ESASO classification relevance in the diagnosis and evolution in diabetic macular edema patients after dexamethasone implant treatment.

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical relevance of The European School for Advanced Studies in Ophthalmology (ESASO) classification in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) after their first dexamethasone implant (DEXI) treatment. METHODS: Retrospective real-world study conducted on consecutive DME patients who underwent DEXI treatment and were controlled at month-2. Subjects were initially classified according to the ESASO classification stages. The outcomes were anatomical biomarkers with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). RESULTS: A total of 128 patients were classified according to ESASO classification stages as early (7; 5.5%), advanced (100; 78.1%), and severe (21; 16.4%). At baseline, there were significant differences between stages in BCVA, central macular thickness (CMT), and tomography anatomical biomarkers (p < 0.05). Initial BCVA (logMAR) was 0.33 ± 0.10, 0.58 ± 0.34, and 0.71 ± 0.35 in the early, advanced, and severe stages, respectively (p < 0.05). At month-2, BCVA was 0.17 ± 0.15, 0.46 ± 0.29, and 0.69 ± 0.27 in those classified as early, advanced, and severe stages, respectively. At month-2, DME was resolved or improved in 6 (85.7%), 60 (60%), and 12 (60%) patients classified as early, advanced, and severe stages, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was a good correlation between BCVA and ESASO classification stages. Patients in the severe stage did not achieve visual acuity improvement over the study period.

Novel Artificial Tears Containing Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid: An In Vitro Re-Epithelialization Study.

Dry eye syndrome is a common disease which can damage the corneal epithelium. It is treated with eye drops to stimulate tear production and hydrate the corneal surface. The most prescribed artificial tear remedies contain hyaluronic acid (HA), which enhances epithelial wound healing, improving tissue health. To the best of our knowledge, only a few recent studies have investigated cross-linked HA (HA-CL) in eye drops for human applications. This work consists in an in vitro evaluation of the re-epithelialization ability of two different preparations containing a recently synthetized HA cross-linked with urea: 0.02% (w/v) HA-CL (solution 1, S1), and 0.4% (w/v) HA-CL (solution 2, S2). The study was conducted on both 2D human corneal cells (HCEpiC) and 3D reconstructed tissues of human corneal epithelium (HCE). Viability by 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, pro-inflammatory cytokine release (interleukin-8, IL-8) by ELISA, and morphology by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining were evaluated. In addition, to understand the molecular basis of the re-epithelialization properties, cyclin D1 levels were assessed by western blot. The results showed no cellular toxicity, a slight decrease in IL-8 release, and restoration of epithelium integrity when the wounded 3D model was treated with S1 and S2. In parallel, cyclin D1 levels increased in cells treated with both S1 and S2.

Validation of Esaso Classification of Diabetic Maculopathy.

PURPOSE: To test reliability and reproducibility of ESASO morphologic OCT-based classification of diabetic maculopathy (DM). METHODS: This is a multi-center cross-sectional study including a coordination center (CC) and 18 participating centers (PCs). After instruction on the correct use of ESASO Classification, the validation process was carried out in two consecutive stages. In the first retrospective phase, we evaluated the concordance between PCs and CC in the staging of OCT images collected during PCs' daily activity (608 images). In a second prospective phase, we analyzed the inter-observer agreement of staging assigned by each PCs to OCT images selected by the CC (22 images). RESULTS: The overall concordance achieved in the retrospective phase was 89.8% (Kappa = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.78-0.87); p<0.0001). In 99.5% of cases, concordance did not differ by more than one stage. In the prospective phase, PCs reached an inter-operator agreement of 93.0% (Krippendorff's Alpha = 0.953, 95% CI: 0.929-0.977, p<0.0001). Any discrepancy among the 22 images was within one stage. CONCLUSION: The results achieved in this study confirm that ESASO OCT-based Classification can be considered as an easy and reproducible method to stage DM during clinical practice. A diffused use of a common and validated method to describe the progression of retinal damage in DM may offer several clinical and scientific advantages.

From diagnosis to prognosis: A paradigm shift for multimodal imaging in assessing diabetic macular edema.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in patients with diabetes. Multimodal imaging (MMI) has allowed a shift from DME diagnosis to prognosis. Although there are no accepted guidelines, MMI may also lead to treatment customization. Several study groups have tried to identify structural biomarkers that can predict treatment response and long-term visual prognosis. The purpose of this editorial is to review currently proposed optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) biomarkers.

