RESUMEN
Neoantigens unique to each patient's tumor can be recognized by autologous T cells through their T-cell receptor (TCR) but the low frequency and/or terminal differentiation of mutation-specific T cells in tumors can limit their utility as adoptive T-cell therapies. Transfer of TCR genes into younger T cells from peripheral blood with a high proliferative potential could obviate this problem. We generated a rapid, cost-effective strategy to genetically engineer cancer patient T cells with TCRs using the clinical Sleeping Beauty transposon/transposase system. Patient-specific TCRs reactive against HLA-A*0201-restriced neoantigens AHNAK(S2580F) or ERBB2(H473Y) or the HLA-DQB*0601-restricted neoantigen ERBB2IP(E805G) were assembled with murine constant chains and cloned into Sleeping Beauty transposons. Patient peripheral blood lymphocytes were coelectroporated with SB11 transposase and Sleeping Beauty transposon, and transposed T cells were enriched by sorting on murine TCRß (mTCRß) expression. Rapid expansion of mTCRß(+) T cells with irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes feeders, OKT3, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-15, and IL-21 resulted in a preponderance of effector (CD27(-)CD45RA(-)) and less-differentiated (CD27(+)CD45RA(+)) T cells. Transposed T cells specifically mounted a polyfunctional response against cognate mutated neoantigens and tumor cell lines. Thus, Sleeping Beauty transposition of mutation-specific TCRs can facilitate the use of personalized T-cell therapy targeting unique neoantigens.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/patología , Transposasas/metabolismo , Animales , Elementos Transponibles de ADN , Ingeniería Genética , Antígeno HLA-A2/metabolismo , Cadenas beta de HLA-DQ/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/inmunología , Ratones , Receptor ErbB-2/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Adoptive immunotherapy using TCR-engineered PBLs against melanocyte differentiation Ags mediates objective tumor regression but is associated with on-target toxicity. To avoid toxicity to normal tissues, we targeted cancer testis Ag (CTA) MAGE-A3, which is widely expressed in a range of epithelial malignancies but is not expressed in most normal tissues. To generate high-avidity TCRs against MAGE-A3, we employed a transgenic mouse model that expresses the human HLA-A*0201 molecule. Mice were immunized with two HLA-A*0201-restricted peptides of MAGE-A3: 112-120 (KVAELVHFL) or MAGE-A3: 271-279 (FLWGPRALV), and T cell clones were generated. MAGE-A3-specific TCR α- and ß-chains were isolated and cloned into a retroviral vector. Expression of both TCRs in human PBLs demonstrated Ag-specific reactivity against a range of melanoma and nonmelanoma tumor cells. The TCR against MAGE-A3: 112-120 was selected for further development based on superior reactivity against tumor target cells. Interestingly, peptide epitopes from MAGE-A3 and MAGE-A12 (and to a lesser extent, peptides from MAGE-A2 and MAGE-A6) were recognized by PBLs engineered to express this TCR. To further improve TCR function, single amino acid variants of the CDR3 α-chain were generated. Substitution of alanine to threonine at position 118 of the α-chain in the CDR3 region of the TCR improved its functional avidity in CD4 and CD8 cells. On the basis of these results, a clinical trial is planned in which patients bearing a variety of tumor histologies will receive autologous PBLs that have been transduced with this optimized anti-MAGE-A3 TCR.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Pruebas Inmunológicas de Citotoxicidad , Epítopos de Linfocito T/metabolismo , Antígenos HLA-A/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Antígenos de Neoplasias/administración & dosificación , Antígenos de Neoplasias/biosíntesis , Secuencia de Bases , Neoplasias de la Mama/inmunología , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/terapia , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/inmunología , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/terapia , Línea Celular Transformada , Línea Celular Tumoral , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Pruebas Inmunológicas de Citotoxicidad/métodos , Epítopos de Linfocito T/administración & dosificación , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Femenino , Antígenos HLA-A/biosíntesis , Antígenos HLA-A/inmunología , Antígeno HLA-A2 , Humanos , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Melanoma/inmunología , Melanoma/metabolismo , Melanoma/terapia , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Familia de Multigenes/inmunología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/administración & dosificación , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biosíntesis , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/trasplanteRESUMEN
Efforts to apply adoptive cell transfer (ACT) immunotherapy to patients with common epithelial cancers have been stimulated by the demonstration that the majority of these patients contain lymphocytes reactive against the expressed products of their cancer mutations. Early efforts to specifically target these antigens have been promising.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Neoplasias , Neoplasias , Humanos , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Neoplasias/genética , InmunoterapiaRESUMEN
Circulating T cells from peripheral blood (PBL) can provide a rich and noninvasive source for antitumor T cells. By single-cell transcriptomic profiling of 36 neoantigen-specific T cell clones from 6 metastatic cancer patients, we report the transcriptional and cell surface signatures of antitumor PBL-derived CD8+ T cells (NeoTCRPBL). Comparison of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)- and PBL-neoantigen-specific T cells revealed that NeoTCRPBL T cells are low in frequency and display less-dysfunctional memory phenotypes relative to their TIL counterparts. Analysis of 100 antitumor TCR clonotypes indicates that most NeoTCRPBL populations target the same neoantigens as TILs. However, NeoTCRPBL TCR repertoire is only partially shared with TIL. Prediction and testing of NeoTCRPBL signature-derived TCRs from PBL of 6 prospective patients demonstrate high enrichment of clonotypes targeting tumor mutations, a viral oncogene, and patient-derived tumor. Thus, the NeoTCRPBL signature provides an alternative source for identifying antitumor T cells from PBL of cancer patients, enabling immune monitoring and immunotherapies.
