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Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) is extensively used in the defense industry, medicines, food, plastics, rubber, and other applications. Traditional organic synthesis of HMTA relies on ammonia derived from the Haber process at high temperatures and pressures. In contrast, electrochemical methods enable a safe and green one-pot synthesis of HMTA from waste NO3-. However, HMTA synthesis through the electrochemical method is challenging owing to the complex reaction pathways involving C-N bond construction and ring formation. In this study, HMTA was efficiently synthesized over electrochemical oxidation-derived copper (e-OD-Cu), with a yield of 76.8% and a Faradaic efficiency of 74.9% at -0.30 VRHE. The catalytic mechanism and reaction pathway of HMTA synthesis on e-OD-Cu were investigated through a series of in situ characterization methods and density-functional theory calculations. The results demonstrated that the electrocatalytic synthesis of HMTA involved a tandem electrochemical-chemical reaction. Additionally, the results indicated that the presence of Cu vacancies enhanced substrate adsorption and inhibited the further hydrogenation of CâN. Overall, this study provides an electrocatalytic method for HMTA synthesis and an electrochemical strategy for constructing multiple C-N bonds.
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Aqueous electrochemical coupling reactions, which enable the green synthesis of complex organic compounds, will be a crucial tool in synthetic chemistry. However, a lack of informed approaches for screening suitable catalysts is a major obstacle to its development. Here, we propose a pioneering electrochemical reductive coupling reaction toward direct electrosynthesis of oxime from NOx and aldehyde. Through integrating experimental and theoretical methods, we screen out the optimal catalyst, i.e., metal Fe catalyst, that facilitates the enrichment and C-N coupling of key reaction intermediates, all leading to high yields (e.g., â¼99% yield of benzaldoxime) for the direct electrosynthesis of oxime over Fe. With a divided flow reactor, we achieve a high benzaldoxime production of 22.8 g h-1 gcat-1 in â¼94% isolated yield. This work not only paves the way to the industrial mass production of oxime via electrosynthesis but also offers references for the catalyst selection of other electrochemical coupling reactions.
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BACKGROUND: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is common in patients undergoing gynecological surgery. We aimed to investigate the preventive efficacy in DVT of graduated compression stockings (GCS) alone and in combination with intermittent pneumatic compression (GCS + IPC) after gynecological surgery. METHODS: In November 2022, studies on the use of GCS and GCS + IPC for the prevention of DVT after gynecological surgery were searched in seven databases. After literature screening and data extraction based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, preventive efficacies, including the risk of DVT and anticoagulation function, of GCS and GCS + IPC were compared. Finally, sensitivity analysis and Egger's test were performed to evaluate the stability of the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Six publications with moderate quality were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that GCS + IPC significantly reduced DVT risk (P = 0.0002) and D-dimer levels (P = 0.0005) compared with GCS alone. Sensitivity analysis and Egger's test showed that the combined results of this study were stable and reliable. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with GCS alone, GCS + IPS showed a higher preventive efficacy against DVT in patients following gynecological surgery.
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Selective electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols to value-added aldehydes has attracted increasing attention. However, due to its higher reactivity than alcohol, the aldehyde is easily over-oxidized to acid in alkaline electrolytes. Herein we realize the selective electrooxidation of alcohol to aldehyde on NiO by tuning the local microenvironment to salt out the aldehyde from the reaction system. The origin of the high selectivity was found to be the inhibition of the hydration of aldehydes, which is the result of the decreased alkalinity and the increased cation and substrate concentration. This strategy could salt out the aldehyde at the gas|electrolyte interface from the electrooxidation of alcohol with 100 % selectivity and be easily extended to other selective oxidation reactions, such as 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde (DFF) and amine to an imine.
