Combined Social and Spatial Coding in a Descending Projection from the Prefrontal Cortex.

Social behaviors are crucial to all mammals. Although the prelimbic cortex (PL, part of medial prefrontal cortex) has been implicated in social behavior, it is not clear which neurons are relevant or how they contribute. We found that PL contains anatomically and molecularly distinct subpopulations that target three downstream regions that have been implicated in social behavior: the nucleus accumbens (NAc), amygdala, and ventral tegmental area. Activation of NAc-projecting PL neurons (PL-NAc), but not the other subpopulations, decreased the preference for a social target. To determine what information PL-NAc neurons convey, we selectively recorded from them and found that individual neurons were active during social investigation, but only in specific spatial locations. Spatially specific manipulation of these neurons bidirectionally regulated the formation of a social-spatial association. Thus, the unexpected combination of social and spatial information within the PL-NAc may contribute to social behavior by supporting social-spatial learning.

The potential stickiness of pandemic-induced behavior changes in the United States.

Human behavior is notoriously difficult to change, but a disruption of the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to bring about long-term behavioral changes. During the pandemic, people have been forced to experience new ways of interacting, working, learning, shopping, traveling, and eating meals. A critical question going forward is how these experiences have actually changed preferences and habits in ways that might persist after the pandemic ends. Many observers have suggested theories about what the future will bring, but concrete evidence has been lacking. We present evidence on how much US adults expect their own postpandemic choices to differ from their prepandemic lifestyles in the areas of telecommuting, restaurant patronage, air travel, online shopping, transit use, car commuting, uptake of walking and biking, and home location. The analysis is based on a nationally representative survey dataset collected between July and October 2020. Key findings include that the "new normal" will feature a doubling of telecommuting, reduced air travel, and improved quality of life for some.

Effects of a Pragmatic Home-based Exercise Program Concurrent With Neoadjuvant Therapy on Physical Function of Patients With Pancreatic Cancer: The PancFit Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of a preoperative, home-based exercise program on fitness and physical function in patients with pancreatic cancer. BACKGROUND: We previously established a well-tolerated preoperative exercise program after finding a high frequency of sarcopenia and frailty in patients with pancreatic cancer. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled trial (NCT03187951), patients with pancreatic cancer were randomized to Arm A: enhanced usual care or Arm B: prescribed aerobic and resistance exercise during neoadjuvant therapy. Patients received nutrition counseling and activity trackers. The primary endpoint was a 6-minute walk distance (6MWD; ≥14 meters improvement was clinically meaningful). Secondary endpoints included additional physical function tests, health-related quality of life, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-one patients were randomized. Objectively measured weekly activity (153.2±135.6 and 159.8±122.8 min in Arm A and B, respectively, P =0.62) and self-reported weekly moderate-to-strenuous physical activity (107.4±160.4 and 129.6±161.6 min in Arm A and Arm B, respectively, P =0.49) were similar, but weekly strength training sessions increased more in Arm B (by 1.8±1.8 vs 0.1±2.4 sessions, P <0.001). 6MWD improved in both Arm A (mean change 18.6±56.8 m, P =0.01) and Arm B (27.3±68.1 m, P =0.002). Quality of life and clinical outcomes did not significantly differ between arms. Pooling patients in both study groups, exercise, and physical activity was favorably associated with physical performance and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized trial of prescribed exercise versus enhanced usual care during neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer, a high volume of physical activity and increased exercise capacity were observed in both arms, highlighting the importance of activity among patients preparing for surgery.

Changes in physical activity associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals with overweight and obesity: an interrupted time series analysis with historical controls.

The objective of this study was to investigate changes in physical activity patterns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals with overweight and obesity who were participating in a school district worksite weight loss program. We conducted comparative design interrupted time series analyses on physical activity device (Fitbit) data from the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 school years (N = 211). We administered a questionnaire in 2020 to supplement device data. After the stay-at-home orders in 2020, participants tended to decrease their weekly step count (B = -1315.7, SE = 627.7, p = .045), decrease their weekly "Lightly active minutes" (B = -39.1, SE = 12.6, p = .007), and increase their weekly "Very active minutes" compared to their counterparts from the year before (B = 7.6, SE = 3.2, p = .020). Decreased motivation, gym closures, and safety concerns were cited as barriers to physical activity. Having more time and health consciousness were cited as facilitators of physical activity. The COVID-19 pandemic was related to changes in physical activity in both positive and negative ways, revealing opportunities to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors in this population. More research is needed to determine optimal approaches to health promotion in the post-COVID-19 era.

