Comparison of Three-Dimensional and Conventional Orthodontic Imaging Modalities for Localization of Impacted Maxillary Canines in Patients With Alveolar Cleft.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify which diagnostic parameters related to impacted maxillary canines can be reliably detected by the conventional orthodontic radiographic modalities and which factors need to be assessed by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, 8 orthodontists evaluated 7 parameters related to the position and anatomy of the impacted canines by means of 2-dimensional (2D) records. After 1 month, the same process was repeated by means of CBCT by the same clinicians. SETTING: Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two patients with alveolar cleft and impacted maxillary canines who had CBCT scans, lateral cephalograms, and orthopantomographs as pretreatment records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The diagnostic accuracy of 2D and 3-dimensional (3D) radiographic modalities was compared with each other and also with the gold standard by 3 radiologists. RESULTS: The diagnostic accuracy of 2D and 3D imaging modalities was not significantly different regarding the mesiodistal inclination of the impacted tooth (P = .09), apex anatomy (P = .10), and mesiodistal position of the apex (P = .19). Cone-beam computed tomography had significantly higher diagnostic accuracy than conventional radiographic modalities regarding overlapping the adjacent tooth (P = .001), labio-palatal and apico-coronal position of the crown tip, and root resorption of the adjacent tooth (P = .01). CONCLUSION: The conventional orthodontic radiographic modalities were as accurate as CBCT for determination of impacted canine inclination, apex anatomy, and mesiodistal position of the apex. Cone-beam computed tomography showed higher diagnostic accuracy for other parameters.

The impact of motivational interviewing on relapse to substance use among women in Iran: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Women in Iran are in great need of effective substance abuse services. The current study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) for women in treatment for drug use in Iran. METHOD: The sample (N = 60) included women in a drug treatment center in Qazvin (Iran) from August to December of 2017. The research sample included 60 female drug users randomly assigned to MI or Standard Care (SC). Prior to randomization women completed a baseline questionnaire and the Relapse Prediction Scale (RPS), which measures desire (urge) to use and probability of using/not using in risky situations (self-efficacy). MI consisted of eight 60-min group sessions over a 1-month period, twice weekly. At 2-months follow-up, data were gathered using a questionnaire similar to baseline. Mixed Model Analysis were used to determine group differences. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 30 years and average addiction duration was 7 years. Although the scores of the desire to use and the probability of drug use were not significant before the intervention, after the intervention, scores on desire to use and probability of use improved about 81.1% (F: 2230.15, P < 0.001, degrees of freedom: 63, 15) and 81.9%, (F: 749.39, P < 0.001, degrees of freedom: 79, 77), respectively, compared to those of control group. CONCLUSION: The results showed that motivational interviewing could decrease desire to use and probability of use among female drug users. Motivational interviewing could play an important role in improving women's health in Iran. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT registration number: IRCT20140907019077N4 Registration date: 2017-12-12, 1396/09/21 Registration timing: registered_while_recruiting Last update: 2017-12-12, 1396/09/21.

Vitamin D receptor gene (FokI, TaqI, BsmI, and ApaI) polymorphisms in children with urinary tract infection.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the genetic background of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. METHODS: In this study, vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms were compared between 60 children with UTI (case group) and 60 healthy children (control group). DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and the restriction fragment length polymorphism methods were used to perform the genetic analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the case and control groups for VDR gene, ApaI and Bsml, polymorphisms (P < 0.05). The frequency of VDR Bb, bb, Aa, and aa genotypes, and the b and a alleles in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). A significant difference was also found between lower UTI and acute pyelonephritis groups for the VDR Apal and Bsml genotypes (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between children with first UTI and those with more than one UTI for VDR gene polymorphisms (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that there is a significant relationship between VDR gene, Apal and Bsml, polymorphisms and UTI in children. The results indicate that these polymorphisms may play a role in pathogenesis of UTI.

Role of Sex, Socioeconomic Status, and Emotional Support in Predicting Aging Perception Among Older Adults.

