Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage with long-term lumen-apposing metal stent indwell: 1-year results from a prospective nationwide observational study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study aimed to determine safety and risk factors for adverse events (AEs) of endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) with long-term indwell of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS). METHODS: This study is a multicenter prospective observational study on consecutive high surgical-risk patients requiring gallbladder drainage who underwent EUS-GBD with LAMS over 12 months. Centralized telephone follow-up interviews were conducted every 3 months for 1 year. Patients were censored at LAMS removal, cholecystectomy, or death. AE-free survival was determined using log-rank tests. Cumulative risks were estimated using life-table analysis. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients were included (53.7% male, median [interquartile range] age of 84.6 [76.5-89.8] years, and 85.4% with acute cholecystitis). Technical success was achieved in 79 (96.3%), and clinical success in 73 (89%). No patient was lost to follow-up; 45 patients (54.9%) completed 1-year follow-up with in situ LAMS. Median (interquartile range) LAMS indwell time was 364 (47-367) days. Overall, 12 (14.6%) patients presented 14 AEs, including 5 (6.1%) recurrent biliary events (3 acute cholangitis, 1 mild acute pancreatitis, and 1 acute cholecystitis). Patients with pancreatobiliary malignancy had an increased risk of recurrent biliary events (33% vs 1.5%, P = 0.001). The overall 1-year cumulative risk of recurrent biliary events was 9.7% (4.1-21.8%). The 1-year risk of AEs and of severe AEs was 18.8% (11-31.2%) and 7.9% (3.3-18.2%), respectively. Pancreatobiliary malignancy was the single risk factor for recurrent biliary events; LAMS misdeployment was the strongest risk factor for AEs. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term LAMS indwell does not increase the risk of delayed AEs following EUS-GBD.

Endoscopic removal of lumen-apposing metal stents - risk factors for stent embedment, complex removals, and adverse events: analysis from a multicenter prospective case series.

BACKGROUND: Removing lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) may be difficult and even harmful, but these features have seldom been analyzed. We aimed to generate a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility and safety of LAMS retrieval procedures. METHODS: A prospective multicenter case series including all technically successfully deployed LAMSs between January 2019 and January 2020 that underwent endoscopic stent removal. All retrieval-related data were prospectively recorded using standardized telephone questionnaires as part of centralized follow-up that ended after stent removal had been performed. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the potential risk factors for complex removal. RESULTS: For the 407 LAMSs included, removal was attempted in 158 (38.8 %) after an indwell time of 46.5 days (interquartile range [IQR] 31-70). The median (IQR) removal time was 2 (1-4) minutes. Removal was labelled as complex in 13 procedures (8.2 %), although advanced endoscopic maneuvers were required in only two (1.3 %). Complex removal risk factors were stent embedment (relative risk [RR] 5.84, 95 %CI 2.14-15.89; P = 0.001), over-the-wire deployment (RR 4.66, 95 %CI 1.60-13.56; P = 0.01), and longer indwell times (RR 1.14, 95 %CI 1.03-1.27; P = 0.01). Partial and complete embedment were observed in 14 (8.9 %) and five cases (3.2 %), respectively. The embedment rate during the first 6 weeks was 3.1 % (2/65), reaching 15.9 % (10/63) during the following 6 weeks (P = 0.02). The adverse event rate was 5.1 %, including seven gastrointestinal bleeds (5 mild, 2 moderate). CONCLUSIONS: LAMS removal is a safe procedure, mostly requiring basic endoscopic techniques attainable in conventional endoscopy rooms. Referral to advanced endoscopy units should be considered for stents with known embedment or long indwell times, which may require more technically demanding procedures.

Prospective comparative study of the treatment of Helicobacter pylori with antibiotic susceptibility testing-guided triple therapy compared to quadruple therapy with bismuth-metronidazole-tetracycline subcitrate.

INTRODUCTION: the current indicated first-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the quadruple therapy with bismuth (Pylera®), or the quadruple concomitant therapy without bismuth. The triple therapy was abandoned due to its low eradication rates, partly derived from an increase in antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to compare the H. pylori eradication rates guided by antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) versus Pylera®. METHODS: a specimen was taken prospectively for culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) from all patients diagnosed with H. pylori infection using gastroscopy, and they were randomized to receive triple therapy depending on the results of the AST, or quadruple therapy with Pylera®. The eradication rates of both groups were analyzed using fecal antigen. The adherence and side effects of the treatment were also analyzed. RESULTS: of the 108 patients with H. pylori infection, 55 received Pylera® and 53 AST-guided triple therapy. The eradication rates were 92.7 % with Pylera® and 90.6 % in the AST-guided group, and the difference was statistically significant. There were also no differences found in adherence or side effects. CONCLUSIONS: the treatment of H. pylori with AST-guided triple therapy is effective, especially in regions with high rates of antibiotic resistance.

Luetic gastritis: an uncommon cause of gastritis.