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Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Neoplasias , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos TRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To simplify clinical scale lymphocyte expansions, we investigated the use of the WAVE®, a closed system bioreactor that utilizes active perfusion to generate high cell numbers in minimal volumes. METHODS: We have developed an optimized rapid expansion protocol for the WAVE bioreactor that produces clinically relevant numbers of cells for our adoptive cell transfer clinical protocols. RESULTS: TIL and genetically modified PBL were rapidly expanded to clinically relevant scales in both static bags and the WAVE bioreactor. Both bioreactors produced comparable numbers of cells; however the cultures generated in the WAVE bioreactor had a higher percentage of CD4+ cells and had a less activated phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The WAVE bioreactor simplifies the process of rapidly expanding tumor reactive lymphocytes under GMP conditions, and provides an alternate approach to cell generation for ACT protocols.
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Traslado Adoptivo/instrumentación , Traslado Adoptivo/métodos , Reactores Biológicos , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/instrumentación , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/métodos , Linfocitos/citología , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Proliferación Celular , Ingeniería Genética , Prueba de Histocompatibilidad , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Linfocitos/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/patología , Perfusión , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismoRESUMEN
Autologous T lymphocytes genetically engineered to express a murine T cell receptor (TCR) against human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were administered to three patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard treatments. All patients experienced profound decreases in serum CEA levels (74-99%), and one patient had an objective regression of cancer metastatic to the lung and liver. However, a severe transient inflammatory colitis that represented a dose limiting toxicity was induced in all three patients. This report represents the first example of objective regression of metastatic colorectal cancer mediated by adoptive T cell transfer and illustrates the successful use of a TCR, raised in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) transgenic mice, against a human tumor associated antigen. It also emphasizes the destructive power of small numbers of highly avid T cells and the limitations of using CEA as a target for cancer immunotherapy.
Asunto(s)
Antígeno Carcinoembrionario/inmunología , Colitis/inmunología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/inmunología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/secundario , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Adulto , Animales , Antígeno Carcinoembrionario/sangre , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/patología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/terapia , Técnicas de Transferencia de Gen , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Vectores Genéticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Radiografía , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Retroviridae/genética , Retroviridae/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
A common theme across multiple successful immunotherapies for cancer is the recognition of tumor-specific mutations (neoantigens) by T cells. The rapid discovery of such antigen responses could lead to improved therapies through the adoptive transfer of T cells engineered to express neoantigen-reactive T cell receptors (TCRs). Here, through CITE-seq (cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing) and TCR-seq of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we develop a neoantigen-reactive T cell signature based on clonotype frequency and CD39 protein and CXCL13 mRNA expression. Screening of TCRs selected by the signature allows us to identify neoantigen-reactive TCRs with a success rate of 45% for CD8+ and 66% for CD4+ T cells. Because of the small number of samples analyzed (4 patients), generalizability remains to be tested. However, this approach can enable the quick identification of neoantigen-reactive TCRs and expedite the engineering of personalized neoantigen-reactive T cells for therapy.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T , Linfocitos TRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Metastatic breast cancer (mBrCa) is most often an incurable disease with only modest responses to available immunotherapies. This study investigates the immunogenicity of somatic mutations in breast cancer and explores the therapeutic efficacy in a pilot trial of mutation-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with metastatic disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-two patients with mBrCa refractory to previous lines of treatment underwent surgical resection of a metastatic lesion(s), isolation of TIL cultures, identification of exomic nonsynonymous tumor mutations, and immunologic screening for neoantigen reactivity. Clinically eligible patients with appropriate reactivity were enrolled into one cohort of an ongoing phase II pilot trial of adoptive cell transfer of selected neoantigen-reactive TIL, with a short course of pembrolizumab (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01174121). RESULTS: TILs were isolated and grown in culture from the resected lesions of all 42 patients with mBrCa, and a median number of 112 (range: 6-563) nonsynonymous mutations per patient were identified. Twenty-eight of 42 (67%) patients contained TIL that recognized at least one immunogenic somatic mutation (median: 3 neoantigens per patient, range: 1-11), and 13 patients demonstrated robust reactivity appropriate for adoptive transfer. Eight patients remained clinically eligible for treatment, and six patients were enrolled on a protocol of adoptive cell transfer of enriched neoantigen-specific TIL, in combination with pembrolizumab (≤ 4 doses). Objective tumor regression was noted in three patients, including one complete response (now ongoing over 5.5 years) and two partial responses (6 and 10 months). CONCLUSION: Most patients with breast cancer generated a natural immune response targeting the expressed products of their cancer mutations. Adoptive transfer of TIL is a highly personalized experimental option for patients with mBrCa shown to be capable of mediating objective responses in this pilot trial and deserves further study.