Orofacial trauma and mouthguard use in Brazilian rugby union players.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Rugby union represents a high-risk sport for orofacial trauma due to its impact collisions and repetitive tackles. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of orofacial trauma according to mouthguard use among a sample of Brazilian rugby union players. METHODS: An online questionnaire was sent to the 16 best rugby union clubs in Brazil. The questionnaire contained questions about the training history of each athlete, prevalence of orofacial trauma, and details about mouthguard use. Only participants who reported using a mouthguard were selected for this analysis. RESULTS: A total of 244 individuals were included. The prevalence of orofacial trauma was 34.4%, and 61.9% of them did not wear a mouthguard at the time of the incident. The only type of mouthguard reported was the pre-fabricated ("boil and bite" and "ready-to-wear") type. A stronger association was observed between the reason for using a mouthguard and the outcome, whereas a lower proportion of trauma was observed among individuals who claimed mandatory mouthguard use at the gym/sport (20.0%). Time since the respondent started playing rugby union and who instructed them to use a mouthguard were not associated with orofacial trauma. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of orofacial trauma was high among this sample of rugby union players from Brazil, even with the use of pre-fabricated mouthguards. This study encourages further investigation on the use of custom-made mouthguards in rugby union and the role of coach/physical educators to reduce the prevalence of orofacial trauma.

Determinants for traumatic orofacial injuries in sport: Extrinsic factors in a scoping review.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Sports practices carry a risk for orofacial injuries and, to avoid them, preventive measures are necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate a web of extrinsic determinants for orofacial trauma in sports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Through a scoping review, eight extrinsic risk factors for sports-related orofacial trauma emerged from the thematic analysis. These were sports modality, sports philosophy, competition rules, level of competition, accessory equipment, environmental conditions, acting regimen, pitch conditions, and human resources. The data collection was conducted on seven databases, using terms based on health science descriptors and keywords related to orofacial trauma and sports. RESULTS: From the 1155 articles found, 157 were selected based on eligibility criteria and classified according to the mentioned factors. After the full reading of the articles, the most cited risk factor was sports modality while acting regimen and environmental factors were the least mentioned. Therefore, a scheme following the web of determinants was constructed with the purpose of establishing a risk profile, which was based on the interactions between the determinants and on the frequency that they were mentioned as contributors to injury. From this, it was observed that each traumatic event is possibly a result of the interrelationships among the eight suggested determinants. CONCLUSION: Sports modality was the most cited extrinsic determinant observed in the literature, while environmental conditions and acting regimen were the least cited. In addition, more than establishing the determinants, it is necessary to comprehend how they relate, once preventive strategies should intercede on these relations, to help reduce sports injuries.

Prevalence of dentofacial injuries among combat sports practitioners: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Combat sports might result in injuries to the face and teeth. However, it is unclear how often they occur and which sports presents the highest rates. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dentofacial injuries in combat sports participants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review was performed. Six main electronic databases and three grey literature databases were searched. Studies were blindly selected by two reviewers based on pre-defined eligibility criteria. Studies that evaluated the prevalence of dentofacial injuries (teeth, alveolar bone, jaw, lips, and/or cheekbones) among combat sports participants were considered eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. The software r statistics version was used to perform all meta-analyses. Cumulative evidence of the included articles was evaluated using GRADE criteria (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). RESULTS: From 1104 articles found on all databases, 27 were finally included. Eighteen studies were judged at low, seven at moderate, and two at high risk of bias. The following sports were investigated: boxing, capoeira, fencing, jiu-jitsu, judo, karate, kendo, kickboxing, kung fu, muay thai, sumo, taekwondo, wrestling, and wushu. Results from the meta-analysis suggested a dental pooled prevalence of 25.2% (12.3%-40.8%, i2  = 100%) and dentofacial pooled prevalence of 30.3 (18.1%-44.1%, i2  = 100%). Considering the sports' categories individually, jiu-jitsu had the highest pooled prevalence of dentofacial injuries (52.9% [37.9%-67.8%, i2  = 92%]), while judo was the sport with the lowest pooled prevalence (25.0% [7.6%-48.2%, i2  = 98%]). Among Panamerican sports, boxing had the highest prevalence of dental injuries (73.7% [58.7%-86.3%, i2  = 0%]). For dentofacial injuries, the GRADE criteria were considered low. CONCLUSIONS: Overall pooled prevalence of dentofacial injuries in combat sports was approximately 30%. Raising awareness regarding the frequency of these injuries might encourage the use of protective devices and reduce complications related to these incidents.