Self-perception is found to be a central predictive factor in experiencing successful aging. The aim of this study was to explore the role of sex, socioeconomic status, and emotional support in elders' aging perception. A cross-sectional design was used with 300 older aged participants recruited from 23 clinics and health centers in Qazvin, Iran. Data were collected included questions to elicit demographic information and Barker's aging perception questionnaire. Exploratory multiple linear regression showed that the level of emotional support (ß: -12.10; 95% CI: [-20.72, -3.48]), socioeconomic status (ß: 2.84; 95% CI: [0.25, 5.43]), and women (ß: -4.34; 95% CI: [-6.91, -1.77]) were associated with aging perception among elders. Educational level and marital status did not significantly contribute to the variance of AP. Findings revealed that aging perception was related to individual differences as well as social and emotional factors. Researchers, health-care professionals, and elders may benefit from thinking about old age as an inevitable life stage.

The Effect of Telenursing on Referral Rates of Patients With Head Trauma and Their Family's Satisfaction After Discharge.

We aimed to assess the effect of telenursing on referral rates of patients with head trauma and their family's satisfaction after discharge. Seventy-two patients with head trauma were randomly allocated to equal intervention and control groups. The caregivers in both groups were provided with 1-hr face-to-face training on patients' home care and educational booklets, 2 days before discharge. The cell phone numbers of the telenurse was given to the caregivers of the intervention group. Then, the patients in the intervention group were followed up every week through phone calls by the telenurse for 12 weeks and the patient status checklists were completed. Caregivers in the intervention group could call the telenurse any time they desired. The health status of the control group was followed once by a phone call after 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 19. Ultimately, 33 patients with a mean ± SD age of 31.12 ± 10.83 years were studied in the control group and 35 patients with a mean ± SD age of 34.11 ± 12.34 years were studied in the intervention group (p = .098). The 2 groups differed significantly with respect to referral rates; 39.4% of the participants in the control group referred to physicians whereas only 25.7% of the patients in the intervention group needed to refer to physicians (p = .017). Also, the mean times of referring to a physician differed significantly in both groups. In general, 53.8% of the caregivers were satisfied with the telenursing program. Follow-up programs using telephone calls were effective and would lead to higher caregiver satisfaction.

Effect of Telenursing on Outcomes of Provided Care by Caregivers of Patients With Head Trauma After Discharge.

Telenursing is a suitable tool for increasing health-related awareness of the caregivers for a better home care. But its efficacy may be affected by several factors. Considering the important complications of head trauma injury and high rate of readmission, we aimed to assess the effect of telenursing on care provided by the family members of patients with head trauma.This randomized controlled trial investigated 72 patients with head trauma, who were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups (36 patients in each group). The caregivers in both groups were provided with 1-hr face-to-face training session on patients' home care and educational booklets. The patients in the intervention group were followed up every week through phone calls by the telenurse for 12 weeks, who recorded the patient's status, as well. Caregivers in the intervention group could call the telenurse any time they desired. The health status of the control group was followed once by a phone call after 12 weeks. Data on patients' readmission and pressure ulcer (based on Norton's scale) rate and time were compared between the groups and analyzed using SPSS software, version 19. Thirty-three patients with a mean ± SD age of 31.12 ± 10.83 years were studied in the control group and 35 patients with a mean ± SD age of 34.11 ± 12.34 years in the intervention group (p = .098). None of the patients in the intervention group were readmitted, whereas 2 patients in the control group were readmitted s(p = .139). Risk of pressure ulcer did not differ between the groups (p = .583). Telenursing had no significant effect in readmission and decubitus prevention for patients with head trauma. Considering the chronic nature of the illness, a longer follow-up period is deemed necessary for an accurate conclusion.

Theory of Planned Behavior including self-stigma and perceived barriers explain help-seeking behavior for sexual problems in Iranian women suffering from epilepsy.