Worsening of early DME after cataract surgery. The DICAT II Study report #2.

PURPOSE: To analyse the long anatomical and functional outcome of a subgroup of the DICAT II study cohort, consisting of 26 patients undergoing cataract surgery and withdrawn from the study for a clinically significant worsening of early diabetic macular edema (DME). MATERIALS: Patients who underwent cataract surgery and withdrawn from the DICAT II study for a clinically significant worsening of early DME with at least 12 months follow-up after the dropout. The study population was divided into two groups according to the clinical evaluation at one-year follow-up: ongoing treatment patients for DME (Treatment group, TG) and patients no longer treated (Non Treatment group, NTG). RESULTS: Central foveal thickness (CFT) at baseline and dropout time were higher in TG than in the NTG, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). In addition, TG patients reported a higher levels of glycated hemoglobin at time baseline compared to NTG patients (7.81 ± 1.15 vs 7.02 ± 0.56; p = 0.048). The linear regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between the visual acuity and the ongoing treatment group at one-year follow-up (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: The study provides parameters to be considered when assessing the risk of developing persistent DME after cataract surgery in diabetic patients. In particular, CFT at baseline and dropout time have been reported to be an effective and predictable OCT biomarkers when evaluating DME progression. During the evaluation of the systemic disease, similar results were found for the glycated hemoglobin at baseline.

Enhancing Diabetic Macular Edema Treatment Outcomes: Exploring the ESASO Classification and Structural OCT Biomarkers.

INTRODUCTION: This study assessed the European School of Advanced Studies in Ophthalmology (ESASO) classification's prognostic value for diabetic macular edema (DME) in predicting intravitreal therapy outcomes. METHODS: In this retrospective, multicenter study, patients aged > 50 years with type 1 or 2 diabetes and DME received intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents (ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept) or steroids (dexamethasone). The primary outcome was visual acuity (VA) change post-treatment, termed as functional response, measured 4-6 weeks post-third anti-VEGF or 12-16 weeks post-steroid injection, stratified by initial DME stage. RESULTS: Of the 560 eyes studied (62% male, mean age 66.7 years), 31% were classified as stage 1 (early), 50% stage 2 (advanced), 17% stage 3 (severe), and 2% stage 4 (atrophic). Visual acuity (VA; decimal) improved by 0.12-0.15 decimals in stages 1-2 but only 0.03 decimal in stage 3 (all p < 0.0001) and 0.01 in stage 4 (p = 0.38). Even in eyes with low baseline VA ≤ 0.3, improvements were significant only in stages 1 and 2 (0.12 and 0.17 decimals, respectively). Central subfield thickness (CST) improvement was greatest in stage 3 (-229 µm, 37.6%, p < 0.0001), but uncorrelated with VA gains, unlike stages 1 and 2 (respectively: -142 µm, 27.4%; - 5 µm, 12%; both p < 0.0001). Stage 4 showed no significant CST change. Baseline disorganization of retinal inner layers and focal damage of the ellipsoid zone/external limiting membrane did not influence VA improvement in stages 1 and 2. Treatment patterns varied, with 61% receiving anti-VEGF and 39% dexamethasone, influenced by DME stage, with no significant differences between therapeutic agents. CONCLUSION: The ESASO classification, which views the retina as a neurovascular unit and integrates multiple biomarkers, surpasses single biomarkers in predicting visual outcomes. Significant functional improvement occurred only in stages 1 and 2, suggesting reversible damage, whereas stages 3 and 4 likely reflect irreversible damage.

The effect of pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling on the durability of the intravitreal dexamethasone implant in the treatment of diabetic macular edema.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling on recurrence time of diabetic macular edema in eyes under treatment with dexamethasone intravitreal implant injections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve pseudophakic eyes of 12 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and non-tractional diabetic macular edema were included. All eyes had already been treated with two or more dexamethasone intravitreal implant injections evidencing a recurrence time of three months or less (early recurrence). At baseline, they underwent pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling, ending with dexamethasone intravitreal implant injection. Patients were then followed-up monthly, treated with a second injection at the first recurrence, and followed up to the second recurrence. Measurements of best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and central foveal thickness by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were performed at each follow-up examination. RESULTS: Vitrectomized eyes showed a significant extension of recurrence time of diabetic macular edema, and specifically from 3.4 (3.2-3.7) to 6.5 (5.7-8.2) months after the first injection, and to 7.0 (5.7-8.2) months (p < 0.01) after the second injection (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling seems not to influence functional and anatomical results in eyes under treatment with dexamethasone intravitreal implant injections for diabetic macular edema, but appears to significantly extend the benefit of the drug.