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Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) has been described as a potential vaccine candidate in apicomplexan parasites. Here we characterize the ama-1 gene. The full-length ama-1 gene of Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) (BLTAMA-1) is 1785 bp, which contains an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 65-kDa protein of 594 amino acid residues; by definition, the 5' UTR precedes the first methionine of the ORF. Phylogenetic analysis based on AMA-1 amino acid sequences clearly separated Piroplasmida from other Apicomplexa parasites. The Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) AMA-1 sequence is most closely associated with that of B. ovata and B. bigemina, with high bootstrap value. A recombinant protein encoding a conserved region and containing ectodomains I and II of BLTAMA-1 was constructed. BLTrAMA-1-DI/DII proteins were tested for reactivity with sera from sheep infected by Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan). In Western-blot analysis, native Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) AMA-1 proteins were recognized by antibodies raised in rabbits against BLTrAMA-1 in vitro. The results of this study are discussed in terms of gene characterization, taxonomy and antigenicity.
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Antígenos de Protozoos/inmunología , Babesia/inmunología , Babesiosis/inmunología , Proteínas Protozoarias/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Antígenos de Protozoos/genética , Antígenos de Protozoos/metabolismo , Babesia/genética , Babesia/metabolismo , Babesiosis/parasitología , Clonación Molecular , Filogenia , Dominios Proteicos , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes , Alineación de Secuencia/veterinaria , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitologíaRESUMEN
AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of gum chewing combined with a semi-liquid diet on patients after gynaecologic laparoscopic surgery. BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggested that chewing gum before traditional postoperative care promotes the postoperative recovery of bowel motility and function after open and laparoscopic surgery. However, gum chewing combined with a semi-liquid diet has not been reported in postoperative care of patients following gynaecologic laparoscopic surgery. DESIGN: A prospective randomised study. METHODS: Total 234 patients were randomly assigned after elective gynaecologic laparoscopic surgery to a gum chewing and semi-liquid diet group, a semi-liquid only diet group or a liquid diet group. The gum chewing and semi-liquid diet group chewed sugar-free gum with an oral intake of a semi-liquid diet six hours postoperatively. The semi-liquid only diet and liquid diet groups received a semi-liquid diet or a liquid diet, respectively. The time to first bowel sounds, time to first regular postoperative bowel sounds, time to first passage of flatus, time to first defecation, serum gastrin and incidences of hunger, nausea, vomiting and abdominal distension were recorded. Hunger and gastrointestinal sensations were assessed using a four-point scale. Serum gastrin was assayed pre- and postoperatively using a gastrin radioimmunoassay kit. RESULTS: The gum chewing and semi-liquid diet group had first bowel sounds, first regular bowel sounds, first passage of flatus and first defecation earlier than the semi-liquid only and liquid groups. Increased serum gastrin was observed in the gum chewing and semi-liquid diet group. Incidences of nausea, vomiting and abdominal distention were not significantly different between these groups. CONCLUSION: Chewing gum combined with an oral intake of a semi-liquid diet is safe and accelerates the postoperative recovery of bowel function. It might be recommended as a better postoperative care regimen for patients after gynaecologic laparoscopic surgery. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study developed a new postoperative diet regimen to improve the postoperative care of patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
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Goma de Mascar , Dieta/métodos , Motilidad Gastrointestinal , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Ginecológicos , Cuidados Posoperatorios/métodos , Recuperación de la Función , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Electivos , Femenino , Humanos , Laparoscopía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Periodo Posoperatorio , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Ovine babesiosis is one of the most important tick-borne haemoparasitic diseases of small ruminants. The ovine parasite Babesia sp. Xinjiang is widespread in China. In this study, recombinant full-length XJrRAP-1aα2 (rhoptry-associated protein 1aα2) and C-terminal XJrRAP-1aα2 CT of Babesia sp. Xinjiang were expressed and used to evaluate their diagnostic potential for Babesia sp. Xinjiang infections by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Purified XJrRAP-1aα2 was tested for reactivity with sera from animals experimentally infected with Babesia sp. Xinjiang and other haemoparasites using Western blotting and ELISA. The results showed no cross-reactivities between XJrRAP-1aα2 CT and sera from animals infected by other pathogens. High level of antibodies against RAP-1a usually lasted 10 weeks post-infection (wpi). A total of 3690 serum samples from small ruminants in 23 provinces located in 59 different regions of China were tested by ELISA. The results indicated that the average positive rate was 30·43%, and the infections were found in all of the investigated provinces. This is the first report on the expression and potential use of a recombinant XJrRAP-1aα2 CT antigen for the development of serological assays for the diagnosis of ovine babesiosis, caused by Babesia sp. Xinjiang.