A 41-year-old patient presented to the Dermatology clinic with a papular rash on the trunk and orange-colored maculopapular lesions on the soles of both feet. This was associated with general symptoms including myalgia, fatigue, epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting. The patient had been taking omeprazole and cinitapride with little improvement.

Severe cardiorespiratory complications derived from propofol sedation monitored by an endoscopist.

INTRODUCTION: deep sedation with propofol monitored by an endoscopist in different endoscopy units is a controversial subject and the source of conflicts of interest between the various scientific societies of Anesthesiology and Gastroenterology. Many studies have already demonstrated the efficacy, efficiency and low incidence of complications associated with sedation when under the control of a trained endoscopist vs an anesthesiologist. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the rate of severe cardiorespiratory complications during various endoscopic examinations (gastroscopy, colonoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] and endoscopic ultrasound [EUS]) where sedation was controlled by an endoscopist within our unit, from 2011 to 2016, was reviewed. RESULTS: during the study period, 33,195 examinations were analyzed. The rate of cardiorespiratory complications was 0.13% and the majority were severe desaturations. Most cases responded to an opening in the airway associated with the interruption of drug infusion and an ambu bag was required in a few cases. There were no statistically significant differences between the different groups, except for mean age, risk by type of examination and ASA risk, where the difference between ERCP and the rest of examinations was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: there is a high level of evidence in the scientific literature suggesting that sedation controlled by a trained endoscopist is safe, effective and efficient. However, further prospective studies are required in order to confirm this conclusion due to the fact that the majority of studies to date are retrospective.

Endoscopic diverticulotomy using Ligasure™. / Diverticulotomía endoscópica utilizando Ligasure™.

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic treatment of Zenker diverticulum is considered feasible, effective and safe. The use of the Ligasure™ vessel sealer provides adequate and quick dissection of tissue, achieving effective haemostasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive study of all patients with Zenker diverticulum who were treated by endoscopic diverticulotomy using Ligasure™. The procedure was performed in the endoscopy unit under deep sedation controlled by the endoscopist. Patients were subsequently admitted for observation and, after discharge, were followed-up in the outpatient clinic. RESULTS: Eight patients, 5 women and 3 men, mean age 78±15 years, 25% ASA I, 36% ASA II, 14% ASA III and 25% ASA IV. Main symptom: dysphagia. Diverticula size: 1-7cm. Technical success: 100%. COMPLICATIONS: one patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Average stay: 24h. Seven patients: asymptomatic; one patient with partial improvement, requiring repeat endoscopic intervention. Surgery and morbidity and mortality: 0%. CONCLUSION: The treatment of Zenker diverticulum by endoscopic diverticulotomy using the Ligasure™ vessel sealer is highly effective, fast and safe, and could be considered the treatment of choice.

Initial experience with EUS-guided cholangiopancreatography for biliary and pancreatic duct drainage: a Spanish national survey.

BACKGROUND: EUS-guided cholangiopancreatography (ESCP) allows transmural access to biliopancreatic ducts when ERCP fails. Data regarding technical details, safety, and outcomes of ESCP are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate outcomes of ESCP in community and referral centers at the initial development phase of this procedure, to identify the ESCP stages with higher risk of failure, and to evaluate the influence on outcomes of factors related to the endoscopist. DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective study. SETTING: Public health system hospitals with experience in ESCP in Spain. PATIENTS: A total of 125 patients underwent ESCP in 19 hospitals, with an experience of <20 procedures. INTERVENTION: ESCP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Technical success and complication rates in the initial phase of implantation of ESCP are described. The influence of technical characteristics and endoscopist features on outcomes was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients from 19 hospitals were included. Biliary ESCP was performed in 106 patients and pancreatic ESCP was performed in 19. Technical success was achieved in 84 patients (67.2%) followed by clinical success in 79 (63.2%). Complications occurred in 29 patients (23.2%). Unsuccessful manipulation of the guidewire was responsible for 68.2% of technical failures, and 58.6% of complications were related to problems with the transmural fistula. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective study. CONCLUSION: Outcomes of ESCP during its implantation stage reached a technical success rate of 67.2%, with a complication rate of 23.2%. Intraductal manipulation of the guidewire seems to be the most difficult stage of the procedure.

Complicaciones cardio-respiratorias graves derivadas de la sedación con propofol controlado por endoscopista / Severe cardiorespiratory complications derived from propofol sedation monitored by an endoscopist

