Knowledge of mental health diagnosis among patients and their family members: an inpatient survey in China.

BACKGROUND: Patient-oriented information disclosure has been advocated by the National Mental Health Law (NMHL) in China since 2012; however, reporting on diagnostic disclosure to patients with mental disorders after the NMHL is limited. AMIS: This study aims to investigate and compare the knowledge of mental health diagnosis among patients and their family members in China. METHODS: An inpatient survey was conducted among 205 patients with mental disorders and their family members. Group differences of the correctness of self-reported mental health diagnosis were compared, and logistic regression was performed to investigate correlates among both patients and their family members. RESULTS: Overall, 76.7% patients and 80.6% of their family members reported a correct diagnosis. Only 46.2% patients with psychotic disorders correctly knew their diagnosis, significantly lower than their family members and patients with non-psychotic disorders. Multivariate regression analysis found that the diagnosis of psychotic disorders was a risk factor of patients' diagnostic knowledge (AOR = 0.137; 95% CI = 0.044-0.429), while family members' diagnostic knowledge was associated with their employment (AOR = 6.125, 95% CI = 1.942-19.323) and parent-child relationship with patients (AOR = 3.719; 95% CI = 1.057-13.086). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with non-psychotic disorders know their diagnosis correctly and informing family members of patients' diagnosis remains a common practice in psychiatric setting after the implementation of China's NMHL.

Barriers to childhood immunization in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Immunization to prevent infectious diseases is a core strategy to improve childhood health as well as survival. It remains a challenge for some African countries to attain the required childhood immunization coverage. We aim at identifying individual barriers confronting parents/caretakers, providers, and health systems that hinder childhood immunization coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa. METHOD: This systematic review searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE. We restricted to published articles in English that focused on childhood immunization barriers in sub-Saharan Africa from January 1988 to December 2019. We excluded studies if: focused on barriers to immunization for children in other regions of the world, studied adult immunization barriers; studies not available on the university library, they were editorial, reports, reviews, supplement, and bulletins. Study designs included were cross-sectional, second-hand data analysis; and case control. RESULTS: Of the 2652 items identified, 48 met inclusion criteria. Parents/caretakers were the most common subjects. Nine articles were of moderate and 39 were of high methodological quality. Nine studies analyzed secondary data; 36 used cross-sectional designs and three employed case control method. Thirty studies reported national immunization coverage of key vaccines for children under one, eighteen did not. When reported, national immunization coverage of childhood vaccines is reported to be low. Parents/caretaker' barriers included lack of knowledge of immunization, distance to access point, financial deprivation, lack of partners support, and distrust in vaccines and immunization programs. Other associated factors for low vaccine rates included the number of off-springs, lifestyle, migration, occupation and parent's forgetfulness, inconvenient time and language barrier. Barriers at health system level cited by healthcare providers included limited human resources and inadequate infrastructures to maintain the cold chain and adequate supply of vaccines. CONCLUSION: In this review we identified more thoroughly the parents/caretakers' barriers than those of providers and health systems. Factors that influenced decisions to get children vaccinated were mainly their gender, beliefs, socio-culture factors in the communities in which they live. Thus it is vital that immunization programs consider these barriers and address the people and societies in their communities across sub-Saharan Africa.

[Relationship between air pollution and the number of pneumonia hospitalization in a children's hospitalin Changsha].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between air pollution and the number of pneumonia hospitalization in a children's hospital in Changsha.
 Methods: Children who have been in this hospital for the treatment of pneumonia between December 2013 and December 2015 were enrolled in this study. Based on daily meteorological data and air pollution data from December 2013 to December 2015 in Changsha, we constructed a generalized additive model to analyze the relationship between air pollution and the number of pneumonia hospitalization.
 Results: During the research, the average concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded the Grade II national standards for air quality. The average concentration of SO2 exceeded the Grade I national standards. The change of all the 3 main air pollution indexes showed strong statistical relationship with the change of the number of pneumonia hospitalization (P<0.05), among which, the impact of SO2 ranked number 1, followed by PM2.5 and PM10. Effect of atmospheric pollution on the number of pneumonia boys was basically same as that in the total pneumonia children (P<0.05). The effect on girls showed no statistical relationship in both models (P>0.05).
 Conclusion: The concentrations of SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 are positively correlated with pneumonia hospitalization number of children, and their effect on boys is more obvious than that in the girls.