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor , Mutación , Trasplante AutólogoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) fails to consistently elicit tumor rejection. Manipulation of intrinsic factors that inhibit T cell effector function and neoantigen recognition may therefore improve TIL therapy outcomes. We previously identified the cytokine-induced SH2 protein (CISH) as a key regulator of T cell functional avidity in mice. Here, we investigate the mechanistic role of CISH in regulating human T cell effector function in solid tumors and demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of CISH enhances TIL neoantigen recognition and response to checkpoint blockade. METHODS: Single-cell gene expression profiling was used to identify a negative correlation between high CISH expression and TIL activation in patient-derived TIL. A GMP-compliant CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing process was developed to assess the impact of CISH disruption on the molecular and functional phenotype of human peripheral blood T cells and TIL. Tumor-specific T cells with disrupted Cish function were adoptively transferred into tumor-bearing mice and evaluated for efficacy with or without checkpoint blockade. FINDINGS: CISH expression was associated with T cell dysfunction. CISH deletion using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in hyper-activation and improved functional avidity against tumor-derived neoantigens without perturbing T cell maturation. Cish knockout resulted in increased susceptibility to checkpoint blockade in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: CISH negatively regulates human T cell effector function, and its genetic disruption offers a novel avenue to improve the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive TIL therapy. FUNDING: This study was funded by Intima Bioscience, U.S. and in part through the Intramural program CCR at the National Cancer Institute.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor , Linfocitos T , Traslado Adoptivo , Animales , Citocinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , RatonesRESUMEN
Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) targeting neoantigens can achieve durable clinical responses in patients with cancer. Most neoantigens arise from patient-specific mutations, requiring highly individualized treatments. To broaden the applicability of ACT targeting neoantigens, we focused on TP53 mutations commonly shared across different cancer types. We performed whole-exome sequencing on 163 patients with metastatic solid cancers, identified 78 who had TP53 missense mutations, and through immunologic screening, identified 21 unique T-cell reactivities. Here, we report a library of 39 T-cell receptors (TCR) targeting TP53 mutations shared among 7.3% of patients with solid tumors. These TCRs recognized tumor cells in a TP53 mutation- and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-specific manner in vitro and in vivo. Twelve patients with chemorefractory epithelial cancers were treated with ex vivo-expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) that were naturally reactive against TP53 mutations. However, limited clinical responses (2 partial responses among 12 patients) were seen. These infusions contained low frequencies of mutant p53-reactive TILs that had exhausted phenotypes and showed poor persistence. We also treated one patient who had chemorefractory breast cancer with ACT comprising autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes transduced with an allogeneic HLA-A*02-restricted TCR specific for p53R175H. The infused cells exhibited an improved immunophenotype and prolonged persistence compared with TIL ACT and the patient experienced an objective tumor regression (-55%) that lasted 6 months. Collectively, these proof-of-concept data suggest that the library of TCRs targeting shared p53 neoantigens should be further evaluated for the treatment of patients with advanced human cancers. See related Spotlight by Klebanoff, p. 919.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Neoplasias , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Genes Codificadores de los Receptores de Linfocitos T , Humanos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/terapia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The accurate identification of antitumor T cell receptors (TCRs) represents a major challenge for the engineering of cell-based cancer immunotherapies. By mapping 55 neoantigen-specific TCR clonotypes (NeoTCRs) from 10 metastatic human tumors to their single-cell transcriptomes, we identified signatures of CD8+ and CD4+ neoantigen-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Neoantigen-specific TILs exhibited tumor-specific expansion with dysfunctional phenotypes, distinct from blood-emigrant bystanders and regulatory TILs. Prospective prediction and testing of 73 NeoTCR signature-derived clonotypes demonstrated that half of the tested TCRs recognized tumor antigens or autologous tumors. NeoTCR signatures identified TCRs that target driver neoantigens and nonmutated viral or tumor-associated antigens, suggesting a common metastatic TIL exhaustion program. NeoTCR signatures delineate the landscape of TILs across metastatic tumors, enabling successful TCR prediction based purely on TIL transcriptomic states for use in cancer immunotherapy.