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Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Babesia/inmunología , Babesia/patogenicidad , Babesiosis/diagnóstico , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Animales , Antígenos de Protozoos/genética , Babesia/química , Babesia/genética , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Babesiosis/inmunología , Babesiosis/parasitología , China/epidemiología , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunología , Pruebas Serológicas/métodos , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Oveja DomésticaRESUMEN
Vascular calcification is a common accompanying pathological change in many chronic diseases, which is caused by calcium deposition in the blood vessel wall and leads to abnormal blood vessel function. With the progress of medical technology, the diagnosis rate of vascular calcification has explosively increased. However, due to its mechanism's complexity, no effective drug can relieve or even reverse vascular calcification. Irisin is a myogenic cytokine regulating adipose tissue browning, energy metabolism, glucose metabolism, and other physiological processes. Previous studies have shown that irisin could serve as a predictor for vascular calcification, and protect against hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and other risk factors for vascular calcification. In terms of mechanism, it improves vascular endothelial dysfunction and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells. All the above evidence suggests that irisin plays a predictive and protective role in vascular calcification. In this review, we summarize the association of irisin to the related risk factors for vascular calcification and mainly explore the role of irisin in vascular calcification.
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Fibronectinas , Hipertensión , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Calcificación Vascular , Humanos , Fibronectinas/fisiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
To investigate the quality of different ozone-oxidized surimi gels and their in vitro digestion and absorption characteristics, surimi rinsed with different concentrations of ozonated water (0, 8, 26 mg/L) were prepared. Then, the degree of oxidation and gel structure of surimi were determined, the in vitro digestion and absorption of the gels were simulated, and the digestion and absorption products were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The results showed that the quality of surimi gels was improved after proper ozone oxidation. After ozone water rinsing, the dry matter digestibility, peptide, and amino acid content increased, and the changes of all three were in line with the Logistic kinetic model (R2 = 0.95-0.99). Caco-2 cell absorption experiments showed that the absorption rate of peptides and amino acids decreased after ozone water rinsing. In summary, ozone oxidation can promote the digestion of surimi gels, but it also reduces the absorption of peptides and amino acids by Caco-2 cells. This study provides a reference for the application of ozone in the food field.
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Carpas , Digestión , Productos Pesqueros , Oxidación-Reducción , Ozono , Ozono/química , Células CACO-2 , Animales , Humanos , Productos Pesqueros/análisis , Carpas/metabolismo , Geles/química , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Absorción Intestinal , PéptidosRESUMEN
To assess the blending effect of field snails with grass carp muscle, the effects of paramyosin (PM) and actomyosin (AM) with different mixture ratios on the gel properties of the binary blend system were investigated in our work. The purified PM from field snail muscle was about 95 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Its main secondary structure was α-helix, which reached to 97.97 %. When the amount of PM increased in the binary blend system, their rheological indices and gel strength were improved. The water holding capacity (WHC) increased to 86.30 % at a mixture ratio of 2:8. However, the WHC and the area of immobile water (P22) dramatically decreased, and the area of free water (P23) increased when the mixture ratio exceeded 4:6. The low level of PM in binary blend system promoted the formation of a homogenous and dense gel network through non-covalent interactions as observed results of SEM and FTIR. When there were redundant PM molecules, the development of heterostructure via hydrophobic interaction of tail-tail contributed to the reduced gel properties of the binary blend system. These findings provided new insight into the binary blend system of PM and AM with different ratios to change the gel properties of myofibrillar protein.