Parental cardiometabolic multimorbidity and subsequent cardiovascular incidence in middle-aged adults: A prospective cohort study.

Background: The prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity, defined as the coexistence of two or three cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes, and stroke, has increased rapidly in recent years, but the additive association between parental cardiometabolic multimorbidity and cardiovascular incidence in middle-aged adults remains unclear. Methods: All the data analysed in this study were derived from the UK Biobank, and a total of 71,923 participants aged 40-55 years old without CVD were included in the main analyses. A weighted score was developed and grouped participants into four parental CMDs patterns: non-CMD, low burden, middle burden, and high burden. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the associations between parental CMDs pattern and CVD incidence before 65 years old. Improvement in CVD risk prediction by adding parental CMDs pattern to a basic model was evaluated. Results: Among the 71,923 participants, 3070 CVD events were observed during a median 12.04 years of follow-up. Compared to non-CMD groups, adults in high burden group had a 94% (73-117%) increased risk of CVD. The restricted cubic spline analysis revealed an exposure-response association between parental CMDs burden and risk of CVD (Pnonlinear = 0.24). Additionally, models involving parental CMDs pattern showed slightly improvements in CVD risk prediction, especially for CHD. Conclusion: An increased burden of parental CMDs was associated with an increased risk of CVD incidence in middle-aged adults. Parental CMDs pattern may provide valuable information in primary prevention of CVD in middle-aged adults.

A comparison of patient-reported quality between inpatient services for mental and physical health: A tertiary-hospital-based survey in China.

Background: It is widely acknowledged that quality of mental health services is routinely worse than physical health services across countries. However, studies separately investigating mental health services often report high-level satisfaction, even comparing with physical health services. Therefore, this study aimed to compare patient-reported quality between inpatient services for mental and physical health in China. Methods: An inpatient survey was conducted among service users of mental and physical health services. Patient-reported quality was measured by the responsiveness performance questionnaire after patient discharge and based on patients' multiple experiences of hospitalization in the past 3 years. Chi-square tests were performed to compare the two patient groups' ratings on inpatient services for mental and physical health, and multivariate logistic regression was performed to adjust covariates in the group comparison. Results: Inpatient services for mental health were rated better than those for physical health on "treating with respect" (AOR = 3.083, 95% CI = 1.102-8.629) and "choosing a healthcare provider" (AOR = 2.441, 95% CI = 1.263-4.717). However, mental health services had poorer ratings on "asking patient's opinions" (AOR = 0.485, 95% CI = 0.259-0.910). For other responsiveness items, no significant difference was detected between the two types of inpatient services. Conclusion: Mental health inpatient services provided by China's tertiary hospitals could perform as well as physical health inpatient services in most aspects and even better perform regarding dignity and choice of healthcare providers. However, neglecting patients' voices is more severe in inpatient services for mental health.

Stressful Life Events, Unhealthy Eating Behaviors and Obesity among Chinese Government Employees: A Follow-Up Study.

