Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease.

This study aimed to identify inflammatory factors and soluble cytokines that act as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). We performed a nested prospective observational case-control study of patients with RA-ILD matched by sex, age, and time since the diagnosis of RA. All participants underwent pulmonary function testing and high-resolution computed tomography. ILD was defined according to the criteria of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society; the progression of lung disease was defined as the worsening of FVC > 10% or DLCO > 15%. Inflammation-related variables included the inflammatory activity measured using the DAS28-ESR and a multiplex cytokine assay. Two Cox regression models were run to identify factors associated with ILD and the progression of ILD. The study population comprised 70 patients: 35 patients with RA-ILD (cases) and 35 RA patients without ILD (controls). A greater percentage of cases had higher DAS28-ESR (p = 0.032) and HAQ values (p = 0.003). The variables associated with RA-ILD in the Cox regression analysis were disease activity (DAS28) (HR [95% CI], 2.47 [1.17-5.22]; p = 0.017) and high levels of ACPA (HR [95% CI], 2.90 [1.24-6.78]; p = 0.014), IL-18 in pg/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.06 [1.00-1.12]; p = 0.044), MCP-1/CCL2 in pg/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.03 [1.00-1.06]; p = 0.049), and SDF-1 in pg/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.00 [1.00-1.00]; p = 0.010). The only variable associated with the progression of ILD was IL-18 in pg/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.25 [1.07-1.46]; p = 0.004). Our data support that the inflammatory activity was higher in patients with RA-ILD than RA patients without ILD. Some cytokines were associated with both diagnosis and poorer prognosis in patients with RA-ILD.

Severity and impact of digestive impairment perceived by patients with systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the severity and impact of gastrointestinal involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and identify associated factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Non-controlled cross-sectional study of patients with SSc (2013 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria). The main variables were severity of gastrointestinal involvement according to the University of California, Los Angeles Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract 2.0 instrument (UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0) and dysphagia according to the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10). We evaluated reflux, distension, diarrhoea, faecal soilage, constipation, emotional well-being and social functioning, as well as dysphagia. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) and the EuroQol-5D-3L. The degree of skin fibrosis was assessed using the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS). Multivariate models were constructed to analyse factors associated with gastrointestinal involvement and dysphagia. RESULTS: Of the 75 patients with SSc included, 58.7% had moderate, severe or very severe reflux, 57.4% had constipation according to UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 and 49.7% had abdominal distension. Gastrointestinal symptoms interfered significantly with social functioning (42.7%) and emotional well-being (40.0%). Dysphagia (EAT-10≥3) was recorded in 52% of patients, and according to MNA-SF poor nutrition in 30.7%, and clear malnutrition requiring a nutritional intervention in 5.3%. Multivariate adjustment revealed an association between severity of gastrointestinal symptoms according to the mRSS (ß=0.249; p=0.002) and Visual Analogue Scale 3-Level EuroQol-5D (VAS-EQ-5D-3L) (ß=-0.302; p=0.001), whereas presence of dysphagia was associated with the mRSS (OR=2.794; p=0.015), VAS-EQ-5D-3L (OR=0.950; p=0.005) and malnutrition (MNA-SF≤7; OR=3.920; p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SSc frequently present severe gastrointestinal symptoms. These are associated with poor quality of life, more severe skin involvement and malnutrition.

Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors in Older Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of malnutrition in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and investigate associated risk factors. METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional study included participants aged ≥65 years who met the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria for RA. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) and based on variables, such as albumin level, the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), and vitamin D. Data were also collected on epidemiological variables, inflammatory disease activity, quality of life, physical function, and frailty. Multivariate models were used to study factors associated with nutritional status. RESULTS: The study population comprised 76 RA patients aged ≥65 years, of whom 68.4% had a normal nutritional status, and 31.5% had an impaired nutritional status: 28.9% were at risk of malnutrition, and 2.6% were malnourished. Additionally, 10% had albumin levels <3.8 g/L. Patients with impaired nutritional status had poorer quality of life and physical function. The factors associated with compromised nutritional status (OR [95% CI]) were age (1.0 [1.0-1.1]; p = 0.035), DAS28-ESR (1.8 [1.0-3.2]; p = 0.024), and EuroQoL-5D-5L (0.9 [0.9-0.9]; p = 0.040). Furthermore, the GNRI was associated with the MNA score (0.06 [0.0-0.1]; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of older patients with RA have impaired nutritional status. Older age, higher inflammatory disease activity, and decreased quality of life are associated with impaired nutritional status. The MNA and GNRI are valuable tools for assessing the nutritional status of patients with RA.