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Actomiosina , Tropomiosina , Animales , Geles/química , Actomiosina/química , Caracoles , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Environmentally responsive hydrogels hold multiple important applications. However, the functionality of these materials alone is often limited in comparison to other materials like silicon; thus, there is a need to integrate soft and hard materials for the advancement of environmentally sensitive materials. Here we demonstrate the capability of integrating a thermoresponsive hydrogel, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), with thin film silicon ribbons, enabling the stiff silicon ribbons to become adaptive and drivable by the soft environmentally sensitive substrate. This integration provides a means of mechanical buckling of the thin silicon film due to changes in environmental stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). We also investigate how advanced lithographic techniques can be used to generate patterned deformation on the aforementioned integrated structures. Furthermore, we explore multilayer hybrid hydrogel structures formed by the integration of different types of hydrogels that have tunable curvatures under the influence of different stimuli. Silicon thin film integration on such tunable curvature substrates reveal characteristic reversible buckling of the thin film in the presence of multiple stimuli. These results open new opportunities for developing stretchable and intelligent devices for multiple applications.
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Acrilamidas/química , Hidrogeles/química , Polímeros/química , Silicio/química , Acrilamidas/síntesis química , Resinas Acrílicas , Hidrogeles/síntesis química , Tamaño de la Partícula , Polímeros/síntesis química , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
AIMS/INTRODUCTION: To investigate the impact of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) on atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes patients with normal bodyweight (OB[-]) in the Chinese population, and to further assess the sex-age differences between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 8,839 type 2 diabetes patients from two of the National Metabolic Management Centers in China were included in this study. Participants were classified into four groups by visceral fat area (VFA; cm2 ) and body mass index (BMI; kg/m2 ): VFA < 100 and BMI < 23.9 (VA[-]OB[-]), VFA < 100 and BMI ≥ 23.9 (VA[-]OB[+]), VFA ≥ 100 and BMI < 23.9 (VA[+]OB[-]), VFA ≥ 100 and BMI ≥ 23.9 (VA[+]OB[+]). Atherosclerosis was defined by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV; cm/s), and we analyzed the association between VFA, BMI and the tertiles of baPWV values. RESULTS: The VA(+)OB(-) prevalence was 3.7% among these participants. Patients with VA(+)OB(-) had the highest baPWV value (P < 0.001) and the highest proportion of the tertile 3 of baPWV (P < 0.001) among four groups, and were significantly associated with baPWV (standardized ß = 0.026, P = 0.008). VFA was significantly related to tertile 2 to tertile 3 of baPWV in (OB[-]) type 2 diabetes patients, when compared with tertile 1 of baPWV, respectively. In sex-age stratified analysis, the association of VFA and the tertiles of baPWV showed sex differences. For the 55 years age stratification analysis, there was no age difference in the relationship between VFA and baPWV in (OB[-]) patients. CONCLUSION: Increased VAT was an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in female type 2 diabetes patients with normal weight.
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Aterosclerosis , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Rigidez Vascular , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Grasa Intraabdominal , Índice Tobillo Braquial , Pueblos del Este de Asia , Caracteres Sexuales , Análisis de la Onda del Pulso , Peso Corporal , Factores de Riesgo , Aterosclerosis/complicaciones , Aterosclerosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The number of cells in tissues is controlled by cell division and cell death, and its misregulation could lead to pathological conditions such as cancer. To maintain the cell numbers, a cell-elimination process called apoptosis also stimulates the proliferation of neighboring cells. This mechanism, apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation, was originally described more than 40 years ago. Although only a limited number of the neighboring cells need to divide to compensate for the apoptotic cell loss, the mechanisms that select cells to divide have remained elusive. Here, we found that spatial inhomogeneity in Yes-associated protein (YAP)-mediated mechanotransduction in neighboring tissues determines the inhomogeneity of compensatory proliferation in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Such inhomogeneity arises from the non-uniform distribution of nuclear size and the non-uniform pattern of mechanical force applied to neighboring cells. Our findings from a mechanical perspective provide additional insight into how tissues precisely maintain homeostasis.