Background: The underlying mechanisms of the relationship between stressful life events and obesity among Chinese workers are unclear. Objective: This study aimed to understand the processes and mechanisms involved in stressful life events, unhealthy eating behavior, and obesity among Chinese workers. Methods: From January 2018 to December 2019, a total of 15,921 government employees were included at baseline and they were followed-up until May 2021. Stressful life events were assessed using the Life Events Scale, and unhealthy eating behavior was assessed using four items. BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m2) using physically measured data. Results: Overeating at each mealtime (OR = 2.21, 95%CI: 1.78-2.71) at baseline led to reports of higher risk of obesity at follow up. Eating before going to bed at night sometimes (OR = 1.51, 95%CI: 1.31-1.73) or often (OR = 3.04, 95%CI: 2.28-4.05) at baseline led to reports of higher risk of obesity at follow-up. Eating out sometimes (OR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.47-2.07) or often (OR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.07-2.36) at baseline led to reports of higher risk of obesity at follow-up. Stressful life events were not directly associated with obesity, but unhealthy eating behaviors, including overeating at each mealtime (ß = 0.010, 95%CI: 0.007-0.014; ß = 0.002, 95%CI: 0.001-0.004, respectively) and irregular meal timing (ß = -0.011, 95%CI: -0.015--0.008; ß = -0.004, 95%CI: -0.006--0.001, respectively), significantly mediated the associations between stressful life events at baseline and obesity at both baseline and follow-up. Conclusions: Unhealthy eating behaviors mediated the relationship between stressful life events and obesity. Interventions should be provided to workers who have experienced stressful life events and unhealthy eating behaviors.

Association of Healthy Lifestyles with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study in Chinese Government Employees.

BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that certain healthy lifestyle factors are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, little is known about the effect of combined healthy lifestyle factors. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of combined healthy lifestyle factors with the incidence of NAFLD. METHODS: This cohort study was conducted in Changsha, Hunan Province, China. The healthy lifestyles factors studied were not being a current smoker, having a healthy diet, engaging in physical activity, having a normal body mass index (BMI) and engaging in non-sedentary behavior. NAFLD was diagnosed based on abdominal ultrasonography. Logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the associations being studied. RESULTS: Of the 5411 participants, 1280 participants had NAFLD, with a prevalence of 23.7% at baseline. The incidence of NAFLD among participants without NAFLD at baseline was found to be 7.2% over a mean follow-up of 1.1 years. Compared with participants with 0-1 low-risk factors, the OR of NAFLD was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.29-0.82, p = 0.008) for those with at least 4 low-risk factors. Similar associations were observed in subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a combined healthy lifestyle pattern may considerably decrease the risk of NAFLD in Chinese government employees.

Association between nocturnal sleep duration and the risk of hyperuricemia among Chinese government employees: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: Evidence has shown that nocturnal sleep duration is associated with the risk of hyperuricemia, yet the findings are inconsistent. Thus, we aimed at exploring the association between nocturnal sleep duration and the risk of hyperuricemia in Chinese government employees. Methods: A total of 10,321 government employees aged 20-60 years were collected from the Cohort Study on Chronic Diseases among Government Employees in Hunan Province, China. Sleep duration was self-reported. And serum uric acid levels >420 µmol/L in men and >360 µmol/L in women were considered hyperuricemia. The association between nocturnal sleep duration and hyperuricemia risk was examined utilizing multivariate logistic regression models. To further examine the connection between nocturnal sleep duration and serum uric acid levels, multiple linear regression analyses were utilized. Results: The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 17.2%. The results of logistic regression demonstrated that, in contrast to participants whose sleep duration was 7-8 h, those who slept for <7 h had an elevated risk of hyperuricemia (OR = 1.343, 95%CI: 1.126, 1.601). Further stratified analysis revealed that this association was still observed in those without obesity (OR = 1.365; 95%CI: 1.127, 1.655), hypertension (OR = 1.290, 95%CI: 1.054, 1.578), or diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.361, 95%CI: 1.136, 1.631). Multiple linear regression showed that shorter sleep duration (< 7 h) was positively correlated with serum uric acid levels. In comparison to individuals who slept for 7-8 h, those with sleep duration of fewer than 7 h had serum uric acid levels that were 7.231 µmol/L (95% CI: 2.875, 11.588) higher. Conclusion: Short nocturnal sleep duration (< 7 h) was associated with a higher risk of hyperuricemia, especially in participants without obesity, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus. Besides, short nocturnal sleep duration was related to greater uric acid levels.