PURPOSE: To apply the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the two additional concepts self-stigma and perceived barriers to the help-seeking behavior for sexual problems in women with epilepsy. METHODS: In this 18-month follow-up study, TPB elements, including attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention along with self-stigma and perceived barriers in seeking help for sexual problems were assessed in n=818 women with epilepsy (94.0% aged ≤40years). The basic TPB model (model 1) and the TPB model additionally including self-stigma and perceived barriers (Model 2) were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS: Both SEM models showed satisfactory model fits. According to model, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention explained 63.1% of the variance in help-seeking behavior. Variance was slightly higher (64.5%) when including self-stigma and perceived barriers (model 2). In addition, the fit indices of the models were better highlighting the importance of self-stigma and perceived barriers in help-seeking behavior for sexual problems. CONCLUSION: Theory of Planned Behavior is useful in explaining help-seeking behavior for sexual problems in women with epilepsy. Self-stigma and perceived barriers are additional factors that should be considered in future interventions aiming to adopt TPB to improve help-seeking behavior for sexual problems.

Effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists on proteinuria and progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and proteinuria are critically involved in the progression of chronic kidney disease. Despite treatment with renin angiotensin system inhibition, kidney function declines in many patients. Aldosterone excess is a risk factor for progression of kidney disease. Hyperkalaemia is a concern with the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. We aimed to determine whether the renal protective benefits of mineralocorticoid antagonists outweigh the risk of hyperkalaemia associated with this treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis investigating renoprotective effects and risk of hyperkalaemia in trials of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in chronic kidney disease. Trials were identified from MEDLINE (1966-2014), EMBASE (1947-2014) and the Cochrane Clinical Trials Database. Unpublished summary data were obtained from investigators. We included randomised controlled trials, and the first period of randomised cross over trials lasting ≥4 weeks in adults. RESULTS: Nineteen trials (21 study groups, 1 646 patients) were included. In random effects meta-analysis, addition of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists to renin angiotensin system inhibition resulted in a reduction from baseline in systolic blood pressure (-5.7 [-9.0, -2.3] mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (-1.7 [-3.4, -0.1] mmHg) and glomerular filtration rate (-3.2 [-5.4, -1.0] mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism reduced weighted mean protein/albumin excretion by 38.7 % but with a threefold higher relative risk of withdrawing from the trial due to hyperkalaemia (3.21, [1.19, 8.71]). Death, cardiovascular events and hard renal end points were not reported in sufficient numbers to analyse. CONCLUSIONS: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism reduces blood pressure and urinary protein/albumin excretion with a quantifiable risk of hyperkalaemia above predefined study upper limit.

Serum interleukin -8 is not a reliable marker for prediction of vesicoureteral reflux in children with febrile urinary tract infection.

OBJECTIVE: In view of the side effects of voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), identification of noninvasive markers predicting the presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is important. This study was conducted to determine the predictive value of serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) in diagnosis of VUR in children with first febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty children with first febrile UTI were divided into two groups, with and without VUR, based on the results of VCUG .The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value positive and negative likelihood ratio, and accuracy of IL-8 for prediction of VUR were investigated. RESULTS: Of the 80 children with febrile UTI, 30 (37.5%) had VUR. There was no significant difference between the children with and without VUR and also between low and high-grade VUR groups in terms of serum concentration of IL-8 (P>0.05). Based on ROC curve, the sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio positive, and accuracy of serum IL-8 was lower than those of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant positive correlation only between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and VUR. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed no significant difference between the children with and without VUR in terms of the serum concentration of IL-8. Therefore, it seems that serum IL-8 is not a reliable marker for prediction of VUR.

Tick-borne Relapsing Fever in Children in the North-west of Iran, Qazvin.

Relapsing fever is caused by the Borrelia species of spirochetes. Louse-borne epidemics of the disease may happen but the endemic disease is generally transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick (Ornithodorus). Clinical and laboratory findings of tick-borne relapsing fever in children in the north-west of Iran, Qazvin, were evaluated. This study was conducted from September 1992 to September 2012. Records from 53 cases of tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) were reviewed. In positive cases, febrile illness, and spirochetes were recognized in peripheral blood preparations. Of the 53 children younger than 12 years, fifty two percent were male and about one third (34%) of the patients were in the age range of 7-12 years. The disease is recorded through the whole year but its peak occurs during summer (52.8%) and autumn (32.1%). Sixty eight percent of patients were living in urban areas but had frequent travel to rural area. Thirty two percent of the cases were living in rural areas where their dwellings were close to animal shelters. All (100%) of the 53 subjects were febrile. Travellers to the rural areas with high prevalence of the disease should be attentive of the risk of tick-borne relapsing fever and use suitable control measures. Consequently relapsing fever should be considered when patients who live in or have vacationed in north-west of Iran show a recurring febrile illness.

