In Vitro Modeling of Co-Transplantation of Multipotent Stromal Mesenchymal Cells from Orbital Fat Pad and Lipoaspirate of Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Organ Culture in Collagen Gel.

The interplay of multipotent stromal cells derived from the orbital fat pads and cells of the lipoaspirate from the subcutaneous adipose tissue was studied using in vitro co-transplantation model in an organ culture in a collagen gel. Microscopy findings and intensity of apoptosis and cell proliferation in cultures of lipoaspirate with and without multipotent stromal cells showed that the cells maintained their viability, proliferation capacity, and cytokine secretion activity. Higher proliferatitive activity of cells in cocultures promotes renewal of fat transplant cells and can help to maintain its stable volume in delayed terms after transplantation.

[Screening of potential antibiotics, inhibitors of the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis--2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate derivatives].

The recently discovered nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis is a prospective target in screening of new antibiotics. Because of the absence of the pathway in the animal cells, the specific inhibitors of the pathway will be a new class of antibiotics against many pathogens (which cause, e.g., malaria, tuberculosis, etc), combining high efficiency and low toxicity. Several derivatives of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEC) were synthesized. 4-Phospho-methyl-D-erythritol-1,2-cyclophosphate, benzyl ether and benzyliden derivative of MEC inhibited the 14C-MEC incorporation into isoprenoids of chromoplasts from red pepper with IC50 of 1.7-5 MM. Some inhibition (about 10%) was also observed with the use of dimethyl ether and isopropyliden derivative of MEC.

[Physical adaptability of the cardiorespiratory complex in sailors of European North].

The authors assessed physiological adaptation in 26 divers and 54 submariners doing military service in the Arctic circle of the European North. There was a stable regulation of cardiac rhythm due to its vasomotor component in the divers and autonomic lability in the submariners, a worse reaction to orthostatic changes during functional tests in the divers than in the submariners. The orthostatic test-induced reduction in the total power of the cardiac rhythm variability spectrum in the submariners was referred by the authors to as the asthenic phenomena caused by the specificity of their service activities. The distinctive type of divers' respiration, which was characterized by lower velocity properties and ample possibilities during forced respiration, was detected.

[2-(14)C-Methylerythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate incorporation into bacterial and plant isoprenoids].

To work out a test system for studying the inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis through non-mevalonate pathway, the conversion of 2-(14)C-methylerythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (14C-MEC) into isoprenoids of three bacteria species and into plastids of 11 higher plant species was studied. The highest efficiency (up to 63%) of the process was observed with chromoplasts from narcissus (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.) and celandine (Chelidonium majus L.). Twenty five percent of added 14C-MEC was recovered in an isoprenoid fraction of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) chromoplasts. Thus, these three models can be used to test antibiotic inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis.

[Adaptation of divers in the European North].

The article gives a value of physiological condition of plungers's organisme during the most unfavorable season of the year-- polar night--in condition of based planed readiness (n = 26). Data of researches concluded necessary parameters of anthropometry, homodynamic, respirator functions. Supplementary diagnostic base was made by methods from the program of express-control of functional conditions. The results of the searches gave an opportunity to esteem the examined group of service men as people with tight vegetal nervous system, high level of neurohumoral regularity, which common for the physically strong people. It confirms the effectiveness of existing system of choice of plungers. The authors offer to fix a system of physiological monitoring of the health of all the service men. The purpose of this action is an early revelation of donozoologial conditions.

[Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of fosmidomycin and its derivatives].