The role of the DFF40/CAD endonuclease in genomic stability.

Maintenance of genomic stability in cells is primordial for cellular integrity and protection against tumor progression. Many factors such as ultraviolet light, oxidative stress, exposure to chemical reagents, particularly mutagens and radiation, can alter the integrity of the genome. Thus, human cells are equipped with many mechanisms that prevent these irreversible lesions in the genome, as DNA repair pathways, cell cycle checkpoints, and telomeric function. These mechanisms activate cellular apoptosis to maintain DNA stability. Emerging studies have proposed a new protein in the maintenance of genomic stability: the DNA fragmentation factor (DFF). The DFF40 is an endonuclease responsible of the oligonucleosomal fragmentation of the DNA during apoptosis. The lack of DFF in renal carcinoma cells induces apoptosis without oligonucleosomal fragmentation, which poses a threat to genetic information transfer between cancerous and healthy cells. In this review, we expose the link between the DFF and genomic instability as the source of disease development.

Factors Influencing Exercise Following Pancreatic Tumor Resection.

BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated associations between exercise during pancreatic cancer treatment and quality of life and physical fitness prior to pancreatectomy. In this study, we quantified exercise among survivors following pancreatic tumor resection and characterized concordance with established guidelines. METHODS: We quantified exercise frequency, duration, and intensity among survivors who underwent pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma or a neuroendocrine tumor at our center from 2000 to 2017 and compared them with American College of Sports Medicine Guidelines for Cancer Survivors. Additional surveys measured motivation to exercise, barrier self-efficacy, quality of life, and fatigue. Multivariable models were constructed to evaluate associations between clinicodemographic and psychosocial variables and guideline concordance, and between guideline concordance and quality of life and fatigue. RESULTS: Of 504 eligible survivors, 262 (52%) returned surveys. Only 62 participants (24%) reported meeting both aerobic and strengthening guidelines; 103 (39%) reported meeting neither. Adjusted analyses demonstrated that higher autonomous motivation was associated with higher aerobic and strengthening guideline concordance (both p < 0.01). Higher barrier self-efficacy and older age were associated with higher aerobic guideline concordance (p < 0.01). We identified no significant associations between guideline concordance and tumor type, time since surgery, or recent cancer therapy (all p > 0.05). We found favorable associations between aerobic guideline concordance and both quality of life and fatigue (both p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Less than one-quarter of participants exercised sufficiently to meet national exercise guidelines following pancreatectomy. To maximize exercise and related benefits, interventions should help survivors increase intrinsic motivation and overcome barriers to exercise.

Lessons Learned From Implementing of Garden Education Program in Early Child Care.

Background. Early childhood is a critical life period for promoting health behaviors, and early child care and education centers (ECECs) are critical settings, as 60% of U.S. children attend ECECs. Yet few programs or curricula that promote physical activity and nutrition in this setting exist. This study explored the acceptability, feasibility, and sustainability of the Sustainability via Active Garden Education (SAGE) program. Method. Preintervention interviews were conducted to inform the design of SAGE and postintervention interviews were conducted to evaluate the implementation of SAGE in the ECEC setting. A constant comparison approach was used to capture emergent themes on acceptability, feasibility, and sustainability from interviews. Participants. ECEC directors (N = 10, 90% female, 20% Hispanic, 30% African American). Results. Directors expressed that SAGE was acceptable and feasible as it was age-appropriate, engaging, and aligned with existing curricula and accreditation standards. Most directors reported that SAGE improved activity and nutrition related knowledge while building other social and academic skills (e.g., expanding vocabulary) that are critical to this important developmental period. Suggestions for improving the sustainability of the program included stronger parental involvement and opportunities for ECEC staff trainings.

Physical activity and exercise during preoperative pancreatic cancer treatment.