Early DMO: a predictor of poor outcomes following cataract surgery in diabetic patients. The DICAT-II study.

BACKGROUND: The prospective DIabetes and CATaract Study II (DICAT II) was performed to characterise the risks of cataract surgery to the retinae of patients with early diabetic macular oedema (E-DMO). METHODS: DICAT II was a prospective, comparative, multicentre, observational study involving six Italian clinics. Patients were aged ≥55 years, had type 1 or 2 diabetes with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography evidence of ESASO classification Early DMO. Group 1 eyes (78 eyes, 78 patients) underwent phacoemulsification-based cataract surgery. Group 2 eyes (65 eyes, 65 patients) had E-DMO and either clear media or had undergone uncomplicated cataract surgery ≥1 year previously. Central subfield thickness (CST) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were assessed in both groups. RESULTS: The negative impact of surgery on CST was evident after the first postoperative week; CST peaked during the first month, then rapidly decreased. CST worsening ≥10 µm was observed in 63/78 eyes (80.7%) and 29/65 eyes (44.6%) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p < 0.0001). CST worsening of ≥50 µm was observed in 51 eyes (65.4%) and 10 eyes (15.4%) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p < 0.0001). Mean CST worsening was lower in Group 2 than in Group 1 (38.6 ± 30.4 µm vs 85.5 ± 55.3 µm, p < 0.0001) with a lower BCVA loss (-2.6 ± 3.5 letters vs -8.2 ± 6.2 letters, p < 0.0001). Higher glycaemic levels and HBA1c levels were significantly associated with the risk of >50 µm CST worsening in eyes from both groups. CONCLUSION: Early DMO is associated with poorer outcomes after cataract surgery and requires close pre- and postoperative monitoring.

Dexamethasone implants in patients with diabetic macular edema undergoing cataract surgery: Italian expert panel consensus statements.

PURPOSE: Intravitreal corticosteroid implants based on sustained-release dexamethasone provide effective retinal delivery of drug for around 6 months for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). As current recommendations on the management of patients with DME undergoing cataract surgery are limited, this article aims to highlight issues and provide guidance on the use of dexamethasone intravitreal implants (DEX-DDS) in patients with DME undergoing cataract surgery, based on the consensus findings of a panel of Italian experts. METHODS: The panel developed a survey regarding the use of DEX-DDS in patients with DME undergoing cataract surgery, following a comprehensive literature search. The results of the survey were discussed at an experts' meeting in September 2018, with a structured approach to determining consensus. The routine management of patients with DME undergoing cataract surgery was also developed for use as a basis of discussion to highlight current issues. RESULTS: Eight consensus statements are presented, along with key issues that highlight controversial/outstanding issues in the use of DEX-DDS in DME patients with cataracts. CONCLUSION: The consensus statements can help provide practical guidance for clinicians in daily practice on the rationale, patient diagnosis and selection, and optimal management of patients with DME undergoing cataract surgery.

Intravitreal dexamethasone implant one month before versus concomitant with cataract surgery in patients with diabetic macular oedema: the dexcat study.

PURPOSE: To report clinical outcomes of two different timings of intravitreal dexamethasone (DEX) implant administration for prevention of diabetic macular oedema (DME) worsening following cataract surgery. METHODS: This multicentre, retrospective study included patients with DME who received an intravitreal DEX implant 1 month before cataract surgery, 'precataract DEX' group, or at the time of cataract surgery, 'concomitant treatments' group. Inclusion criteria were a follow-up ≥3 months and ophthalmological examination with optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging at baseline (cataract surgery) and throughout follow-up. Anatomical improvement was considered to be a decrease in OCT central subfield (CSF) thickness ≥20% compared to baseline. The primary outcomes were anatomical and functional results at 3 months. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-one patients were included: 136 in the 'precataract DEX' group and 85 in the 'concomitant treatments' group. At 3 months, a reduction of CSF thickness ≥ 20% was found in 7.3% of eyes in the 'precataract DEX group' and in 83.7% of eyes in the 'concomitant treatments' group (p < 0.001), with mean CSF thickness lower in the latter group (371 ± 52 µm versus 325 ± 57 µm, p < 0.001). At 3 months, mean best-corrected visual acuity had improved from baseline in both groups (p < 0.001), with no difference between groups (p = 0. 20). No serious systemic adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Both approaches prevented a worsening of DME, showing a comparable visual outcome. Dexamethasone (DEX) implant given at the same time as cataract surgery provided a better anatomical outcome.