Trends in the Prevalence of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity in the United States, 1999-2018.

Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (co-existence of ≥1 cardiometabolic diseases) is increasingly common, while its prevalence in the U.S. is unknown. We utilized data from 10 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) two-year cycles in U.S. adults from 1999 to 2018. We reported the age-standardized prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in 2017-2018 and analyzed their trends during 1999-2018 with joinpoint regression models. Stratified analyses were performed according to gender, age, and race/ethnicity. In 2017-2018, the prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity was 14.4% in the U.S., and it was higher among male, older, and non-Hispanic Black people. The three most common patterns were hypertension and diabetes (7.5%); hypertension, diabetes, and CHD (2.2%); and hypertension and CHD (1.8%). During 1999-2018, the prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in U.S. adults increased significantly, with an averaged two-year cycle percentage change (AAPC) of 3.6 (95% CI: 2.1 to 5.3). The increasing trend was significant for both genders, most age groups except for 60-79 years, and non-Hispanic White people. For common patterns, the trend was increasing for hypertension and diabetes and hypertension, diabetes, and CHD, while it was decreasing for hypertension and CHD. Our findings provide evidence that cardiometabolic multimorbidity has risen as an austere issue of public health in the U.S.

Increased Mortality Trends in Patients With Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Comorbid Hypertension in the United States, 2000-2019.

Background: According to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), countries are required to reduce the mortality rates of four main non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), and cancer (CA), by one-third in 2030 from the 2015 level. However, progress fell short of expectations, partly attributed to the high rates of hypertension-related NCD mortality. This study aimed to investigate the mortality trends of SDG-targeted NCDs with comorbid hypertension. In addition, the disparities in mortality rates among different demographic subgroups were further explored. Methods: Mortality data from 2000 to 2019 were acquired from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. SDG-targeted NCDs were considered the underlying causes of death, and hypertension was considered a multiple cause of death. Permutation tests were performed to determine the time points of Joinpoints for mortality trends. The annual percent changes and average annual percent changes (AAPCs), as well as 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated to demonstrate the temporary trend of mortality rates overall and by age, sex, ethnicity, and region. Results: The hypertension-related DM, CRD, and CA mortality rates increased over the 20 years, of which the AAPCs were 2.0% (95% CI: 1.4%, 2.6%), 3.2% (95% CI: 2.8%, 3.6%), and 2.1% (95% CI: 1.6%, 2.6%), respectively. Moreover, despite decreasing between 2005 and 2015, the hypertension-related CVD mortality rate increased from 2015 to 2019 [APC: 1.3% (95% CI: 0.7%, 1.9%)]. The increased trends were consistent across most age groups. Mortality rates among men were higher and increased faster than those among women. The hypertension-related CVD, DM, and CA mortality rates among African American people were higher than those among White people. The increased mortality rates in rural areas, especially in rural south, were higher than those in urban areas. Conclusion: In the United States, the hypertension-related DM, CRD, and CA mortality rates increased between 2000 and 2019, as well as hypertension-related CVD mortality between 2015 and 2019. Disparities existed among different sexes, ethnicities, and areas. Actions to prevent and manage hypertension among patients with NCDs are required to reduce the high mortality rates and minimize disparities.

Long working hours, work-related stressors and sleep disturbances among Chinese government employees: A large population-based follow-up study.