Environmentally sustainable: How are the practices in the organic food tourist route?

This study analyzes Environmentally Sustainable Practices (ESPs) in the Organic Food Tourist Route (OFTR) in South Brazil. Data collection included interviews with open and closed questions about ESPs and the Barometer of Tourism Sustainability (BTS) tool. Eight owners or managers of OFTR's enterprises answered questions online or personally. Content analysis and descriptive statistics were used. Results indicated that tourism enterprises adopt ESPs according to each reality since some are dedicated to producing and commercializing organic products, while others are dedicated to lodging and guided tours. Managers realize the importance of adopting ESPs, enabling a decrease in expenses and the supply of organic products. Since tourists are concerned and careful with the environment nowadays, sustainability must be considered, becoming a differential. The enterprises develop ESPs, which makes the route potentially sustainable, following the standards established by the BTS. In order to achieve the "sustainable" level, the enterprises on the route need to improve their performance in many items whose results were less sustainable. From a theoretical perspective, this study contributed to understanding how ESPs were developed in enterprises and how they contribute to tourism development. The understanding of tourist routes expanded with an emphasis on sustainability, the environmental dimension, the ESPs, and organic agriculture. The BTS enabled the assessment of the sustainability of OFTR's enterprises.

Targeting the Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway: A Window of Opportunity for Prostate Cancer.

Despite major improvements in the management of advanced prostate cancer over the last 20 years, the disease remains invariably fatal, and new effective therapies are required. The development of novel hormonal agents and taxane chemotherapy has improved outcomes, although primary and acquired resistance remains problematic. Inducing cancer cell death via apoptosis has long been an attractive goal in the treatment of cancer. Apoptosis, a form of regulated cell death, is a highly controlled process, split into two main pathways (intrinsic and extrinsic), and is stimulated by a multitude of factors, including cellular and genotoxic stress. Numerous therapeutic strategies targeting the intrinsic apoptosis pathway are in clinical development, and BH3 mimetics have shown promising efficacy for hematological malignancies. Utilizing these agents for solid malignancies has proved more challenging, though efforts are ongoing. Molecular characterization and the development of predictive biomarkers is likely to be critical for patient selection, by identifying tumors with a vulnerability in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. This review provides an up-to-date overview of cell death and apoptosis, specifically focusing on the intrinsic pathway. It summarizes the latest approaches for targeting the intrinsic apoptosis pathway with BH3 mimetics and discusses how these strategies may be leveraged to treat prostate cancer.

EPHA2-dependent outcompetition of KRASG12D mutant cells by wild-type neighbors in the adult pancreas.

As we age, our tissues are repeatedly challenged by mutational insult, yet cancer occurrence is a relatively rare event. Cells carrying cancer-causing genetic mutations compete with normal neighbors for space and survival in tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying mutant-normal competition in adult tissues and the relevance of this process to cancer remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigate how the adult pancreas maintains tissue health in vivo following sporadic expression of oncogenic Kras (KrasG12D), the key driver mutation in human pancreatic cancer. We find that when present in tissues in low numbers, KrasG12D mutant cells are outcompeted and cleared from exocrine and endocrine compartments in vivo. Using quantitative 3D tissue imaging, we show that before being cleared, KrasG12D cells lose cell volume, pack into round clusters, and E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions decrease at boundaries with normal neighbors. We identify EphA2 receptor as an essential signal in the clearance of KrasG12D cells from exocrine and endocrine tissues in vivo. In the absence of functional EphA2, KrasG12D cells do not alter cell volume or shape, E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions increase and KrasG12D cells are retained in tissues. The retention of KRasG12D cells leads to the early appearance of premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs) in tissues. Our data show that adult pancreas tissues remodel to clear KrasG12D cells and maintain tissue health. This study provides evidence to support a conserved functional role of EphA2 in Ras-driven cell competition in epithelial tissues and suggests that EphA2 is a novel tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer.

