RESUMEN
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody, and anti-CTLA-4 antibody) have displayed considerable success in the treatment of malignant tumors, the therapeutic effect is still unsatisfactory for a portion of patients. Therefore, it is imperative to develop strategies to enhance the effect of these ICIs. Increasing evidence strongly suggests that the key to this issue is to transform the tumor immune microenvironment from a state of no or low immune infiltration to a state of high immune infiltration and enhance the tumor cell-killing effect of T cells. Therefore, some combination strategies have been proposed and this review appraise a summary of 39 strategies aiming at enhancing the effectiveness of ICIs, which comprise combining 10 clinical approaches and 29 foundational research strategies. Moreover, this review improves the comprehensive understanding of combination therapy with ICIs and inspires novel ideas for tumor immunotherapy.
Asunto(s)
Antígeno B7-H1 , Antígeno CTLA-4 , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico , Neoplasias , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1 , Humanos , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/terapia , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antígeno CTLA-4/inmunología , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/inmunología , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/farmacología , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antígeno B7-H1/inmunología , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Animales , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
We describe here a one-step method for the synthesis of Au/TiO2 nanosphere materials, which were formed by layered deposition of multiple anatase TiO2 nanosheets. The Au nanoparticles were stabilized by structural defects in each TiO2 nanosheet, including crystal steps and edges, thereby fixing the Au-TiO2 perimeter interface. Reactant transfer occurred along the gaps between these TiO2 nanosheet layers and in contact with catalytically active sites at the Au-TiO2 interface. The doped Au induced the formation of oxygen vacancies in the Au-TiO2 interface. Such vacancies are essential for generating active oxygen species (*O(-)) on the TiO2 surface and Ti(3+) ions in bulk TiO2. These ions can then form Ti(3+)-O(-)-Ti(4+) species, which are known to enhance the catalytic activity of formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation. These studies on structural and oxygen vacancy defects in Au/TiO2 samples provide a theoretical foundation for the catalytic mechanism of HCHO oxidation on oxide-supported Au materials.