Unlike the mammals, some species of pathogenic microorganisms synthesize isoprenoids by the mevalonate-independent pathway known as the methyl-erythritol phosphate pathway (MEP). The macromolecules of the polyprenyl compounds play an essential role in the metabolism of the microbial cell. Therefore, the MEP enzymes can be targets for new antibiotics. Antibacterial activity of fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), the key enzyme of MEP in isoprenoid biosynthesis was estimated. By the results of the in vitro experiments the tested microorganisms were divided into susceptible and resistant to fosmidomycin. Vaccinal strains of B. anthracis and practically all the strains of P. aeruginosa were included into the first group. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of fosmidomycin for them determined by the method of serial dilutions were 1-8 mcg/ml. The second group for which the MICs were 16-64 mcg/ml included representatives of Listeria, Yersinia and Burkholderia. The tested species of enteric bacteria, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Campylobacterium and the tularemia vaccinal strain were fosmidomycin resistant. The MICs for them varied from 128 to 512 mcg/ml. Since all the above mentioned bacteria have DXR, resistance to fosmidomycin was conjectured with the difficulty of its delivery to the target in the microbial cell. To increase penetrability of fosmidomycin, various functional groups modifing its hydrophoby were added to the antibiotic molecule. However, no expected increase of the susceptibility to the derivatives was achieved probably because their affinity to DXR lowered. Penetrability of fosmidomycin to the cell was facilitated by using its combinations with compounds influencing the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane. Combined use of fosmidomycin with polymyxin B, chlorhexidine and cetrimide 4-64 times lowered its MICs for the strains of Listeria, Burkholderia and Yersinia.

Eu3+ coordination in an organic/inorganic hybrid matrix with methyl end-capped short polyether chains.

Fourier Transform mid-infrared (FT-IR), Fourier Transform Raman (FT-Raman) and photoluminescence spectroscopies and Two-Dimensional (2D) Correlation Spectroscopic Analysis were employed to examine the anionic and cationic local environments in mono-urethanesils doped with europium triflate (Eu(CF(3)SO(3))(3)). The hybrid host framework of these materials is composed of a siliceous backbone bonded through urethane linkages to CH(3)-terminated polymer chains containing about 7 OCH(2)CH(2) units. Samples with infinity >/= n (composition) >/=5 (where n = OCH(2)CH(2)/Eu(3+)) were studied. In terms of ionic association, the level of complexity of these xerogels is very high. In all the compounds the triflate ions exist "free", weakly coordinated and forming cross-link separated ion pairs. At 20 >/= n >/= 5, in addition to all these species contact ion pairs occur. In agreement with these conclusions, photoluminescence establishes the presence of three distinct cation local sites (Eu(3+)/O=C(urethane cross-links), Eu(3+)/O-C-C(polyether chains) and weakly coordinated Eu(3+)/CF(3)SO(3)(-) ionic pairs).

Local structure and near-infrared emission features of neodymium-based amine functionalized organic/inorganic hybrids.

Nd(3+)-based organic/inorganic hybrids have potential application in the field of integrated optics. Attractive sol-gel derived di-urea and di-urethane cross-linked poly(oxyethylene) (POE)/siloxane hybrids (di-ureasils and di-urethanesils, respectively) doped with neodymium triflate (Nd(CF(3)SO(3))(3)) were examined by Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-IR), Raman (FT-Raman), (29)Si magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and photoluminescence spectroscopies, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The goals of this work were to determine which cation coordinating site of the host matrix (ether oxygen atoms or carbonyl oxygen atoms) is active in each of the materials analyzed, its influence on the nanostructure of the samples and its relation with the photoluminescence properties. The main conclusion derived from this study is that the hydrogen-bonded associations formed throughout the materials play a major role in the hybrids nanostructure and photoluminescence properties.

[A strategy for the control of HIV infection and viral hepatitides against the background of the narcotic abuse epidemic]. / Strategiia bor'by s VICh-infektsiei i virusnymi gepatitami na fone épidemii narkomanii.

The presence of the epidemic of drug addiction in the Russian Federation is stated: for the recent 10 years the number of drug addicts increased 3.5-fold. The questioning of several thousand drug addicts has revealed that 60% of them have hepatitis B, 80% have hepatitis C, 10% have syphilis. The strategy of controlling HIV infection among drug addicts is proposed. It includes, in the first place, the prevention of the secondary infection from HIV-infected addicts; in the second place, the detection of HIV-infected persons in groups of drug addicts, difficult to establish contacts with; in the third place, the primary prophylaxis within the program "Harm reduction" in the most susceptible groups of drug addicts. The thesis that the prevention of HIV infection must become the prevention of drug addiction by rendering multi-stage assistance to HIV-infected persons, including mainly drug addicts, is substantiated.

[The clean syringe and HIV infection. A clean syringe can be obtained by any drug addict in a bus stationed in places of active drug trading]. / Chistyi shprits i VICh-infektsiia. Chistyi shprits mozhet poluchit' liuboi narkoman v avtobuse, kotoryi dezhurit v mestakh ozhivlennoi torgovli narkotikami.