Effect of radiotherapy on the radiopacity and flexural strength of a composite resin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy on the radiopacity and flexural strength of composite resin. Forty Z250 composite resin specimens were polymerized using a halogen light-curing unit and divided into 5 groups, in accordance with the radiotherapy dose: G1- without irradiation, G2- 30 Gy, G3- 40 Gy, G4- 50 Gy and GS- 60 Gy Digital images were obtained using a GE 100 X-ray. Radiopacity values were obtained with the Digora digital imaging system and the flexural strength was evaluated with an EMIC universal testing machine. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey 's test. G1 presented the highest radiopacity value, followed by G3, G5, G4 and G2. For flexural strength, G1 presented the lowest value, followed by G2, G5, G3 and G4. Differences were no significant (p>0.05). The commonly used dosage of radiotherapy treatment, did not cause alteration in the radiopacity and flexural strength of resin-based composites.

Sociabilidade e lazer entre mulheres camponesas: vivências no clube de mães / Sociability and leisure among peasant women: experiences in the mothers club

O estudo realiza uma análise de uma organização denominada clube de mães. A partir de um estudo de caso, na comunidade São Caetano, município de São Lourenço do Oeste, em Santa Catarina/Brasil, nosso objetivo foi compreender o papel que o clube de mães ocupa nas práticas de sociabilidade e nas formas de organização de mulheres camponesas. O clube de mães transpõe as dicotomias dos espaços sociais, abrindo a possibilidade de ação das mulheres no espaço público, já que elas passam a frequentar outras comunidades, e deslocam-se a outros municípios, para os quais viajam coletivamente. Ao observar o significado do clube de mães, compreende-se o aumento do reconhecimento e da visibilidade das mulheres camponesas, além da constituição deafeto entre elas.

The study conducts an analysis of an organization called the Mothers Club from a case study in the São Caetano community, municipality of São Lourenço do Oeste, in Santa Catarina / Brazil, our The objective was to understand what role the mother club plays in sociability practices and forms of women's organization peasants. The mothers club bridges the space dichotomies opening up women's action in the space as they come to attend other communities, and they travel to other municipalities, to which they travel collectively. Observing the meaning of the mothers club means increasing the recognition and visibility of peasant women, as well as the constitution of affection between them.

Sustained effect of bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy in axonal regeneration in a model of optic nerve crush.

In adult mammals, the regeneration of the optic nerve is very limited and at the moment there are several groups trying different approaches to increase retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal outgrowth. One promising approach is cell therapy. In previous work, we performed intravitreal transplantation of bone-marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) after optic nerve crush in adult rats and we demonstrated an increase in RGC survival and axon outgrowth 14 days after injury. In the present work, we investigated if these results could be sustained for a longer period of time. Optic nerve crush was performed in Lister-hooded adult rats and BMMC or saline injections were performed shortly after injury. Neuronal survival and regeneration were evaluated in rats׳ retina and optic nerve after 28 days. We demonstrated an increase of 5.2 fold in the axon outgrowth 28 days after lesion, but the BMMCs had no effect on RGC survival. In an attempt to prolong RGC survival, we established a new protocol with two BMMC injections, the second one 7 days after the injury. Untreated animals received two injections of saline. We observed that although the axonal outgrowth was still increased after the second BMMC injection, the RGC survival was not significantly different from untreated animals. These results demonstrate that BMMCs transplantation promotes neuroregeneration at least until 28 days after injury. However, the effects on RGC survival previously observed by us at 14 days were not sustained at 28 days and could not be prolonged with a second dose of BMMC.