Prepapillary vascular loop-a new classification.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To analyze the ophthalmic characteristics of congenital prepapillary vascular loop (PVL) and to propose a new morphologic classification dividing the loops into six types. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Collaborative multinational multicentre retrospective study of PVL cases. RESULTS: There was a total of 49 cases (61 eyes), 37 unilateral (75.5%) and 12 bilateral (24.5%), 32 arterial type (65.3%) and 18 venous type (36.7%) (one patient had either kind in each eye). The mean number of loops per eye was 2.7 (range, 1-7). The loops were asymptomatic in 42 cases (85.7%). Other findings included: the presence of cilioretinal artery (14 cases), retinal vascular tortuosity (26 cases), amaurosis fugax (1 case), branch retinal artery occlusion (1 case) and vitreous haemorrhage (3 cases). Six morphologic loop types could be discerned based on elevation (flat vs. elevated), shape (figure of 8 or corkscrew with hyaline sheath), number (multiple or single), location (central or peripheral), lumen size (arterial vs. arteriolar) and presence of vascular tortuosity or vitreous traction. CONCLUSIONS: PVL are usually asymptomatic and can be divided into six morphologic types with different pathogenesis during early embryogenesis.

Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in patients undergoing cataract surgery: a prevalence study-DiCat study report #2.

PURPOSE: To report on the prevalence of diabetes, diabetic macula oedema (DME) and retinopathy and their respective grading in a large cohort of patients undergoing cataract surgery. METHODS: Data on previous diagnosis of diabetes, fasting glucose, glycated haemoglobin, presence and type of retinopathy and other maculopathy of 3657 patients over 55 years of age undergoing cataract surgery in 13 centres scattered throughout Italy were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 20.4% of patients were known diabetics and 27.9% of diabetics showed signs of retinopathy. Haemoglobin A1C was higher than 48 mmol/L (6.5%) in 32% of diabetics and 2.4% non-diabetics. Fasting blood glucose level was higher than 120 mg/dL in 4.3% non-diabetics and 50% diabetics. Duration of diabetes did not significantly correlate with either fasting glucose or glycated haemoglobin, while higher grades of diabetic retinopathy were significantly more prevalent as duration of disease increased. DME was present in almost 40% of diabetics and 22% of patients showed non-diabetic maculopathy. DISCUSSION: Diabetic retinopathy and DME worsen after cataract extraction thus complicating long-term prognosis and requiring expensive injective therapy. Since unknown diabetics represent 2-4% of the many million cataract candidates and even known diabetics show poor metabolic control and high rates of DME, preoperative medical testing and accurate retinopathy screening may prove both ethically necessary and cost-effective.

An optical coherence tomography-based grading of diabetic maculopathy proposed by an international expert panel: The European School for Advanced Studies in Ophthalmology classification.

AIMS: To present an authoritative, universal, easy-to-use morphologic classification of diabetic maculopathy based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography. METHODS: The first draft of the project was developed based on previously published classifications and a literature search regarding the spectral domain optical coherence tomography quantitative and qualitative features of diabetic maculopathy. This draft was sent to an international panel of retina experts for a first revision. The panel met at the European School for Advanced Studies in Ophthalmology headquarters in Lugano, Switzerland, and elaborated the final document. RESULTS: Seven tomographic qualitative and quantitative features are taken into account and scored according to a grading protocol termed TCED-HFV, which includes foveal thickness (T), corresponding to either central subfoveal thickness or macular volume, intraretinal cysts (C), the ellipsoid zone (EZ) and/or external limiting membrane (ELM) status (E), presence of disorganization of the inner retinal layers (D), number of hyperreflective foci (H), subfoveal fluid (F), and vitreoretinal relationship (V). Four different stages of the disease, that is, early diabetic maculopathy, advanced diabetic maculopathy, severe diabetic maculopathy, and atrophic maculopathy, are based on the first four variables, namely the T, C, E, and D. The different stages reflect progressive severity of the disease. CONCLUSION: A novel grading system of diabetic maculopathy is hereby proposed. The classification is aimed at providing a simple, direct, objective tool to classify diabetic maculopathy (irrespective to the treatment status) even for non-retinal experts and can be used for therapeutic and prognostic purposes, as well as for correct evaluation and reproducibility of clinical investigations.