Introducción: la sedación profunda con propofol controlada por endoscopista en las diferentes unidades de endoscopia ha sido un tema de continua controversia a lo largo de los últimos años, origen de conflictos de intereses entre las distintas sociedades científicas de Anestesiología y Gastroenterología. Numerosos estudios han demostrado ya la eficacia, eficiencia y escasa aparición de complicaciones en la sedación controlada por un endoscopista formado frente al anestesiólogo. Material y métodos: hemos revisado en nuestra base de datos el porcentaje de complicaciones cardio-respiratorias graves en nuestra unidad, en el periodo comprendido entre 2011 y 2016, en las distintas exploraciones endoscópicas que realizamos (gastroscopia, colonoscopia, colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica [CPRE] y ecoendoscopia [USE]) y cuya sedación es controlada por un endoscopista. Resultados: se llevó a cabo el análisis de 33.195 exploraciones durante el periodo de estudio. Obtuvimos un 0,13% de complicaciones cardio-respiratorias, la mayor parte de ellas desaturaciones graves (la mayoría respondieron a la apertura de la vía aérea asociada a la interrupción de la infusión del fármaco, precisando la necesidad de ambú en contadas ocasiones). No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diferentes grupos excepto en edad media, riesgo por tipo de exploración y riesgo ASA, donde la CPRE presentó una p < 0,01 frente al resto de exploraciones. Conclusión: con los datos de los que disponemos hasta la actualidad, existen numerosas evidencias en la literatura científica para divulgar que la sedación de las endoscopias controlada por un endoscopista formado es segura, eficaz y eficiente. No obstante, deben realizarse más estudios prospectivos que confirmen estas suposiciones, ya que hasta el momento la mayoría de los estudios son retrospectivos

Introduction: deep sedation with propofol monitored by an endoscopist in different endoscopy units is a controversial subject and the source of conflicts of interest between the various scientific societies of Anesthesiology and Gastroenterology. Many studies have already demonstrated the efficacy, efficiency and low incidence of complications associated with sedation when under the control of a trained endoscopist vs an anesthesiologist. Material and methods: the rate of severe cardiorespiratory complications during various endoscopic examinations (gastroscopy, colonoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] and endoscopic ultrasound [EUS]) where sedation was controlled by an endoscopist within our unit, from 2011 to 2016, was reviewed. Results: during the study period, 33,195 examinations were analyzed. The rate of cardiorespiratory complications was 0.13% and the majority were severe desaturations. Most cases responded to an opening in the airway associated with the interruption of drug infusion and an ambu bag was required in a few cases. There were no statistically significant differences between the different groups, except for mean age, risk by type of examination and ASA risk, where the difference between ERCP and the rest of examinations was statistically significant. Conclusion: there is a high level of evidence in the scientific literature suggesting that sedation controlled by a trained endoscopist is safe, effective and efficient. However, further prospective studies are required in order to confirm this conclusion due to the fact that the majority of studies to date are retrospective

Diverticulotomía endoscópica utilizando Ligasure™ / Endoscopic diverticulotomy using Ligasure™

INTRODUCCIÓN: El tratamiento endoscópico del divertículo de Zenker es considerado viable, efectivo y seguro. La utilización de la técnica sellado-sección mediante Ligasure™ proporciona una adecuada y rápida disección del tejido, logrando una hemostasia efectiva. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, de todos los pacientes con divertículo de Zenker que fueron tratados a través de una diverticulotomía endoscópica utilizando el Ligasure ™. El procedimiento se realizó en la unidad de endoscopias, bajo sedación profunda controlada por el endoscopista. Posteriormente, los pacientes ingresaron para observación y, después del alta, se realizó un seguimiento por consultas externas. RESULTADOS: Ocho pacientes, 5 mujeres y 3 hombres, edad media: 78 ±15 años; 25% ASA I; 36% ASA II; 14% ASA III, y 25% ASA IV. Síntoma principal: disfagia. Tamaño de los divertículos: 1 a 7 cm. Éxito técnico: 100%. Complicaciones: un paciente con HDA. Estancia media: 24h. Siete pacientes: asintomáticos; un paciente con mejoría parcial, necesitando reintervención endoscópica. Cirugía y morbimortalidad: 0%. CONCLUSIÓN: El tratamiento del divertículo de Zenker mediante diverticulotomía endoscópica con Ligasure™ proporciona una gran eficacia, rapidez y seguridad, por lo que podría plantearse como primera elección de tratamiento

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic treatment of Zenker diverticulum is considered feasible, effective and safe. The use of the Ligasure ™ vessel sealer provides adequate and quick dissection of tissue, achieving effective haemostasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive study of all patients with Zenker diverticulum who were treated by endoscopic diverticulotomy using Ligasure™. The procedure was performed in the endoscopy unit under deep sedation controlled by the endoscopist. Patients were subsequently admitted for observation and, after discharge, were followed-up in the outpatient clinic. RESULTS: Eight patients, 5 women and 3 men, mean age 78 ±15 years, 25% ASA I, 36% ASA II, 14% ASA III and 25% ASA IV. Main symptom: dysphagia. Diverticula size: 1-7 cm. Technical success: 100%. Complications: one patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Average stay: 24 h. Seven patients: asymptomatic; one patient with partial improvement, requiring repeat endoscopic intervention. Surgery and morbidity and mortality: 0%. CONCLUSION: The treatment of Zenker diverticulum by endoscopic diverticulotomy using the Ligasure ™ vessel sealer is highly effective, fast and safe, and could be considered the treatment of choice

Luetic gastritis: an uncommon cause of gastritis

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