Análise da fidelidade das diferentes espessuras de placa de copolímero de etileno e acetato de vinila (eva) ao modelo de gesso utilizando a técnica termoformação a vácuo / Fidelity analysis of the different thicknesses of copolymer of etileno and vinyl acetate (eva) sheets to the plaster model using vacuum machines

Introdução: o cirurgião-dentista é o profissional que tem habilitação para indicar e planejar a confecção de protetores bucais esportivos. Atualmente dispomos de quatro tipos de protetores bucais, sendo os mais indicados os tipos III e IV, pois oferecem melhor absorção de impacto, retenção, adaptação e, consequentemente proteção frente aos traumas. O tipo III é feito pela técnica a vácuo, enquanto o tipo IV é confeccionado com a técnica a pressão. Objetivo: verificar a fidelidade da plastificação de EVA ao modelo de gesso, com diferentes espessuras de EVA de diferentes marcas e máquinas na técnica a vácuo. Método: as marcas utilizadas foram BioArt e Essence, duas marcas nacionais de grande disponibilidade. A avaliação dos modelos de gesso obtidos na pesquisa foi baseada em score desenvolvido pelas pesquisadoras que considera o intervalo de pontuação de 0 a 21. Resultados e Discussão: os resultados demonstram que a placa da marca Bio-art de 1 mm apresentou melhor escoamento facilitando sua acomodação nos desenhos anatômicos do manequim, obtendo um índice de 19 pontos. Quanto ao desempenho das diferentes marcas de máquinas termoplastificadoras, a Essence obteve melhor desempenho em todas as marcas e espessuras das placas de EVA com o total de 49 pontos. Conclusão: concluímos que são indispensáveis novos estudos para este universo do desporto frente aos materiais e técnicas para confecção de protetor bucal e difusão da importância sobre o uso do dispositivo contra traumas orofaciais para atletas e explorando o mercado dos recursos que já dispomos das técnicas seguras e eficientes.

Introduction: the dental surgeon is the Professional Who has the qualification to indicate and to plan the making of sports buckets. Currently we have four types of mouth guards, the most indicated being types III and IV, since they offer better impact absorption, retention, adaptation and, consequently, protection against trauma. Type III is made by the vacuum technique, while type IV is made by the technique under pressure. Objetctive: the objective of this work was to verify the fidelity of the pzlastification of EVA to the gypsum model, with different thicknesses of EVA of different brands and machines in the vacuum technique. The brands used were BioArt and Essence, two national brands of great availability. The evaluation of the gypsum models obtained in the research was based on a score developed by the researchers that considers the score range from 0 to 21. Results and Discussion: the results demonstrate that the plate of the Bio-art mark of 1 mm presented better flow facilitating its accommodation in the anatomical drawings of the manikin, obtaining an index of 19 points. As for the performance of different brands of thermoplastic machines, Essence achieved better performance in all brands and thicknesses of EVA plates with a total of 49 points. Conclusion: we conclude that new studies are necessary for this universe of sport in relation to materials and techniques for confection of mouthguards and the diffusion of the importance of the use of the device against orofacial traumas to athletes and exploring the market of resources that already have the techniques safe and efficient.