Prevalence of diabetes and diabetic macular edema in patients undergoing senile cataract surgery in Italy: The DIabetes and CATaract study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of diabetes and diabetic macular edema in patients undergoing senile cataract surgery in Italy. METHODS: It is a prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study. Thirteen ophthalmic units equally distributed across the Italian territory have been involved in the study. For a period of 3 months, all subjects undergoing phacoemulsification received an Optical Coherence Tompgraphy (OCT) scan and were screened for the anamnestic presence of diabetes. In addition, five selected units collected blood samples from all their patients to measure glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and detect the presence of occult diabetes (HbA1c > 6.5%). In diabetic patients, levels of retinopathy were measured and diabetic macular edema was considered significant (clinically significant macular edema) when foveal thickness was above 30% of normal levels. RESULTS: A total number of 3657 subjects have been screened. Among them, 20.4% were diabetics. Prevalence of diabetes was significantly higher in males (24.7%) than in females (17%). Levels of HbA1c were tested in a representative sample of 1216 consecutive subjects, and occult diabetes was diagnosed in 4.8% of cases. No significant differences were observed between age groups or different geographic areas. Among diabetic patients, diabetic macular edema of any kind was present in 27.5% (clinically significant macular edema (6.6%)). No significant differences were seen in the prevalence of diabetic macular edema between males and females or between age groups. Among the 745 diabetic patients, no signs of retinopathy were seen in 537 subjects (76.3%), while 101 patients (14.3%) had nonproliferative retinopathy, 13 (1.7%) had nontreated proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and 53 (7.5%) had laser-treated retinopathy. In the entire sample of 3657 subjects, a normal macula was present in 90.9% of cases, diabetic macular edema of any kind in 5.4%, and other maculopathies in 3.4%. CONCLUSION: In this large cohort study on patients undergoing cataract surgery, more than one-fourth were diabetics and more than one-fourth of these had diabetic macular edema. These high prevalences suggest the opportunity to plan an adequate preoperative assessment in all patients in order to reduce the risk of postoperative development or worsening of a sight-threatening complication such as chronic diabetic macular edema.

Morphologic Criteria of Lesion Activity in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Consensus Article.

Intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor drugs represent the current standard of care for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Individualized treatment regimens aim at obtaining the same visual benefits of monthly injections with a reduced number of injections and follow-up visits, and, consequently, of treatment burden. The target of these strategies is to timely recognize lesion recurrence, even before visual deterioration. Early detection of lesion activity is critical to ensure that clinical outcomes are not compromised by inappropriate delays in treatment, but questions remain on how to effectively monitor the choroidal neovascularization (CNV) activity. To assess the persistence/recurrence of lesion activity in patients undergoing treatment for nAMD, an expert panel developed a decision algorithm based on the morphological features of CNV. After evaluating all current retinal imaging techniques, the panel identified optical coherent tomography as the most reliable tool to ascertain lesion activity when funduscopy is not obvious.

Vitrectomy for myopic traction maculopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of vitrectomy in highly myopic eyes affected by a form of posterior vitreous traction termed myopic traction maculopathy (MTM). METHODS: In this retrospective case series, 24 highly myopic eyes with MTM underwent vitrectomy and release of vitreoretinal traction without final fluid/gas exchange. Nine eyes (37.5%) received a combined phacovitrectomy. Mean patient age was 58 years, mean refractive error was -16.8 dioptric spherical equivalent, and preoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/400 to 20/32 (mean, 20/80). Mean follow-up was 29.6 months. RESULTS: Twenty-three (95.8%) of 24 eyes had complete and stable resolution of MTM after a mean of 4.4 months. Mean visual improvement was 2.5 Snellen lines (range, 0 to 6 lines). Five eyes (20.8%), despite achieving complete retinal flattening, developed a macular hole that did not progress to macular detachment during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Vitrectomy without fluid/gas exchange leads to stable resolution of MTM and good visual improvement. Posterior retinal detachment probably precedes macular hole formation in highly myopic eyes.