Currently, evidence on the associations between long working hours and sleep disturbances among the Chinese workers is lacking. This study aimed at explore the possible associations and underlying mechanisms between long working hours and sleep disturbances among Chinese government employees. A total of 16206 government employees were recruited at baseline and 11806 of which were available at follow-up. A digital self-reported questionnaire platform was established to collect information. Sleep disturbances were assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), long working hours was assessed by self-report. Binary logistic regression analysis and path analysis were conducted. The results showed that long working hours at baseline were significantly associated with poor sleep quality at follow up (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.12 - 1.47). Long working hours at baseline were significantly associated with some specific sleep disturbance components at follow-up including long sleep latency (OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.01 - 1.38), as well as short sleep duration (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.12 - 1.43), impairment of sleep efficiency (OR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.01 - 1.26), sleep disturbances (OR: 1.39, 95%CI: 1.02 - 1.95) and daytime dysfunction (OR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.08 - 1.49). Work stress and job dissatisfaction mediated the relationship between long working hours and sleep disturbances. Continued overtime work should be recognized as a risk factor for the development of sleep disturbances among Chinese government employees. Work stress and work dissatisfaction mediated the relationship between long working hours and sleep disturbances. Effective interventions should be provided to employees who have experienced long working hours.

Stressful Life Events and Chronic Fatigue Among Chinese Government Employees: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background: Currently, evidence on the role of stressful life events in fatigue among the Chinese working adults is lacking. This study aimed at exploring the prospective associations between stressful life events and chronic fatigue among Chinese government employees. Methods: From January 2018 to December 2019, a total of 16206 government employees were included at baseline and they were followed-up until May 2021. A digital self-reported questionnaire platform was established to collect information on participants' health and covariates. Life events were assessed by the Life Events Scale (LES), fatigue was assessed by using a single item, measuring the frequency of its occurrence. Binary logistic regression analysis was used for the data analysis. Results: Of the included 16206 Chinese government employees at baseline, 60.45% reported that they experienced negative stressful life events and 43.87% reported that they experienced positive stressful life events over the past year. Fatigue was reported by 7.74% of the sample at baseline and 8.19% at follow-up. Cumulative number of life events at baseline, and cumulative life events severity score at baseline were positively associated with self-reported fatigue at follow up, respectively. After adjusting sociodemographic factors, occupational factors and health behavior related factors, negative life events at baseline (OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.69-2.51) were significantly associated with self-reported fatigue at follow-up. Some specific life events including events related to work and events related to economic problems were significantly associated with self-reported fatigue. Specifically, work stress (OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.45-2.13), as well as not satisfied with the current job (OR = 1.95, 95%CI: 1.58-2.40), in debt (OR = 1.75, 95%CI: 1.40-2.17) were significantly associated with self-reported fatigue. The economic situation has improved significantly (OR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.46-0.85) at baseline was significantly associated with lower incidence of self-reported fatigue. Conclusion: Negative stressful life events were associated with fatigue among Chinese government employees. Effective interventions should be provided to employees who have experienced negative stressful life events.

Association of Healthy Lifestyle and Life Expectancy in Patients With Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity: A Prospective Cohort Study of UK Biobank.

Background: The prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM), which significantly increases the risk of mortality, is increasing globally. However, the role of healthy lifestyle in the secondary prevention of CMM is unclear. Methods: In total, 290,795 participants with CMM, which was defined as coexistence of at least two of hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke (ST), and those without these four diseases at baseline were derived from UK Biobank. The associations between specific CMM patterns and mortality, and that between healthy lifestyle (including physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and vegetable and fruit consumption) and mortality in patients with specific CMM patterns were calculated using the flexible parametric Royston-Parmar proportion-hazard model. Hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: During a median 12.3-year follow up period, 15,537 (5.3%) deaths occurred. Compared with participants without cardiometabolic diseases, the HRs for all-cause mortality were 1.54 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30, 1.82] in participants with HTN + DM, 1.84 (95% CI: 1.59, 2.12) in those with HTN + CHD, 1.89 (95% CI: 1.46, 2.45) in those with HTN + ST, and 2.89 (95% CI: 2.28, 3.67) in those with HTN + DM + CHD. At the age of 45 years, non-current smoking was associated with an increase in life expectancy by 3.72, 6.95, 6.75, and 4.86 years for participants with HTN + DM, HTN + CHD, HTN + ST, and HTN + DM + CHD, respectively. A corresponding increase by 2.03, 1.95, 2.99, and 1.88 years, respectively, was observed in participants with regular physical activity. Non-/moderate alcohol consumption and adequate fruit/vegetable consumption were not significantly associated with life expectancy in patients with specific CMM patterns. Conclusion: Cardiometabolic multimorbidity was associated with an increased risk of mortality. Regular physical activity and non-current smoking can increase life expectancy in patients with specific CMM patterns.