The results of the work on the Program "Bus" supported by the Charitable Fund "Vozvrashchenie" and the French organization Doctors of the World [correction of Word] are presented. The Program "Bus", in contrast to a number of other programs aimed at the "decrease of harm", extended the project by providing the possibility of organizing, within this program, contacts between specialists and drug addicts, as well as the possibility of carrying out diagnostic procedures. As revealed in the process of the work, a half of those who applied to the "Bus" for help sought advice, psychological support, etc. 70% of the drug addicts asking for clean syringes had never applied for help. Among 900 persons who underwent testing, 90% were found to have markers of hepatitis C virus and 76%, markers of hepatitis B virus. Among those drug addicts who applied to the "Bus" for help 11% were found to have syphilis and 1 person proved to be HIV-infected. The results of the work on this project are indicative of the expediency of using such programs in other regions.

[Study of nucleotide biosynthesis by cultured Brevibacterium ammoniagenes using P31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]. / Issledovanie biosinteza nukleotidov kul'turoi Brevibacterium ammoniagenes metodom spektroskopii IaMR na iadrakh P31.

Using P31 nuclear magnetic resonance, transformations of phosphorous compounds by the culture Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 in the course of fermentation aimed at the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide were investigated. It was found that the NAD synthesis by the cells treated with surface active substances was markedly influenced by the presence of a small (initial) ATP quantity and was unaffected by an addition of the synthetic polyphosphate (n-40). It was demonstrated that the cells which were not treated with surface active substances contained orthophosphate, carbohydrate monophosphates, and minor quantities of nucleoside triphosphates, polyphosphates, mono- and dinucleotides. After treatment with surface active substances the cells lost these compounds. It is suggested that polyphosphates of the cell and adenosine monophosphate synthesized during its autolysis may enhance the recovery of the ATP level required to trigger glycolysis which serves as the major producer of ATP in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation.

[Effect of pesticides on bacterial membranes]. / Deistvie pestitsidov na membrany bakterii.

The effect of pure preparation of ordram, fosalon, DDT, methoxychlorine, hydrel, dihydrel, 2,4-D, 2M-4C and of technical preparations of saturn, linuron, ronstar and keltan on the membrane functions (respiration and motility) of Azospirillum brasilense and Chromatium minutissimum cells and on malate and NADH oxidation by the isolated membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus was investigated. The effect varied from irreversible impairment to undetectable impairment of the measured activities depending on the type of bacteria and on the chemical used. The ordram induced permeability of the A. brasilense membranes without inhibition of the respiratory chain activity and selective inhibition of malate oxidase accompanied by stimulation of NADH oxidation in the M. lysodeikticus membranes indicates a possibility of ordram application as a regulator of bacterial metabolism.

[Comparative characteristics of the metabolism of E. coli cells with various activity of penicillin acylase]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika metabolizma kletok E. coli s razlichnoi aktivnost'iu penitsillinatsilazy.

A correlation between the synthesis and secretion of penicillin acylase (PA; EC 3.5.1.11) and the membrane phospholipid composition was observed in three E. coli strains. In cells with overproduction of PA, the phospholipid/protein ratio decreases, while the cardiolipin/phosphatidylglycerol ratio increases. The differences in the functioning of the electron transport system were revealed in cells with different levels of PA synthesis and secretion. The O2 consumption rate was 3 times lower in the cells with overproduction of PA than in those of less productive strains. On the contrary, membrane particles isolated from the cells of PA producers had no significant differences in the O2-reduction rate. The sensitivity of the strains to the inhibitor of terminal oxidases, sodium cyanide, and to the uncoupler of redox phosphorylation, chlorocarbonyl-phenylhydrazone, was different. Thus the E. coli cells with PA overproduction are characterized by significant changes in energetics and constructive metabolism. The interrelations between PA overproduction, phospholipid metabolism and the respiratory chain activity are discussed.

[Immunomodulatory properties of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate and search for its new derivatives]. / Immunomoduliatornye svoistva i poisk novykh proizvodnykh 2-C-Metil-D-éritriol-2,4-tsiklopirofosfata.