Effect of relining on the misfit of microwavecured acrylic resin denture bases / Efeito do reembasamento na desadaptação de bases de próteses de resina acrílica polimerizada por micro-ondas

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microwave-energy polymerization on the accuracy and glass transition temperature of acrylic resin denture bases submitted to reline procedure. As denture wearers make up a large portion of the population and often cannot afford a new complete denture, the reline procedure may be the best alternative when indicated. Thus, it is important to evaluate possible changes that would contraindicate this technique. Materials and methods: Twenty denture bases were fabricated from microwave-cured acrylic resin (Onda-Cryl) and randomly divided into control and test groups (n = 10). In the control group, the bases were submitted to measurement of misfit. Bases in the test group were worn down internally and relined. Misfit was measured by cutting the set stone cast/denture base at three predetermined points (canine, molar and tuberosity), measuring the gap between the stone cast and the acrylic resin base at three points using the ImageTool®software suite. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine Tg. Data were submitted to t-test for independent- samples (p<0.05). Results: The greatest misfit of canine sections was found at the midpoint of control group (0.280 mm); in molar sections, no significant difference was found. In maxillary tuberosity sections, the greatest misfit occurred at the midpoint of test group (0.352 mm). All gaps were below the maximal clinically acceptable misfit value. There was no significant difference in Tg values between groups. Conclusion: Microwave-energy processing does not affect the fit or Tg of relined denture bases.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da polimerização utilizando energia de micro-ondas na adaptação e na temperatura de transição vítrea de bases de prótese submetidas ao procedimento de reembasamento. Uma vez que usuários de próteses totais constituem grande parte da população, o procedimento de reembasamento pode ser a melhor alternativa, quando indicado. Assim, se faz importante a avaliação de possíveis alterações que contraindicariam esta técnica. Materiais e Métodos: Foram confeccionadas 20 bases de prótese utilizando resina acrílica polimerizada por micro-ondas (Onda-Cryl) e divididas aleatoriamente em grupo controle e teste (n=10). No grupo controle as bases foram submetidas à mensuração da desadaptação. Já no grupo teste as bases foram desgastadas internamente e submetidas ao procedimento de reembasamento utilizando a mesma resina acrílica e a polimerização por energia de micro-ondas. A desadaptação foi mensurada por meio do corte do conjunto modelo de gesso/ base de prótese, em três pontos pré-determinados, em ambos os grupos. Cada área seccionada foi mensurada em três pontos, utilizando o programa ImageTool®software. O ensaio de calorimetria exploratória diferencial foi utilizado para determinar a Tg em ambos os grupos. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste t para amostras independentes (p<0,05). Resultados: No bloco de canino, a maior desadaptação foi observada no ponto mediano do grupo controle (0,280 mm); no bloco de molares não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos. Já na comparação dos blocos de tuber, a maior desadaptação ocorreu no ponto mediano do grupo teste (0,352 mm). Apesar dos valores de desadaptação encontrados, nenhum foi igual ou superior ao valor máximo aceito clinicamente. Conclusão: A polimerização utilizando energia de micro-ondas não afetou a adaptação ou a Tg das bases de prótese submetidas ao reembasamento.

Manual de cuidados às pessoas com diabetes e pé diabético: construção por scoping study / Manual de cuidados a las personas con diabetes y pie diabético: construcción por scoping study / Care manual for diabetic people with diabetic foot: construction by scoping study

RESUMO Objetivo: construir um manual educativo para pessoas com diabetes mellitus com pé diabético. Método: scoping study, aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, realizado em um hospital escola do Estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil). A coleta de dados, foi realizada entre setembro e novembro de 2016, incluiu revisão narrativa e consulta a 14 participantes - 11 experts (oito enfermeiros, um professor de enfermagem e dois médicos) e três pessoas com diabetes e seus acompanhantes sobre os conteúdos do manual educativo. Utilizou-se a técnica Delphi, na consulta com os experts, e estabeleceu-se a necessidade de 70%, ou mais, de concordância total para permanência dos conteúdos no manual. Com as pessoas com diabetes e acompanhantes aplicou-se formulário avaliativo, contendo escala Likert para avaliação dos conteúdos e pergunta aberta questionando opinião sobre o manual. Resultados: a literatura existente e a consulta aos participantes subsidiou a elaboração dos conteúdos do manual. A partir da consulta na literatura e com os participantes, foi construído o manual, que foi revisado pelos experts. Na primeira rodada de consulta com experts, dos 21 conteúdos construídos, a partir do estudo de revisão, oito não atingiram 70% de concordância. Os percentuais oscilaram entre 45% e 90%. Na segunda rodada, todos os conteúdos foram considerados pertinentes. As pessoas com diabetes consideraram que o manual estava adequado e de fácil compressão. Conclusão: o método possibilitou a construção do manual que resultou em um produto de enfermagem para uso na educação em saúde, para o cuidado da pessoa com diabetes com pé diabético.