Associations of Socioeconomic Status and Healthy Lifestyle With Incidence of Dyslipidemia: A Prospective Chinese Governmental Employee Cohort Study.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to test whether primary lifestyles mediate associations of SES with incidence of dyslipidemia and to explore interaction relations of lifestyles and SES with incidence of dyslipidemia. Methods: We included 9,901 individuals at baseline from January 2018 to November 2019, and incidence data were updated to 31 December 2020. Dyslipidemia was defined as total cholesterol (TC) 6.2 mmol/L TC ≥ or triglycerides (TG) ≥2.3 mmol/L or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥4.1 mmol/L or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) <1.0 mmol/L; or physician diagnosed dyslipidemia or lipid-lowering drugs use. Lifestyles, socioeconomic factors, and personal characteristics were collected by a questionnaire. A latent class analysis based on education, family income, and occupational position was used to assess the SES. Lifestyle score was calculated using cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet. Cox proportional hazard models and multivariate analyses were used to explore the associations. The mediation effect was evaluated using bootstrap method. Results: Participant mean age was 36.5 years (SD = 0.11). The cumulative incidence of dyslipidemia was 11.0% over a mean follow-up of 13.4 months. Compared with participants of high SES, those with low SES had higher risk of incidence of dyslipidemia [hazard ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.73], after adjusting for lifestyle scores and other covariates. The proportion mediated by lifestyles was 5.41% (95%CI: 4.17-7.11). A significant additive interaction was found between lifestyles and SES, whereas association between lifestyle and incidence of dyslipidemia was stronger among those of high SES. Additionally, individuals with low SES and no or one healthy lifestyle behavior had a higher risk of developing dyslipidemia than those with high SES and 3 or 4 healthy lifestyles. Conclusion: Unhealthy lifestyles play a small moderating role in socioeconomic inequity in incidence of dyslipidemia among Chinese governmental employees, suggesting that promoting healthy lifestyles alone may not significantly reduce socioeconomic inequalities in health, and measures to address other social determinants of health should also be considered alongside.

Antipsychotic-Related Risks of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Enrollees With Schizophrenia in the National Basic Public Health Service Program in Hunan Province, China.

Background: Antipsychotics contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in individuals with schizophrenia. However, the extent of the relationship between antipsychotic use and T2DM varies in different settings, and the magnitude of the drug-specific effects fluctuates widely. This study aimed to explore the association of T2DM with antipsychotic use among enrollees with schizophrenia in China's National Basic Public Health Service Program (NBPHSP) and the drug-specific relationship with T2DM among patients receiving antipsychotic monotherapy. Methods: We recruited diabetes-free patients with schizophrenia who were enrolled in the NBPHSP of Hunan Province from October 2009 to December 2018. The participants were classified into the following three groups: regular antipsychotic use, intermittent antipsychotic use, and antipsychotic-free groups. The patients were followed up until they received a T2DM diagnosis or until April 2019. Cox regression models were constructed to calculate the overall and drug-specific hazard ratios (HRs) to determine the antipsychotic-T2DM relationship. Interactive and subgroup analyses were performed to assess the heterogeneity of the effects across subgroups. Results: A total of 122,064 NBPHSP enrollees with schizophrenia were followed up for 1,507,829 cumulative person-years, and 2,313 (1.89%) patients developed T2DM. Patients who regularly and intermittently used antipsychotics had 117% (HR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.83-2.57) and 53% (HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.23-1.90) higher risks of developing T2DM than antipsychotic-free patients, respectively. Regarding monotherapy, the T2DM risk increased by 66, 80, 62, and 64% after the regular use of clozapine, risperidone, chlorpromazine, and perphenazine, respectively. In addition, the antipsychotic-related risk of T2DM decreased as the patient's baseline body mass index, and baseline fasting plasma glucose level, as well as the dietary proportion of animal products, increased. Conclusion: Antipsychotics, especially clozapine, risperidone, chlorpromazine, and perphenazine, increased the T2DM risk among NBPHSP enrollees with schizophrenia. Mental health officers should accurately identify enrollees at a high risk of T2DM and take appropriate preventive measures to reduce the incidence of T2DM among patients with schizophrenia.