Interstitial Lung Disease Is Associated with Sleep Disorders in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sleep disorders and associated factors in patients with rheumatoid-arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). METHODS: We performed an observational study of 35 patients with RA-ILD (cases) and 35 age- and sex-matched RA patients without ILD (controls). We evaluated sleep disorders (Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire), positive psychological factors (resilience using the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale, emotional intelligence using the 24-item Trait Meta-Mood Scale), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), quality of life (36-item short-form survey), and fatigue (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Questionnaire). Other variables studied included the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and RA activity according to the DAS28-ESR. RESULTS: Compared to the controls, the cases were characterized by poorer sleep quality with a higher prevalence of insomnia (42% vs. 20%; p = 0.039), greater severity of insomnia (p = 0.001), and lower sleep satisfaction (p = 0.033). They also had poorer resilience and emotional recovery and more severe anxiety and depression. A diagnosis of ILD was the only factor independently associated with the three dimensions of sleep quality. The predictors of poorer sleep satisfaction in patients with RA-ILD were age (ß = -0.379), DAS28-ESR (ß = -0.331), and usual interstitial pneumonia pattern (ß = -0.438). The predictors of insomnia were DAS28-ESR (ß = 0.294), resilience (ß = -0.352), and CCI (ß = 0.377). CONCLUSIONS: RA-ILD is associated with significant sleep disorders. RA-ILD seems to be an independent risk factor for sleep alterations, with a greater impact on insomnia. Age, disease activity, and comorbidity also play a role in sleep disorders in patients with RA-ILD.

Sarcopenia and Nutrition in Elderly Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study to Determine Prevalence and Risk Factors.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of sarcopenia in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients aged ≥65 years and identify the risk factors associated with sarcopenia. METHODS: This is a multicenter, controlled, cross-sectional study of 76 RA patients and 76 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Sarcopenia was defined according to the revised criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2). Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed. Binary regression was used to assess the relationship between sarcopenia and sex, age, duration of RA, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score in patients with RA. RESULTS: Nearly 80% of participants were female, and the average age was >70 years. Patients with RA had lower muscle mass and greater adiposity (fat-to-muscle ratio mean [SD] 0.9 [0.2] vs. 0.8 [0.2]; p = 0.017) than controls, mainly in the central area (android/gynoid ratio, median [p25-p75]: 1.0 [0.9-1.2] vs. 0.9 [0.8-1.1]; p < 0.001). Twelve patients (15.8%) and three controls (3.9%) had confirmed sarcopenia (p = 0.014). Sarcopenic obesity was observed in 8/76 patients with RA (10.5%) and in 1/76 controls (1.3%) (p = 0.016). The factors associated with sarcopenia were male sex (OR [95% CI]: 9.3 [1.1-80.4]; p = 0.042), disease duration (OR [95% CI]: 1.1 [1.0-1.2]; p = 0.012), and nutritional status according to the MNA (OR [95% CI]: 0.7 [0.5-0.9]; p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that patients with RA aged ≥65 years may be at increased risk for sarcopenia, adiposity, and malnutrition (especially male patients with long-standing disease) and have poor nutritional status.

Inflammatory profile of incident cases of late-onset compared with young-onset rheumatoid arthritis: A nested cohort study.