Dexamethasone intravitreal implant at the time of cataract surgery in eyes with diabetic macular edema.

PURPOSE: To determine the potential role of intraoperative dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX-I) in reducing diabetic macular edema (DME) worsening after phacoemulsification. METHODS: This was a prospective study on 19 eyes of 19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with DME and cataract. Mean preoperative Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual acuity (VA) was 16.7 letters. Mean foveal thickness (FT) was 451 µm. The DME was naive in 11 eyes and refractory in 8 eyes. All eyes underwent a standard phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation; DEX-I was injected at the end of surgery. Follow-up was performed at 1 week and then monthly until DME recurrence (up to 8 months). RESULTS: At 1 week, mean VA improved by 15 letters (range 0-29 letters) and mean FT decreased by 147 µm (range 69-236 µm). Improvement consolidated at month 1, with a mean VA improvement of 18 letters (range 3-32 letters) and a mean improvement in FT of 193 µm (range 76-304 µm), remaining stable at month 2 after surgery in all eyes. The DME recurred in 1 eye at month 3, in 14 eyes (73.8%) between months 4 and 5, and after month 6 in 4 eyes (21%). Refractory DMEs demonstrated the same benefit but recurred earlier than naive ones (4 months versus 5.8 months, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative DEX-I prevents DME worsening after phacoemulsification. Its positive effects last for at least 3 months.

Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for diabetic macular edema: indications for a PRN regimen of treatment.

PURPOSE: To define the mean time of first recurrence of diabetic macular edema (DME) after a single injection of dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX-I), reducing the burden of monthly visits during a PRN regimen of treatment. METHODS: Twenty phakic eyes with DME (12 eyes naïve and 8 eyes with edema persistent after previous treatments) were followed monthly after DEX-I injection until evidence of first recurrence of edema, defined as a change in visual acuity (VA) ≥5 letters and/or in foveal thickness (FT) ≥50 µm. Reaching this point, the eyes were re-treated. Monitored parameters were changes in VA, FT, intraocular pressure (IOP), and lens opacity. RESULTS: Maximal efficacy was registered at month 1, when mean VA improved by 14 letters (19%), FT decreased by 325 µm (43.7%), and in 15 eyes (75%) edema was completely reabsorbed. The mean time of first recurrence was 5.1 months. No statistical difference was found between eyes with naïve or persistent DME. Five eyes needed topical medication for modest temporary IOP increase (21-24 mm Hg) between months 2 and 4. No increase in lens opacities was registered during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this study, the first signs of DME recurrence after DEX-I injection appear at a mean time of 5 months, suggesting that an appropriate and prudent time schedule for a PRN regimen could be limited to monthly tonometry and a first complete examination not before 4 months.

Optical coherence tomography findings in myopic traction maculopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the features and incidence of epiretinal traction and related retinal damage in degenerative myopia. DESIGN: Consecutive observational case series. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and optical coherence tomography findings of 218 eyes with high myopia of 121 consecutive patients to detect the incidence and features of epiretinal traction-related macular damage. The degree of myopia ranged from -8 to -26 spherical equivalent (mean +/- SD, -16.93 +/- 5.74). Mean +/- SD axial length was 29.75 +/- 2.12 mm. Excluding eyes with possibly confounding features, 125 eyes were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Detection of epiretinal traction and related macular damage. RESULTS: Epiretinal traction was found in 58 (46.4%) of 125 eyes and retinal damage, in 43 eyes (34.4%). Macular retinoschisis was the most frequent form of macular damage (25 eyes [58%]), followed by retinal thickening, lamellar hole, and shallow retinal detachment. CONCLUSIONS: Epiretinal traction is a frequent finding in degenerative myopia and, particularly if associated with the presence of staphyloma, can generate a form of macular damage unique to eyes with high myopia. This damage can affect up to one third of these eyes and should be considered as a separate cause of visual loss easily detected by optical coherence tomography at its early stages.

Cataracts associated with posterior segment surgery.

Although cataract is widely described among the complications of vitrectomy, the precise relationship between vitrectomy and the development of lens opacity is not completely understood. This article presents an extensive literature review and the authors' personal experience with this complication.