higher at the 12th-hour measurement (p=0.002). Lactate levels at zeroth and eighth hours were significantly higher in group 2 (p=0.012 and p=0.017, respectively). Fourthhour urine excretion volumes were significantly lower in group 1 (p=0.010). Mean arterial pressure at zeroth, 12th and 20th hours was significantly higher in group 2 (p=0.001, p=0.016, and p=0.027, respectively). At the eighth-hour measurement, a positive weak relationship was detected between partial pressure of venousarterial carbon dioxide and lactate levels (r=0.253 and p=0.033). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that partial pressure of venous-arterial carbon dioxide increased in the first few hours and remained to be high for 24 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass independently of the use of inotropic support. However, in the postoperative period, even after lactate and base excess levels return to baseline values, partial pressure of venous-arterial carbon dioxide may continue to remain at high values, which may indicate impaired perfusion in some tissues.

Retrospective cohort study for evaluating the INR monitoring patterns in patients with deep vein thrombosis in daily practice: Analysis of 2010-2013 database of a tertiary care center.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring patterns in patients with deep vein thrombosis. METHODS: Of 32,012 patients with ≥1 outpatient INR measurement and 42,582 patients with confirmed deep vein thrombosis diagnosis registered to our hospital between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2013, 6720 records were identified to have both deep vein thrombosis and international normalized ratio measurement, and 4.377 out of 6.720 single patient records were determined to be statistically analyzable. RESULTS: Median INR measurement frequency was 6.47 times/year and patients had INR levels of 2-3 in 34.3% of follow-up time. Having ≥70% vs. <70% of follow-up time within therapeutic range was associated with lower hospital admission frequency (9.7 vs. 10.3 times/year). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed only one-third of the follow-up time to be spent within therapeutic INR, association of INR therapeutic range with lesser number of hospital admissions and INR monitoring frequency of 6.47 times/year despite lack of stable INR control in most of the deep vein thrombosis patients.

The severity of positional mitral regurgitation during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to elucidate the incidence of mitral regurgitation during off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery to evaluate the relationship of the changes with ventricular function and possible mitral valve regurgitation caused by positioning. METHODS: Included in the study were 60 consecutive patients who underwent CAB grafting on the beating heart. We monitored several hemodynamic variables (systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and heart rate) at baseline and after each anastomosis and used transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) routinely after sternotomy, during each anastomosis, and after completion of the operation. Valvular functions, ejection fraction, and wall motion systolic index were recorded during each TEE evaluation. RESULTS: All of the patients underwent complete revascularization. We performed 132 consecutive OPCAB anastomoses in 60 patients (60 left anterior descending artery [LAD], 20 right coronary artery [RCA], 45 left circumflex coronary artery [LCX], and 7 diagonal artery grafts). During LCX anastomosis, 38 (84.4%) of 45 patients developed moderate mitral regurgitation. The wall motion score index (WMSI) significantly increased during CX grafting, as was demonstrated by higher WMSI values than for the RCA, diagonal, and LAD grafts. The ejection fraction was decreased significantly during CX and RCA anastomoses compared with baseline levels. The hemodynamic changes were in accord with these findings. The greatest hemodynamic compromise was seen during CX anastomosis. CONCLUSION: Positional mitral regurgitation occurs frequently and is a major contributor to hemodynamic instability during posterior- and lateral-wall revascularization during the OPCAB procedure.

New use of teflon to reduce bleeding in modified bentall operation.

We analyzed the postoperative short- and mid-term outcomes of a series of patients with annuloaortic ectasia who underwent a modified Bentall operation in our clinic from September 2000 through March 2006. The study included 44 patients. Their average age was 53.4 +/- 14.1 years. The underlying disease was degenerative aortic aneurysm in 42 patients (95.5%) and acute aortic dissection in 2 patients (4.5%). Six patients (13.6%) had Marfan phenotype. Aortic insufficiency was moderate in 30 patients (68.2%) and severe in 14 patients (31.8%). In our modification of the Bentall technique, we completed the resection of the aortic root while leaving 5 to 10 mm of native aortic wall tissue to support the anastomosis. A long piece of Teflon felt (width, 0.5-1 cm) was laid on the annulus, and nonpledgeted 2-0 polyester sutures were passed in turn through the Teflon felt, the preserved aortic tissue, and the aortic annulus. A thin piece of Teflon felt was also used in the coronary artery reimplantation sites. Fibrin glue was routinely applied to all anastomoses. There were no intraoperative deaths. One patient died in the hospital after surgery for acute type I aortic dissection. Another patient died 1 year after the operation from prosthetic-valve endocarditis. No patient required surgical correction of excessive postoperative bleeding. Kaplan-Meier curves showed overall survival of 0.94 (95% confidence intervals, 0.9-0.99). We consider our approach an easy, effective way to minimize bleeding from the anastomoses and at the aortic root--a common challenge in aortic surgery.