Note from Iran: Self-reported elder abuse in Qazvin, 2012.

This brief report provides a first look at self-reported instances of elder abuse by a sample of people 60 years and older living in Qazvin, Iran. Six hundred community-dwelling persons, drawn from the registry files of each health center in Qazin, completed questionnaires during April to October 2012. At least 80% of the participants reported experiencing some form of psychological abuse, financial abuse, and/or neglect at least once during a 2-month period. Physical and sexual abuse were rarely reported. Despite a strong Iranian cultural emphasis on respect for elders, the self-reporting of elder abuse, especially psychological abuse, is greater than our expectation. We recommend that health-related policies and programs begin to identify elder abuse and neglect as a first step in prevention.

Risk Factors of Seizure in Childhood Shigellosis.

Objectives: Shigellosis is one of the common causes of bacterial diarrhea in children. Seizures are common in shigellosis. It is essential to identify the risk factors of seizure in this disease. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on 224 children with shigellosis. The patients were divided into: With (case groups = 63 cases) and without seizures (control group = 161 cases). Groups were compared regarding different variables such as age, gender, clinical symptoms, and laboratory findings. Data analysis was done using statistical tests and SPSS software. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of seizures. Results: Out of 224 cases of children with shigellosis, 107 (47.8%) were male and 117 (52.2%) female. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, history of febrile convulsions, frequency of bloody diarrhea, frequency of fever, duration of diarrhea before hospitalization, abdominal pain, increase in BUN, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and red blood cell count in stool (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that a history of febrile seizure, fever, and hyponatremia are the risk factors for seizures in shigellosis. Conclusion: This study concluded that a history of febrile seizure, fever, and hyponatremia are risk factors for seizure in childhood shigellosis, thus rapid diagnosis and treatment of childhood shigellosis with risk factors is very important.

Comparison of hypertension and diabetes mellitus prevalence in areas with and without water arsenic contamination.

BACKGROUND: Arsenic (As), one of the most significant hazards in the environment affecting millions of people around the world is associated with several diseases including cancers, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Hypertension (Htn). Drinking water contaminated with inorganic arsenic (iAs) is the primary route of exposure. This study was conducted to determine the difference in the prevalence of DM and Htn in areas with different levels of water contamination of As. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this analytic ecologic study, after measurement of As level in drinking water in all urban regions of Qazvin Province (Islamic Republic of Iran), two cities with As level of 20-30 µg/L and two with the As level <5 µg/L were selected as exposed and unexposed groups, respectively. Measuring the prevalence of above-mentioned diseases in the 30-60 year-old population of the said regions as total sampling, the results were statistically analyzed and compared. RESULTS: The mean prevalence of Htn in exposed and unexposed areas were 7.09% and 3.73%, respectively and for DM were 4.53% and 1.99% in the said groups, respectively. There was a positive correlation between As level and Htn (P < 0.001) and between As level and DM (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: High level of As in drinking water, even in the range of 20-30 µg/L has a relationship with increased prevalence of DM and Htn.

Effect of metformin and pioglitazone treatment on cardiovascular risk profile in polycystic ovary syndrome.