A strong immunomodulatory effect of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate (MEC) responsible for the survival of bacteria was shown on isolated macrophages and in experimental infections in mice (typhoid and tularemia). Derivatives of MEC were found by 1H-NMR spectroscopy under stress conditions in colorless mutants of the bacteria and isolated to be subsequently purified and used for modulation of the immune system of animals.

[Properties of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclopyrophosphate--an intermediate in the non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis]. / Nekotorye svoistva 2-C-metil-D-éritritol-2,4-tsiklopirofosfata--intermediata bezmevalonatnogo puti biosinteza izoprenoidov.

Extraction and purification from the biomass of Corynebacterium ammoniagenes of 2-C-methyl-D-erhythritol 2,4-cyclopyrophosphate (MEC) was associated with its spontaneous transformation into a number of derivatives (which was due to pyrophosphate bond lability and the formation of complexes with metals). These derivatives included 1,2-cyclophospho-4-phosphate, 2,4-diphosphate, 2,3-cyclophosphate, 1,4-diphosphate, and 3,5-diphosphate (identified by 1H, 31P, and 13C NMR spectroscopy) and accounted for about 10% MEC. When added to a solution of DNA in the presence of the Fenton reagent, MEC prevented DNA decomposition. In addition, MEC slowed down the interaction of the reagent with tempol radicals, which indicates that complexation of ferrous ions by MEC attenuates their ability to catalyze the formation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of 0.23 mM MEC, the rate of respiration of rat liver mitochondria increased 1.8 times. At 0.1-1.0 mM, MEC activated in vitro proliferation of human Vgamma9 T-cells. It is suggested that MEC acts as an endogenous stabilizing agent for bacterial cells subjected to oxidative stress and as an immunomodulator for eukaryotic hosts.

[Changes in the structural function of the membrane of M. lysodeikticus as affected by preparations of the bacterial autoregulatory factors D1]. / Izmenenie strukturnogo sostoianiia membrany M. lysodeikticus pod vliianiem preparatov autoreguliatornykh bakterial'nykh faktorov D1.

Introduction of factors D1 isolated from the culture fluids of B. cereus and Ps. carboxydoflava into cytoplasmic membranes of M. lysodeikticus resulted in a higher microviscosity of the lipid phase. Factor d1 changes the ion permeability of an artificial bilayer membrane as well as reduces the content of free water in the bacterial paste. It is assumed that registered structural changes may result from the interaction of the factor molecules with membrane lipids and be the main reason of changes in the functioning of membrane-bound enzymes and dehydration of the microbial cell as well.

[An HIV prevalence study by means of sentinel epidemiological surveillance among injection narcotic abusers in Saint Petersburg]. / Izuchenie rasprostranennosti VICh metodom dozornogo épidnadzora sredi potrebitelei in''ektsionnykh narkotikov v Sankt-Peterburge.

The data on the study of the spread of HIV infection among injecting drug users in St. Petersburg, carried out by the method of the random testing of blood remaining in used syringes, are presented. Injecting drug users visiting buses working in accordance with the program "Buses for Assistance to Drug Addicts" were chosen as a study group. The exchange of syringes was one of the elements of this program. The work was carried out in two areas with a high concentration of drug users. The eluates from syringes used by 300 persons were studied. The average rate of the spread of HIV in the cohort under study was 12%. The results were indicative of a high degree of the spread of HIV among injecting drug users in St. Petersburg. Epidemiological patrol surveillance proved to be an effective method for the evaluation of the epidemiological situation in a highly inaccessible group of the population.

[Effect of fosfidomycin on development of various infections in mice]. / Deistvie fosmidomitsina na razvitie nekotorykh infektsii u myshei.

Antibiotic fosmidomycin will know as inhibitor of the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis and as possible antimalarial drug, was shown to possess a certain protective effect on mice experimentally infected with tularemia, tiphus or coli-septicemia. Positive effect on mice with chronic form of tuberculosis was not observed when the animals were given 1 mg of fosmidomycin per capita twice a day. Under oxidative conditions an ESR signal of long living nitroxil free radicals were registered in the water solution of fosmidomycin. The radicals are supposed to be involved in the therapeutic effect of the antibiotic.