Myocardial injury during off-pump surgery. The effect of intraoperative risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To achieve better outcomes, the degree of myocardial injury due to off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB) must be reduced. We studied the factors that render patients scheduled for OPCAB vulnerable to myocardial injury, using troponin T (cTnT) as a marker of myocardial injury. METHODS: We prospectively investigated 123 patients being operated by a group of surgeons with off-pump technique between January 2001 and June 2006 in Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center. Myocardial injury occurring during surgery was assessed by post-operative cTnT measurement. Then, the relation between intraoperative factors and postoperative cTnT release were statistically evaluated. RESULTS: Blood samples for cTnT measurement were taken from all patients before operation, immediately after arrival at the intensive care unit, then at 6, 12, and 24 hours after distal revascularization. When regarding the intraoperative risk factors, we found that the heart rate, blood pressure and anastomosis time are the main determinant of myocardial cell injury occurring during OPCAB surgery. CONCLUSION: Although aortic cross-clamp and cardioplegic arrest were not used in off-pump myocardial revascularization, the ischemic myocardial cell destruction was also inevitable in off-pump technique. Therefore, management of heart rate and myocardial contractility was desirable not only for precise anastomosis but also for myocardial protection during OPCAB surgery.

Intracardiac and pulmonary artery hydatidosis causing thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Hydatidosis is a serious parasitic infection in endemic areas. A rare presentation is pulmonary arterial cysts causing thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. We report the case of a young man who presented with clinical and radiological findings of thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The patient was found to have hydatid cysts in both pulmonary arteries and in the right ventricular outflow tract. To remove all cysts without causing rupture, anaphylactic shock or systemic emboli, placing the patient under cardiopulmonary arrest was necessary, and in the case of pulmonary arterial involvement, total circulatory arrest was necessary. The cysts were removed successfully, and the patient survived the operation. The patient is being followed up on albendazole treatment. Myocardial preservation and management of total circulatory arrest are the cornerstones of a successful surgical outcome.

Systemic and myocardial inflammation in traditional and off-pump cardiac surgery.

In this study, we attempted to determine the role of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the myocardial and systemic inflammatory responses. Twenty patients who underwent elective CABG were enrolled in this study. Ten patients underwent on-pump CABG, and 10 patients underwent off-pump CABG. There were no differences between patients in preoperative clinical variables. We took systemic venous blood samples for the measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin I, and we took myocardial biopsies from the interventricular septum for chemiluminescence assay of reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, and superoxide). There was no significant difference in the myocardial tissue release of hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl, hypochlorite, and superoxide between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). The systemic tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in the off-pump group were significantly lower than in the on-pump group (P <0.01). The cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase-MB levels at 6, 12, and 24 postoperative hours were not statistically different between the 2 groups (P >0.05). We conclude that off-pump CABG appears to reduce systemic inflammation, without reducing myocardial oxidative stress and inflammation.

Microbiological Spectrum of Nosocomial ECMO Infections in a Tertiary Care Center

Abstract Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving treatment in cardiogenic and respiratory shock. It is prone to various complications, infection being among the most frequent. This study aims to define the prevalence and characteristics of infections in ECMO patients in a tertiary care center for cardiac diseases. Methods: All ECMO patients between 2012 and 2016 in a single cardiac center were retrospectively included. Demographic data, ECMO indications, type, site, duration, and infection-related data were recorded. Data were analyzed among all patients and separately between pediatric and adult patient groups. Results: One hundred and twenty-six patients, 66 (53.4%) pediatric and 60 (47.6%) adult, received ECMO within the study period. Mean age was 3.54±4.27 years in the pediatric group and 54.92±15.57 years in the adult group. The main indication for ECMO was postcardiotomy shock (77.8%). Forty-six (36.5%) of all cases developed a culture-proven nosocomial infection with a rate of 49/1000 ECMO days. Infection was associated with > 5 days of ECMO duration and hemodialysis requirement in all patients and lower age in the pediatric group. The most frequent infection site was the lower respiratory tract (14.3%), while the most common isolated organisms were Klebsiella (8.7%) and Streptococcus (4.8%) species. Conclusion: The respiratory tract is the most common site of infection, however, all sites impose a threat to recovery, with longer treatment durations required for patients with culture-proven infections. A better understanding of the infectious spectrum and its effect on the mortality and morbidity is required for more successful treatment of ECMO patients.

[Future of advanced heart failure and mechanical support devices: A Cardiology-Cardiovascular Surgery Consensus Report]. / Ileri evre kalp yetersizligi ve mekanik destek cihazlarinin gelecegi: Kardiyoloji-Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Uzlasi Raporu.

Heart failure is a progressive disease. A considerable number of patients eventually reach an advanced or terminal phase, in spite of developments in diagnostic procedure, alternative treatments that can slow progression, management, and follow-up. In addition to palliative care of patients in the terminal phase, accurate recognition of advanced disease is vital in the determination of therapeutic options. Overall management of patients with heart failure requires the collaboration of professionals from multiple disciplines. Still, patients with advanced heart failure should be managed by a "heart team," as indicated by guidelines; communication and collaboration among cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, and other medical staff responsible for patient care is necessary. While our country has physicians experienced in the management of patients with advanced heart failure, these professionals are not distributed evenly across the country, and equitable access to therapeutic options is not provided. Hence, progress has yet to be made regarding appropriate referrals and patient circulation. The aims of the present consensus report are to strengthen the connection between certified, experienced centers and those that care for patients irrespective of disease phase and healthcare staff, as well as to raise awareness and provide information regarding conditions in Turkey.