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Apoptosis , Mecanotransducción Celular , Animales , Perros , Apoptosis/fisiología , Muerte Celular , División Celular , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Proliferación Celular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The low-potential furfural oxidation reaction (FFOR) on a Cu-based electrocatalyst can produce H2 at the anode, thereby providing a bipolar H2 production system with an ultralow cell voltage. However, the intrinsic activity and stability of the Cu-based electrocatalyst for the FFOR remain unsatisfactory for practical applications. This study investigates the correlation between the valence state and the adsorption behavior of the Cu-based electrocatalyst in furfural oxidation. Cu0 is the adsorption site with low intrinsic activity. Cu+ , which exists in the form of Cu(OH)ads in alkaline electrolytes, has no adsorption ability but can improve the performance of Cu0 by promoting the adsorption of FF. Moreover, a mixed-valence Cu-based electrocatalyst (MV Cu) with high intrinsic activity and stability is prepared electrochemically. With the MV Cu catalyst, the assembled dual-side H2 production electrolyzer has a low electricity requirement of only 0.24 kWh mH2 -3 at an ultralow cell voltage of 0.3 V, and it exhibits sufficient stability. This study not only correlates the valence state with the adsorption behavior of the Cu-based electrocatalyst for the low-potential FFOR with anodic H2 production but also reveals the mechanism of deactivation to provide design principles for Cu-based electrocatalysts with satisfactory stability.
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Aquaporins (AQPs) are important functional proteins and are widely present in the cell membrane of almost all organisms, mediating transmembrane transport of liquid and other solutes. Much is known about the molecular characterization of AQPs in other tick species; however, nothing is known about them in Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis. In this study, we first sequenced the transcript variants of AQPs in H. qinghaiensis (HqAQPs), analyzed the biological structure features of AQPs, and investigated the pattern of gene expression of the AQP gene of H. qinghaiensis in different tick tissues and stages to predict their biological functions. In conclusion, four AQP transcript variants (i.e., HqAQP1-1, HqAQP1-2, HqAQP1-3, and HqAQP1-4) of H. qinghaiensis were found, and the sequences were comparable with its orthologs from the reported tick species. Gene expression of AQPs in different tick tissues and stages showed the higher expression level in salivary glands and gut of adult female, as well as in the female and nymph than in Malpighian tubules, ovary, male, larvae, and egg. Further studies will be performed to evaluate the function of HqAQPs against H. qinghaiensis infestation on animals.
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Activation of integrins is crucial for recruitment of flowing leukocytes to inflammatory or injured vascular sites, but their spatiotemporal characteristics are incompletely understood. We discovered that ß2-integrin activation over the entire surface of neutrophils on immobilized P-selectin occurred via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or non-MAPK signaling with a minute-level timescale in a force-dependent manner. In flow, MAPK signaling required intracellular Ca2+ release to activate integrin within 2 min. Integrin activation via non-MAPK signaling occurred first locally in the vicinity of ligated P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) within sub-seconds, and then over the entire cell surface within 1 min in an extracellular Ca2+ influx-dependent manner. The transition from a local (but rapid) to global (but slow) activation mode was triggered by ligating the freshly activated integrin. Lipid rafts, moesin, actin, and talin were involved in non-MAPK signaling. Fluid loads had a slight effect on local integrin activation with a second-level timescale, but served as enhancers of global integrin activation.
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Antígenos CD18 , Selectina-P , Humanos , Antígenos CD18/metabolismo , Selectina-P/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Integrinas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Stimuli-sensitive polymer materials have limited device functionality, design and manufacturing flexibility although they are pushed to enable smart device applications. Here we demonstrate the capability of integrating thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels with silicon nanoribbons, and enable the stiff silicon ribbons to become adaptive and drivable by the soft environmentally sensitive substrate, such as becoming mechanically stretched and compressed on temperature change. These and related soft/hard smart devices and systems may open new opportunities in biomedical applications.