PURPOSE: Guidelines recommend exercise to cancer survivors, but limited data exists regarding exercise among patients undergoing preoperative cancer treatment. We examined differences in weekly self-reported exercise and accelerometer-measured physical activity among participants in a home-based exercise program administered during preoperative treatment for pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Participants were encouraged to perform at least 60 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and at least 60 min/week of full-body strengthening exercises concurrent with chemotherapy, chemoradiation therapy or both sequentially and received resistance equipment, program instruction, and biweekly follow-up calls to encourage adherence. Self-reported aerobic and strengthening exercise minutes were measured using daily logs, and physical activity was measured objectively using accelerometers. RESULTS: Fifty participants (48% female, mean age 66 ± 8 years) participated for an average of 16 ± 9 preoperative weeks. Participants reported overall means of 126 ± 83 weekly minutes of aerobic exercise and 39 ± 33 weekly minutes of strengthening exercise in daily logs. Participants performed 158.7 ± 146.7 weekly minutes of accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. There were no significant differences in exercise or physical activity between treatment phases. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that it is feasible to target the entire preoperative course for exercise prescription. Although participants exceeded aerobic exercise recommendations on average, we observed low strengthening exercise adherence and wide variability in self-reported exercise and accelerometer physical activity variables. These findings suggest that additional support, including program adaptations, may be necessary to overcome barriers to exercise or improve motivation when prescribing exercise in this clinical scenario.

Impact of pancreatectomy on long-term patient-reported symptoms and quality of life in recurrence-free survivors of pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: Long term patient-reported symptoms and quality of life (QOL) are important outcome metrics following cancer operations, but have been poorly described in patients who have previously undergone pancreatectomy. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of recurrence-free survivors of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, periampullary carcinomas, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors who had undergone prior pancreatectomy. QOL and symptom burden were measured using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary Questionnaire, and psychosocial distress was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS: Of 331 eligible patients surveyed, 217 (66%) participated at a median of 53.3 (range, 7.6-214.8) months following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD, n = 165) or distal pancreatectomy (DP, n = 52). Among all patients, overall QOL scores were favorable and influenced by race, histology, and type of surgery. The most common significant symptoms reported were fatigue (82%), back pain (32%), and difficulty with digestion (31%). In general, PD survivors reported better QOL, lower levels of anxiety/depression, greater levels of diarrhea, and improved appetite, constipation, fatigue, anxiety, and depression (P < 0.05) than DP survivors. On both univariate and multivariate regression analysis, DP was negatively associated with QOL. CONCLUSIONS: Most disease-free survivors of pancreatic neoplasms report favorable QOL, but gastrointestinal and psychosocial symptoms may exist long after pancreatectomy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:144-150. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Home-based exercise during preoperative therapy for pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE: Exercise concurrent with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) may mitigate the decline in function that may occur as a result of the disease or its treatment in the preoperative period. The primary objective of this single-arm prospective trial was to determine adherence to a home-based exercise program administered during preoperative therapy. METHODS: Twenty patients from a quaternary cancer center with potentially resectable PDAC were enrolled. Patients were prescribed a minimum of 120 min of moderate-intensity exercise weekly: at least 60 min of aerobic exercise and 60 min of resistance exercise. Self-reported exercise was recorded in daily logs. Functional and survey measures were collected upon enrollment, following preoperative therapy, and 1 month after surgery. RESULTS: Fifteen out of 20 patients participated in the program. They reported a mean (standard deviation (SD)) of 98.6 (69.8) min of aerobic exercise weekly and 57.4 (36.0) min of strengthening exercise weekly over a median of 17 weeks (range, 5-35 weeks) of preoperative therapy, for a mean (SD) of 156.0 (64.5) min of total exercise weekly. Eighty percent reported a mean of least 120 min of total exercise weekly during preoperative therapy. Patients with low baseline physical activity based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire significantly increased their preoperative physical activity (p = .01). There were no adverse events associated with the exercise program. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PDAC will participate in a home-based exercise program of aerobic and strengthening exercise and will increase physical activity, concurrent with preoperative chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation.

Sustainability via Active Garden Education (SAGE): results from two feasibility pilot studies.