AIM: to compare the effectiveness of metformin and pioglitazone in ameliorating insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: this study was a randomized clinical trial to compare treatment with metformin and pioglitozone. Fifty two women with PCOS aged 20-45 years were randomly allocated to one of the two treatment groups. All patients underwent clinical and biochemical evaluation and analyses involving these measures which consisted of repeated measures MANOVA using the pre- and post-intervention fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles, body mass index (BMI), serum insulin in two groups. RESULTS: weight and BMI were significantly decreased in metformin group but not in case of pioglitazone. FBS, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol were all reduced significantly by both metfomin and pioglitazone. Insulin resistance measured by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) method was significantly decreased in both treatment groups (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments in most of variables except BMI. CONCLUSION: these results suggest pioglitazone is as effective as metformin in improving insulin sensitivity and some cardiovascular risk biomarkers but it has no significant effect on reducing BMI and body weight.

The Effect of Adding Honey to Zinc in the Treatment of Diarrhea in Children.

BACKGROUND: Honey has been used in medicine since ancient times. Limited reports are available to indicate its antibacterial, antiviral, and antidiarrheal properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of honey on acute diarrhea in children. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial included 80 children with acute diarrhea. Forty children received honey and zinc gluconate (trial group) and 40 received only zinc gluconate (control group). After treatment, vomiting/diarrhea duration, the recovery time, and the duration of hospitalization were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Among the 40 children in the trial group, 19 were male and 21 were female. In the control group, 25 children were male and 15 female (P=0.26). After initiating treatment, the duration of diarrhea, recovery time, and the duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter in the trial group than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that honey with zinc gluconate reduces the duration of diarrhea, accelerates the recovery time, and shortens the duration of hospitalization.

Program development using intervention mapping in primary healthcare settings to address elder abuse: A randomized controlled pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Abuse of elderly women is of great concern and yet relatively little is known about interventions. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop and test a culturally informed treatment, based on Intervention Mapping (IM), for primary healthcare settings. The intervention targets family members of elderly women and seeks to reduce elder abuse. METHODS: N = 80 family members of elderly women were randomized to intervention or control. Elderly women completed assessment prior to randomization. Elder abuse was measured by self-reported frequency of neglect, physical, psychological, and financial abuse in the last 2 months across 16 items. Intervention included 4 sessions, each under 1 hr. At 2-month follow-up, elderly women completed an assessment. Linear mixed modeling was used for analyses. RESULTS: Significant reduction in frequency of psychological abuse and neglect was found in comparison to control, with trend effects for financial abuse (F = 127.12, p < .005; F = 95.4; p < .005; and F = 16.53, p < .07, respectively). Physical abuse was infrequent. CONCLUSION: This culturally tailored intervention reduced elder abuse. Given its basis in IM, it is well-positioned for roll-out and testing in a larger randomized trial to study adoption, implementation, and sustainability in practice settings.

Effects of Placenta Location in Pregnancy Outcomes of Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS): A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective: Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) affects approximately one in a thousand deliveries. Very few studies evaluated PAS risk factors based on their location. In this study, we have investigated the effects of placenta location on placental adhesion-related complications, its risk factors, and outcomes. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of pathology-confirmed cases of PAS from patients with peripartum hysterectomy, at a large educational hospital in Qazvin, Iran, from 2009 to 2019. Placenta location was found by ultrasound reports and intraoperative evaluation. We measured demographic features, basic characteristics, maternal and neonatal outcomes based on placental location including anterior, posterior, and lateral in Placenta Accreta Spectrum. Chi-square, t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used to examine the relation of complications, risk factors, and outcomes in PAS. Results: A review of 70 cases showed the distribution of placenta location as follows: 57% anterior, 27% posterior, and 16% lateral. The mean gestational age at delivery was 35 (33-39) weeks. In 78.6% (n=55) of the patients, an association with placenta previa and in 94/2% (n=66) of cases a history of cesarean section was found, however, it was not significantly correlated with placenta location (p=0.082). We found that surgery duration was significantly longer in patients with lateral PAS (155±38, vs 129.35±33.8 and 133.15±31.5 for anterior and posterior placenta respectively, p=0.09). Patients with lateral PAS also bled more than the remaining two groups (2836 ml for lateral PAS vs 2002 and 1847 for anterior and posterior placenta respectively, p=0.022). Moreover, women with a history of uterine surgery were more likely to have posterior PAS compared to those with anterior and lateral PAS (p=0.035). Conclusion: Differences in complications, risk factors, and outcomes of PAS based on placenta location may lead to improved diagnosis and decreased morbidity in women.

Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation on Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women Referred to Kosar Hospital.

The hypothesis of a protective effect of fish oil supplementation in preventing some consequences of pregnancy such as gestational hypertension is put forward which has attracted increasing attention. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fish oil supplementation on outcomes of pregnancy. This study was a clinical trial performed on 339 women with singleton pregnancy aged 18-35 and gestational age of 20 weeks who visited prenatal clinic at Kosar Hospital in Qazvin during 2015-2016. Patients were randomly divided into two groups marked as intervention group which received soft gelatin capsules (each containing 1000 mg fish oil including 120 mg DHA and 180 mg EPA) on a daily basis from the 20th week to the end of pregnancy, and the women in the control group with no fish oil intake. The outcomes of pregnancy including preeclampsia, eclampsia, preterm labor, gestational diabetes, weight, height, head circumference at birth and the gestational age at delivery were evaluated in both groups. Data were analyzed using statistical tests including Mann-Whitney U test and t-test. There was significant difference in gestational age between the two study groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the percentage of preterm birth, preeclampsia, eclampsia, IUGR, and GDM between the two groups (P > 0.05). The results of this study showed that consumption of fish oil supplements from 20th week of gestation by 18-35 year-old pregnant women increased pregnancy age but failed to decrease the percentage of preterm birth, preeclampsia, eclampsia, IUGR, and GDM.

Examining the effect of a brief psychoeducation intervention based on self-regulation model on sexual satisfaction for women with breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: The main goal of this study was to investigate whether the Self-Regulation Model could improve sexual satisfaction for women diagnosed with breast cancer. METHODS: Adult women diagnosed with breast cancer were recruited from a hospital in Qazvin, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n = 40) or a control group (n = 40). All participants were administered a demographic questionnaire and an Index of Sexual Satisfaction (ISS) pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 1, 2, and 3 months following the intervention. The control group completed the assessments along the same time line as the intervention group. Women in the experimental group were provided three sessions of a psychological individual intervention which included psychoeducation regarding their diagnosis and personalized intervention strategies to improve their overall sexual satisfaction with sexual intercourse. Each intervention took between 60 and 90 min to administer. RESULTS: The experimental and control group participants were well balanced in terms of demographic characteristics and sexual satisfaction scores before the intervention. The intervention group showed a positive increasing trend in the sexual satisfaction scores over time while the control group participants had a negative trend (p < 0.05). There were also statistical differences in the sexual satisfaction scores at each follow-up month (p < 0.05) adjusted for the baseline score and relevant demographical variables, showing longer term effects with a significant increase in sexual satisfaction over time. CONCLUSION: Providing a psychoeducational based intervention provided an increase of sexual satisfaction during intercourse for women diagnosed with breast cancer. The psychoeducation based intervention provided an opportunity for participants to dispel common myths regarding their disease and obtain new strategies and skills to improve their sexual satisfaction from intercourse with their partners.

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Isosorbide Mononitrate (IMN) Efficiency for Cervical Ripening Prior to Labor Induction in Iranian Pregnant Women.

Our aim was to examine the effect and cost-effectiveness of isosorbide mononitrate (IMN) for outpatient (at home) cervical ripening in Iranian women with term pregnancy. Term pregnant women were randomly selected to receive either 15 mg vaginally administered IMN or placebo. Patients were advised to take the second dose at home 24 h later and return to the hospital for admission after the next 24 h if the onset of spontaneous contraction does not occur. Cervical status, maternal blood pressure, maternal pulse rate, fetal heart rate and various side effects were examined. IMN induced a significant increase in cervical Bishop Score; headache, nausea, and dizziness were seen in 8 of 28 participants of IMN group; although, all had normal vital signs and normal FHR, they had to be hospitalized and receive medication to relieve the unpleasant symptoms. Vaginal administration of 15 mg of IMN induced cervical ripening in term pregnant women. However, the administration of IMN for cervical ripening is not recommended as it produced headache in significant number of Iranian pregnant women.