The individual and joint associations of depression and sleep duration with cardiometabolic diseases and mortality: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Depression and sleep duration were only mutually adjusted in a few studies, and it is unknown whether these two factors are independent or overlapping risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the individual and joint associations of depression and sleep duration with CMDs and mortality. METHODS: A total of 261,297 participants who were free of CMD at baseline were included. Sleep duration was divided into three groups (short: <7 h/day, referent: ages 39-64 years: 7-9 h/day; ages 65+ years: 7-8 h/day, and long: ages 39-64 years: >9 h/day; ages 65+ years: >8 h/day). The main outcomes were hypertension, stroke, CHD, DM, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS: Among the 261,297 participants, depression and short or long sleep duration were independently associated with increased risk of CMDs and mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.10-1.38) when they were mutually adjusted, except for the association between short sleep duration and stroke (HR, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97-1.10). We documented significant additive interactions between depression and short sleep duration in relation to all-cause mortality (relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI], 0.19; 95% CI, 0.02-0.37) and CHD (RERI, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.11-0.48). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, depression and short or long sleep duration were independently associated with an increased risk of CMDs and mortality. We also observed significant additive interactions between depression and short sleep duration in relation to all-cause mortality and CHD.

The Association Between Life Events and Incidence of Hypertension Among Government Employees in China: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a global public health concern. However, the association between life events (LEs) and HTN is complex. Thus, we conducted a prospective cohort study to explore this complex association. Methods: A total of 8,077 government employees without HTN were recruited through cluster sampling between 2018 and 2019 in Hunan Province, China. At baseline, information regarding sociodemographic characteristics, LEs, and behavioral factors was collected. After the 1-year follow-up, the participants were revisited to obtain the HTN diagnosis. Crude and adjusted Poisson regression models were constructed to calculate the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Cubic regression spline models were used to visualize the trends between LEs and HTN IRRs. Interactive and subgroup analyses were also performed. Results: The 1-year HTN incidence rate among government employees in Hunan province was 4.30% (95% CI: 3.86-4.74%). LEs were associated with a higher HTN risk (IRR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.04). When calculating positive and negative LEs scores separately, only the latter was a risk factor for HTN incidence (IRR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03-1.06); conversely, positive LEs reduced the risk (IRR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85-0.96). Compared with patients in the lowest quartile of LEs score, those in quartiles two (IRR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.96-1.71), three (IRR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.04-1.96), and four (IRR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.26-2.37) were at progressively higher risk. In restricted spline curves, a non-linear association was noted between LEs and HTN risk. Regarding the subcategories of LEs, work-related LEs, personal LEs, and all subcategories of negative LEs were associated with an increased risk of HTN. However, among positive LEs, only the family-related cases were associated with a lower risk of HTN. Conclusion: LEs had a non-linear association with an increased risk of HTN. Negative LEs were risk factors for HTN incidence, whereas positive LEs reduced the risk of HTN. Thus, the importance of LEs should be highlighted in the development of HTN prevention strategies and initiatives.