RESUMEN Objetivo: construir un manual educativo para personas con diabetes mellitus con pie diabético. Método: scoping study, aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación, realizado en un hospital escuela del Estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil). La recolección de datos, fue realizada entre septiembre y noviembre de 2016, incluyó revisión narrativa y consulta a 14 interesados ​​(11 enfermeros, un profesor de enfermería y dos médicos) y tres personas con diabetes y sus acompañantes sobre los contenidos del manual educativo. Se utilizó la técnica Delphi, en la consulta con los expertos, y se estableció la necesidad del 70%, o más, de concordancia total para permanencia de los contenidos en el manual. Con las personas con diabetes y acompañantes se aplicó formulario evaluativo, conteniendo escala Likert para evaluación de los contenidos y pregunta abierta cuestionando opinión sobre el manual. Resultados: la literatura existente y la consulta a los interesados ​​subsidió la elaboración de los contenidos del manual. A partir de la consulta en la literatura y con los interesados, fue construido el manual, que fue revisado por los expertos. En la primera ronda de consulta con expertos, de los 21 contenidos construidos, a partir del estudio de revisión, ocho no alcanzaron el 70% de concordancia. Los porcentuales oscilaron entre el 45% y el 90%. En la segunda ronda, todos los contenidos se consideraron pertinentes. Las personas con diabetes consideraron que el manual era adecuado y de fácil compresión. Conclusión: el método posibilitó la construcción del manual que resultó en un producto de enfermería para uso en la educación en salud, para el cuidado de la persona con diabetes con pie diabético.

ABSTRACT Objective: to construct an educational manual for people with diabetes mellitus and diabetic foot. Method: a scoping study, approved by a Research Ethics Committee, and performed in a teaching hospital in the State of Santa Catarina (Brazil). Data collection was performed between September and November 2016, it included a narrative review and consultations of 14 participants - 11 experts (eight nurses, one nursing teacher and two physicians) and three diabetic people and their companions about the contents of the educational manual. The Delphi technique was used in the consultation with the experts, and 70% or more total agreement was established for the permanence of contents in the manual. An evaluation form was used with the diabetic people and their companions, containing a Likert scale for the content evaluation and open questions asking for their opinion about the manual. Results: the existing literature and consultation with the participants supported the preparation for the manual content. The manual was constructed from the consultation of literature and with the participants, and was reviewed by the experts. In the first round of consultation with the experts, eight out of the 21 constructed contents did not reach 70% agreement. The percentages ranged from 45% to 90%. In the second round, all content was considered relevant. diabetic people considered the manual to be adequate and easy to understand. Conclusion: the method made the construction of the manual possible which resulted in a nursing technology for use in health education in the care of people with diabetic patients with diabetic foot.

Qualidade higiênico-sanitária da carne bovina moída comercializada na cidade de Santa Maria, RS / Sanitary quality of ground beef commercialized in the city of Santa Maria, RS

A carne bovina moída tem sido reconhecida como fonte primária de infecção, ocasionando graves prejuízos à saúde dos consumidores. Com o objetivo de avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias da carne bovina moída comercializada na cidade de Santa Maria-RS, foram realizadas contagens de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos acima de 10 UFC/g em 100% das amostras analisadas. (...) A contagem microbiana observada neste estudo indicou condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias, o que torna este tipo de produto um potencial causador de enfermidades de origem alimentar.