BACKGROUND: Low physical activity (PA) and fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption in early childhood are continued public health challenges. This manuscript describes outcomes from two pilot studies for Sustainability via Active Garden Education (SAGE), a program designed to increase PA and F&V consumption among 3 to 5 year old children. METHODS: SAGE was developed using community-based participatory research (CBPR) and delivered to children (N = 89) in early care and education centers (ECEC, N = 6) in two US cities. Children participated in 12 one-hour sessions that included songs, games, and interactive learning activities involving garden maintenance and taste tests. We evaluated reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and potential for maintenance of SAGE following the RE-AIM framework. Reach was evaluated by comparing demographic characteristics among SAGE participants and residents of target geographic areas. Efficacy was evaluated with accelerometer-measured PA, F&V consumption, and eating in the absence of hunger among children, parenting practices regarding PA, and home availability of F&V. Adoption was evaluated by the number of ECEC that participated relative to the number of ECEC that were recruited. Implementation was evaluated by completion rates of planned SAGE lessons and activities, and potential for maintenance was evaluated with a parent satisfaction survey. RESULTS: SAGE reached ECEC in neighborhoods representing a wide range of socioeconomic status, with participants' sociodemographic characteristics representing those of the intervention areas. Children significantly increased PA during SAGE lessons compared to usual lessons, but they also consumed more calories in the absence of hunger in post- vs. pre-intervention tests (both p < .05). Parent reports did not suggest changes in F&V consumption, parenting PA practices, or home F&V availability, possibly due to low parent engagement. ECEC had moderate-to-high implementation of SAGE lessons and curriculum. Potential for maintenance was strong, with parents rating SAGE favorably and reporting increases in knowledge about PA and nutrition guidelines for young children. CONCLUSIONS: SAGE successfully translated national PA guidelines to practice for young children but was less successful with nutrition guidelines. High adoption and implementation and favorable parent reports suggest high potential for program sustainability. Further work to engage parents and families of young children in ECEC-based PA and nutrition programming is needed.

Ninety-day Postoperative Mortality Is a Legitimate Measure of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Quality.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the legitimacy of 90-day mortality as a measure of hepatopancreatobiliary quality. BACKGROUND: The 90-day mortality rate has been increasingly but not universally reported after hepatopancreatobiliary surgery. The legitimacy of this definition as a measure of surgical quality has not been evaluated. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the causes of all deaths that occurred within 365 postoperative days in patients undergoing hepatectomy (n = 2811) and/or pancreatectomy (n = 1092) from January 1997 to December 2012. The rates of surgery-related, disease-related, and overall mortality within 30 days, within 30 days or during the index hospitalization, within 90 days, and within 180 days after surgery were calculated. RESULTS: Seventy-nine (3%) surgery-related deaths and 92 (3%) disease-related deaths occurred within 365 days after hepatectomy. Twenty (2%) surgery-related deaths and 112 (10%) disease-related deaths occurred within 365 days after pancreatectomy. The overall mortality rates at 99 and 118 days optimally reflected surgery-related mortality after hepatobiliary and pancreatic operations, respectively. The 90-day overall mortality rate was a less sensitive but equivalently specific measure of surgery-related death. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The 99- and 118-day definitions of postoperative mortality optimally reflected surgery-related mortality after hepatobiliary and pancreatic operations, respectively. However, among commonly reported metrics, the 90-day overall mortality rate represents a legitimate measure of surgical quality.

Active Surveillance for Adverse Events Within 90 Days: The Standard for Reporting Surgical Outcomes After Pancreatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The rate of adverse events after pancreatectomy is widely reported as a measure of surgical quality. However, morbidity data are routinely acquired retrospectively and often are reported at 30 days. The authors hypothesized that morbidity after pancreatectomy is therefore underreported. They sought to compare rates of adverse events calculated at multiple time points after pancreatectomy. METHODS: The authors instituted an active surveillance system to detect, categorize, and grade the severity of all adverse events after pancreatectomy, using the modified Accordion system and International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery definitions. All patients and clinical events were monitored directly for at least 90 days after surgery. RESULTS: Of 315 consecutively monitored patients, 239 (76 %) experienced 500 unique adverse events. The absolute number of unique adverse events increased by 32 % between index discharge and 90 days and by 10 % between 30 and 90 days. The number of severe adverse events increased by 96 % between discharge and 90 days and by 29 % between 30 and 90 days. In this study, 16 % of the patients experienced at least one severe adverse event within the index hospitalization, 24 % within 30 postoperative days, and 29 % within 90 days. Among the 80 readmissions that occurred within 90 days, 28 (35 %) occurred later than 30 days after pancreatectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of severe adverse events and readmissions are reported more than 30 days after surgery. All adverse events that occur within 90 days of surgery must be identified and reported for accurate characterization of the morbidity associated with pancreatectomy.