Time Trends and Predictions of Suicide Mortality for People Aged 70 Years and Over From 1990 to 2030 Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Background: High suicide rate in the elderly is an important global public health problem but has not received the attention it deserves. This study aimed to examine time trends of suicide mortality for people aged 70 years and over by sex, age, and location from 1990 to 2017, and to provide predictions up to 2030. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2017, we presented elderly suicide mortality changes and compared the patterns for the elderly with that for all ages. We estimated associations between socio-demographic index (SDI) and suicide mortality rates using a restricted cubic spline smoother, and predicted suicide mortality rates up to 2030. Results: In 2017, 118,813 people aged 70 years and over died from suicide, indicating a mortality rate of 27.5 per 100,000, with the highest rates in Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, Western Sub-Saharan Africa, and Central Sub-Saharan Africa, and for countries and territories, the highest were in South Korea, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, and Senegal. Between 1990 and 2017, suicide mortality rate for the elderly aged 70 years and over decreased globally (percentage change -29.1%), and the largest decreases occurred in East Asia, Southern Latin America, and Western Europe. Nationally, the largest decrease was found in Chile, followed by Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, and Philippines. For most countries, the elderly mortality rate was higher than the age-standardized rate, with the largest percentage differences in China and countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The elderly suicide mortality rate decreased as SDI increased, except for a slight rebound at mid to high SDI. According to projections, 10 out of 195 countries were expected to meet the SDGs indicator of a third reduction by 2030. Conclusions: Variability in suicide mortality rates for the elderly aged 70 years and over by sex, age, region, country, and SDI can guide preventive policies, but causes of the variability need further study. Comprehensive strategies should be adopted to reduce suicide rates and close the gap to the 2030 SDGs.

Prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms among people influenced by coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: As one of the most widely researched consequence of traumatic events, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms among people exposed to the trauma resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak varies greatly across studies. This review aimed at examining the pooled prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms among people exposed to the trauma resulting from COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: Systematic searches of databases were conducted for literature published on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, PsycArticle, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure until October 14, 2020. Statistical analyses were performed using R software (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020180309). RESULTS: A total of 106,713 people exposed to the trauma resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak were identified in the 76 articles, of which 33,810 were reported with post-traumatic stress symptoms. The pooled prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms among people exposed to the trauma resulting from COVID-19 outbreak was 28.34%, with a 95% confidence interval of 23.03-34.32%. Subgroup analysis indicated that older age, male and bigger sample size were associated with higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms. After controlling for other factors, the results of meta-regression showed that the influence of gender and sample size on prevalence is no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were very common among people exposed to the trauma resulting from COVID-19 outbreak. Further research is needed to explore more possible risk factors for post-traumatic stress symptoms and identify effective strategies for preventing PTSD-related symptoms among people exposed to the trauma resulting from COVID-19 outbreak.

Incidence trends of major depressive disorder in China: an age-period-cohort modeling study.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common public health problem in China. However, few studies have focused on its incidence and separated age, period, and cohort effects. This study aimed to assess the age, period, and cohort effects on the incidence trends of MDD in China between 1993 and 2017. METHODS: The incidence data of MDD were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2017. Age-period-cohort modeling method was used to separate the age, period, and cohort effects on MDD incidence rate. RESULTS: The incidence number of MDD increased by 22.8% while the age-standardized incidence rate decreased by 15.6% over 25 years. Age-period-cohort analysis indicated that the net drift was -0.433% per year, with -0.486% for females and -0.385% for males. For both sexes, the local drifts were all <0 in 10 to 54 years age groups but >0 in 55 to 94 years age groups. The longitudinal age curves of MDD incidence basically showed an increasing trend, except for a subpeak at 20-24 years age group. The period rate ratio largely declined over time, except for an uptick after 2003-2007. The cohort rate ratio followed an inverted U-shaped pattern and was highest in 1951-1955 birth cohort. LIMITATIONS: The MDD data were estimated and wide social factors were not included in the analyses. CONCLUSION: The changes of MDD incidence rate in China are likely to be related to rapid social and economic development, and major historical events. However, the associations need to be interpreted with caution.