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Acrilamidas/química , Hidrogeles/química , Polímeros/química , Silicio/química , Resinas Acrílicas , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Ensayo de Materiales , Tamaño de la Partícula , Transición de Fase , Propiedades de Superficie , Factores de Tiempo , Temperatura de TransiciónRESUMEN
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) detection is of great importance because the emission of NO2 gas profoundly endangers the natural environment and human health. However, a few challenges, including lowering detection limit, improving response/recovery kinetics, and reducing working temperature, should be further addressed before practical applications. Herein, a series of N-doped graphene quantum dot (N-GQD)-modified three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) In2O3 composites are constructed and their NO2 response properties are studied. The results show that compared to pure 3DOM In2O3, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/3DOM In2O3, and N-doped graphene sheets (NS)/3DOM In2O3, the N-GQDs/3DOM In2O3 sensing materials exhibit higher NO2 responses with fast response and recovery speed and low working temperature (100 °C). In addition, the detection limit of NO2 response for the optimal N-GQDs/In2O3 sensor is as low as 100 ppb. Upon exposure to CO, CH4, NH3, acetone, ethanol, toluene, and formaldehyde, only very weak responses could be observed, indicating good selectivity for the synthesized material. More attractively, the responses of the optimized N-GQDs/In2O3 sensor exhibit no obviously big fluctuation over 60 days, implying good long-term stability. We suggest that the formation of heterojunctions between 3DOM In2O3 and N-GQDs and the doping N atoms in N-GQDs play crucial roles in improving the NO2 sensing properties.
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Comprehensive epidemiological surveys for Lyme disease have not been conducted for the Bactrian camel in China. In this study, a total of 138 blood specimens collected from Bactrian camels from Zhangye City in Gansu Province and Yili and Aksu in Xinjiang Province, China, were examined for the presence of Borrelia spp. Species-specificity nested PCR based on the 5S-23S rRNA, OspA, flaB and 16S rRNA genes revealed that the total positive rate of Borrelia spp. was 3.6% (5/138, 95% CIâ¯=â¯0.2-17.9). These results were confirmed by sequence analysis of the positive PCR products or positive colonies. This is the first report of Borrelia pathogens in camels in China. Two Borrelia species that cause Lyme disease and one that causes relapsing fever were identified in the camel blood samples by sequencing. The findings of this study indicate that the Bactrian camel may serve as a potential natural host of Lyme disease and/or relapsing fever in China.
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Enfermedades de los Animales/microbiología , Infecciones por Borrelia/veterinaria , Borrelia/clasificación , Borrelia/genética , Camelus/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Animales/epidemiología , Animales , Borrelia/aislamiento & purificación , China/epidemiología , Genes de ARNr , Geografía Médica , Enfermedad de Lyme , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness, yet its treatment is very limited. Anti-VEGF drug has been widely applied in ocular disease, but its effects on diabetic retinopathy and the underlying mechanism have remained to be fully explored. To elucidate the role of anti-VEGF treatment, we sought to determine the effects of bevacizumab on diabetic neurovascular changes extending from the 3rd to 9th week with induced diabetes in adult rats. The retinal neurovascular changes included increased expression of VEGF, nNOS, iNOS, eNOS, and NO in the course of diabetes progression. In diabetic rats given bevacizumab injection, the ganglion cell loss and alterations of retinal thickness were ameliorated. In this connection, the immunofluorescence labeling of the above biomarkers was noticeably decreased. Along with this, Western blotting confirmed that bevacizumab treatment was associated with a decrease of VEGF, Flk-1, and cAMP response element binding and protein kinase C protein expression. The present results suggest that bevacizumab treatment in the early stage of the retinopathy may ameliorate the lesions of retinopathy, in which VEGF/Flk-1 signaling has been shown here to play an important role.