Objectives: To describe the characteristics of patients between late-onset rheumatoid arthritis (LORA) with young-onset (YORA), and analyze their association with cumulative inflammatory burden. Methods: We performed a nested cohort study in a prospective cohort comprising 110 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 110 age- and sex-matched controls. The main variable was cumulative inflammatory activity according to the 28-joint Disease Activity Score with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR). High activity was defined as DAS28 ≥ 3.2 and low activity as DAS28 < 3.2. The other variables recorded were inflammatory cytokines, physical function, and comorbid conditions. Two multivariate models were run to identify factors associated with cumulative inflammatory activity. Results: A total of 22/110 patients (20%) met the criteria for LORA (≥ 60 years). Patients with LORA more frequently had comorbid conditions than patients with YORA and controls. Compared with YORA patients, more LORA patients had cumulative high inflammatory activity from onset [13 (59%) vs. 28 (31%); p = 0.018] and high values for CRP (p = 0.039) and IL-6 (p = 0.045). Cumulative high inflammatory activity in patients with RA was associated with LORA [OR (95% CI) 4.69 (1.49-10.71); p = 0.008], smoking [OR (95% CI) 2.07 (1.13-3.78); p = 0.017], anti-citrullinated peptide antibody [OR (95% CI) 3.24 (1.15-9.13); p = 0.025], average Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score [OR (95% CI) 2.09 (1.03-14.23); p = 0.034], and physical activity [OR (95% CI) 0.99 (0.99-0.99); p = 0.010]. The second model revealed similar associations with inflammatory activity in patients with LORA. Conclusion: Control of inflammation after diagnosis is poorer and comorbidity more frequent in patients with LORA than in YORA patients and healthy controls.

Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Functioning in Adults with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate possible decline of cognitive functions in adult patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and identify associated factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a 24-month prospective observational study of adults (≥16 years) with JIA. The primary outcome measure was decline in cognitive function defined as a worsening of ≥2 points on the scales of the subsets administered to evaluate the different cognitive areas using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) after 24 months: attention/concentration (digit span); verbal function (vocabulary); visual-spatial organization (block design); working memory (letter-number sequencing); and problem solving (similarities). Other variables included average inflammatory activity using C-reactive protein and composite activity indexes, comorbidity, and treatment. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with cognitive decline. RESULTS: The study population comprised 52 patients with JIA. Of these, 15 (28.8%) had cognitive decline at V24. The most affected functions were working memory (17.3%), attention/concentration (9.6%), verbal function (7.7%), visual-spatial organization (7.7%), and problem solving (3.8%). There were no significant differences in the median direct or scale scores for the cognitive functions evaluated between V0 and V24 for the whole sample. The factors associated with cognitive decline in patients with JIA were average C-reactive protein (OR [95% CI], 1.377 [1.060-1.921]; p = 0.039), depression (OR [95% CI], 3.691 [1.294-10.534]; p = 0.015), and treatment with biologics (OR [95% CI], 0.188 [0.039-0.998]; p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: Cognitive decline was detected in almost one third of adults with JIA after 24 months of follow-up. Systemic inflammatory activity in JIA patients was related to cognitive decline. Patients treated with biologics had a lower risk of decline in cognitive functions.

Evaluation of cognitive function in adult patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cognitive function in adult patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and associated factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional observational study of adult patients with JIA and a healthy control group (no inflammatory diseases) matched for age, gender, and educational level. Cognitive function was assessed using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. The cognitive domains measured were attention/concentration, verbal function, visuospatial organization, working memory, and problem solving (Similarities). Other measures included clinical-epidemiological characteristics, comorbid conditions, and treatment. We performed a descriptive bivariate analysis and logistic regression to identify factors associated with visuospatial involvement. RESULTS: The study population comprised 104 subjects (52 with JIA and 52 healthy controls). Patients with JIA had poorer results for visuospatial function, with a lower median scaled score on the Block Design test (5.0 [4.0-8.0] vs 8.0 [5.0-10.0]; P = .014). The number of patients with scaled scores below the average range (<8) in visuospatial organization was significantly greater in the JIA group (67.3% vs 40.4%; P = .006). The multivariate analysis revealed time since diagnosis (odds ratio [95% CI], 1.03 [1.01-1.06]), inflammatory activity according to Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score 27-joint count (1.94 [1.01-3.75]), and educational level (0.28 [0.08-0.94]) to be factors associated with visuospatial function. CONCLUSION: Cognitive function in adult patients with JIA is poorer than in healthy controls at the expense of visuospatial function. Visuospatial function in JIA patients was inversely associated with disease duration, inflammatory activity, and lower educational level.