Characterization of Anthropometric Changes that Occur During Neoadjuvant Therapy for Potentially Resectable Pancreatic Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about changes in body composition that may occur during neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer. This study was designed to characterize these changes and their potential relationships with therapeutic outcomes. METHODS: The study population consisted of patients with potentially resectable pancreatic cancer treated on a phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue compartments were measured before and after administration of neoadjuvant therapy using SliceOMatic software (TomoVision, 2012) and protocol-mandated CT scans. Sarcopenia was defined using gender-adjusted norms. RESULTS: Among 89 eligible patients, 46 (52 %) patients met anthropometric criteria for sarcopenia prior to the initiation of neoadjuvant therapy. Further depletion of skeletal muscle, visceral adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue occurred during neoadjuvant therapy, but these losses did not preclude the performance of potentially curative surgery. Degree of skeletal muscle loss correlated with disease-free survival while visceral adipose loss was associated with overall and progression-free survival. However, completion of all therapy, including pancreatectomy, was the only independently significant predictor of outcome in a multivariate analysis of overall survival. DISCUSSION: These data suggest that body composition analysis of standard CT images may provide clinically relevant information for patients with potentially resectable pancreatic cancer who receive neoadjuvant therapy. Anthropometric changes must be considered in the design of preoperative therapy regimens, and further efforts should focus on maintenance of muscle and visceral adipose tissue in the preoperative setting.

Development of the policy indicator checklist: a tool to identify and measure policies for calorie-dense foods and sugar-sweetened beverages across multiple settings.

OBJECTIVES: We developed the policy indicator checklist (PIC) to identify and measure policies for calorie-dense foods and sugar-sweetened beverages to determine how policies are clustered across multiple settings. METHODS: In 2012 and 2013 we used existing literature, policy documents, government recommendations, and instruments to identify key policies. We then developed the PIC to examine the policy environments across 3 settings (communities, schools, and early care and education centers) in 8 communities participating in the Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Project. RESULTS: Principal components analysis revealed 5 components related to calorie-dense food policies and 4 components related to sugar-sweetened beverage policies. Communities with higher youth and racial/ethnic minority populations tended to have fewer and weaker policy environments concerning calorie-dense foods and healthy foods and beverages. CONCLUSIONS: The PIC was a helpful tool to identify policies that promote healthy food environments across multiple settings and to measure and compare the overall policy environments across communities. There is need for improved coordination across settings, particularly in areas with greater concentration of youths and racial/ethnic minority populations. Policies to support healthy eating are not equally distributed across communities, and disparities continue to exist in nutrition policies.

Are physical activity studies in Hispanics meeting reporting guidelines for continuous monitoring technology? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Continuous monitoring technologies such as accelerometers and pedometers are the gold standard for physical activity (PA) measurement. However, inconsistencies in use, analysis, and reporting limit the understanding of dose-response relationships involving PA and the ability to make comparisons across studies and population subgroups. These issues are particularly detrimental to the study of PA across different ethnicities with different PA habits. This systematic review examined the inclusion of published guidelines involving data collection, processing, and reporting among articles using accelerometers or pedometers in Hispanic or Latino populations. METHODS: English (PubMed; EbscoHost) and Spanish (SCIELO; Biblioteca Virtual en Salud) articles published between 2000 and 2013 using accelerometers or pedometers to measure PA among Hispanics or Latinos were identified through systematic literature searches. Of the 253 abstracts which were initially reviewed, 57 met eligibility criteria (44 accelerometer, 13 pedometer). Articles were coded and reviewed to evaluate compliance with recommended guidelines (N = 20), and the percentage of accelerometer and pedometer articles following each guideline were computed and reported. RESULTS: On average, 57.1 % of accelerometer and 62.2 % of pedometer articles reported each recommended guideline for data collection. Device manufacturer and model were reported most frequently, and provision of instructions for device wear in Spanish was reported least frequently. On average, 29.6 % of accelerometer articles reported each guideline for data processing. Definitions of an acceptable day for inclusion in analyses were reported most frequently, and definitions of an acceptable hour for inclusion in analyses were reported least frequently. On average, 18.8 % of accelerometer and 85.7 % of pedometer articles included each guideline for data reporting. Accelerometer articles most frequently included average number of valid days and least frequently included percentage of wear time. DISCUSSION: Inclusion of standard collection and reporting procedures in studies using continuous monitoring devices in Hispanic or Latino population is generally low. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of reporting consistency in continuous monitoring studies limits researchers' ability to compare studies or draw meaningful conclusions concerning amounts, quality, and benefits of PA among Hispanic or Latino populations. Reporting data collection, computation, and decision-making standards should be required. Improved interpretability would allow practitioners and researchers to apply scientific findings to promote PA.

Impact of air pollution control costs on the cost and spatial arrangement of cellulosic biofuel production in the U.S.

Air pollution emissions regulation can affect the location, size, and technology choice of potential biofuel production facilities. Difficulty in obtaining air pollutant emission permits and the cost of air pollution control devices have been cited by some fuel producers as barriers to development. This paper expands on the Geospatial Bioenergy Systems Model (GBSM) to evaluate the effect of air pollution control costs on the availability, cost, and distribution of U.S. biofuel production by subjecting potential facility locations within U.S. Clean Air Act nonattainment areas, which exceed thresholds for healthy air quality, to additional costs. This paper compares three scenarios: one with air quality costs included, one without air quality costs, and one in which conversion facilities were prohibited in Clean Air Act nonattainment areas. While air quality regulation may substantially affect local decisions regarding siting or technology choices, their effect on the system as a whole is small. Most biofuel facilities are expected to be sited near to feedstock supplies, which are seldom in nonattainment areas. The average cost per unit of produced energy is less than 1% higher in the scenarios with air quality compliance costs than in scenarios without such costs. When facility construction is prohibited in nonattainment areas, the costs increase by slightly over 1%, due to increases in the distance feedstock is transported to facilities in attainment areas.

Environmental and cultural correlates of physical activity parenting practices among Latino parents with preschool-aged children: Niños Activos.

BACKGROUND: Latino children are at high risk of becoming obese. Physical activity (PA) can help prevent obesity. Parents can influence children's PA through parenting practices. This study aimed to examine the independent contributions of (1) sociodemographic, (2) cultural, (3) parent perceived environmental, and (4) objectively measured environmental factors, to PA parenting practices. METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of Latino parents (n = 240) from Harris County, TX in 2011-2012 completed validated questionnaires to assess PA parenting practices, acculturation, familism, perception of their neighborhood environment, and demographics. Home addresses were mapped and linked to Census block-level crime and traffic data. Distance to the closest park was mapped by GIS. Regression models were built in a hierarchical step-wise fashion. RESULTS: Combined models showed R2 of 6.8% to 38.9% for different parenting practices. Significant correlations included sociodemographic variables with having outdoor toys available, psychological control, and promotion of inactivity. Cultural factors correlated with PA safety concern practices. Perceived environmental attributes correlated with five of seven parenting practices, while objectively-measured environmental attributes did not significantly correlate with PA parenting practices. CONCLUSION: Interventions promoting PA among Latino preschoolers may need to address the social-ecological context in which families live to effectively promote PA parenting, especially parents' perceptions of neighborhoods.

Cannabinoid residuals in tissues of lambs fed spent hemp biomass and consumer's exposure assessment.

Spent hemp biomass (SHB) contains trace amounts of cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), that may accumulate in the tissues of animals consuming SHB. We measured cannabinoid residues in the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle of finishing lambs fed either 10% or 20% SHB for 8 weeks, or 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks SHB withdrawal. We detected multiple cannabinoids in the liver at a similar proportion to the SHB. However, CBD and Δ9-THC were enriched >20-fold in the adipose and muscle, compared to their proportion in SHB. The highest concentration of Δ9-THC was detected in adipose tissue and was 7.4-times higher than in muscle. Most cannabinoids were undetectable in tissues after 4 weeks of clearance. The consumers' exposure assessment on Δ9-THC revealed tissue levels of total THC (THCA+Δ9-THC) that exceed the acute reference dose of 1 µg/kg BW across population groups. When consuming meat from the lambs fed 10% and 20% SHB, the maximum total THC exposure was 2.03 and 7.32 µg/kg BW, respectively, equal to or below the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level of 36 µg/kg BW, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level of 12 µg/kg BW or a tolerable dose intake of 7 µg/kg BW.