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Neoplasias/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Transcriptoma , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Humanos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , RNA-Seq , Análisis de la Célula IndividualRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Immunotherapies mediate the regression of human tumors through recognition of tumor antigens by immune cells that trigger an immune response. Mutations in the RAS oncogenes occur in about 30% of all patients with cancer. These mutations play an important role in both tumor establishment and survival and are commonly found in hotspots. Discovering T-cell receptors (TCR) that recognize shared mutated RAS antigens presented on MHC class I and class II molecules are thus promising reagents for "off-the-shelf" adoptive cell therapies (ACT) following insertion of the TCRs into lymphocytes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In this ongoing work, we screened for RAS antigen recognition in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). TCRs recognizing mutated RAS were identified from the reactive T cells. The TCRs were then reconstructed and virally transduced into PBLs and tested. RESULTS: Here, we detect and report multiple novel TCR sequences that recognize nonsynonymous mutant RAS hotspot mutations with high avidity and specificity and identify the specific class-I and -II MHC restriction elements involved in the recognition of mutant RAS. CONCLUSIONS: The TCR library directed against RAS hotspot mutations described here recognize RAS mutations found in about 45% of the Caucasian population and about 60% of the Asian population and represent promising reagents for "off-the-shelf" ACTs.
Asunto(s)
Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Mutación , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/terapia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/uso terapéutico , Proteínas ras/genética , HumanosRESUMEN
Tumor neoepitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I are recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and are targeted by adoptive T-cell therapies. Identifying which mutant neoepitopes from tumor cells are capable of recognition by T cells can assist in the development of tumor-specific, cell-based therapies and can shed light on antitumor responses. Here, we generate a ranking algorithm for class I candidate neoepitopes by using next-generation sequencing data and a dataset of 185 neoepitopes that are recognized by HLA class I-restricted TIL from individuals with metastatic cancer. Random forest model analysis showed that the inclusion of multiple factors impacting epitope presentation and recognition increased output sensitivity and specificity compared to the use of predicted HLA binding alone. The ranking score output provides a set of class I candidate neoantigens that may serve as therapeutic targets and provides a tool to facilitate in vitro and in vivo studies aimed at the development of more effective immunotherapies.
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Antígenos de Neoplasias , Neoplasias , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Antígenos HLA/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I/genética , Humanos , Inmunoterapia , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor , Aprendizaje Automático , Neoplasias/genética , Linfocitos TRESUMEN
Engineered T cells expressing tumor-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) are emerging as a mode of personalized cancer immunotherapy that requires identification of TCRs against the products of known driver mutations and novel mutations in a timely fashion. We present a nonviral and non-next-generation sequencing platform for rapid, and efficient neoantigen-specific TCR identification and evaluation that does not require the use of recombinant cloning techniques. The platform includes an innovative method of TCRα detection using Sanger sequencing, TCR pairings and the use of TCRα/ß gene fragments for putative TCR evaluation. Using patients' samples, we validated and compared our new methods head-to-head with conventional approaches used for TCR discovery. Development of a unique demultiplexing method for identification of TCRα, adaptation of synthetic TCRs for gene transfer, and a reliable reporter system significantly shortens TCR discovery time over conventional methods and increases throughput to facilitate testing prospective personalized TCRs for adoptive cell therapy.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra el Cáncer/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito T/genética , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodos , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Genes Codificadores de la Cadena alfa de los Receptores de Linfocito T , Humanos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/trasplanteRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor-associated protein expressed on a variety of adenocarcinomas. To develop an immunotherapy for patients with cancers that overexpress CEA, we isolated and genetically modified a T-cell receptors (TCRs) that specifically bound a CEA peptide on human cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice were immunized with CEA:691-699. A CEA-reactive TCR was isolated from splenocytes of these mice and was genetically introduced into human peripheral blood lymphocytes via RNA electroporation or retroviral transduction. Amino acid substitutions were introduced throughout the complementarity determining regions (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) of both TCR alpha and beta chains to improve recognition of CEA. RESULTS: Murine lymphocytes bearing the CEA-reactive TCR specifically recognized peptide-loaded T2 cells and HLA-A2.1(+) CEA(+) human colon cancer cells. Both CD8(+) and CD4(+) human lymphocytes expressing the murine TCR specifically recognized peptide-loaded T2 cells. However, only gene-modified CD8(+) lymphocytes specifically recognized HLA-A2.1(+) CEA(+) colon cancer cell lines, and tumor cell recognition was weak and variable. We identified two substitutions in the CDR3 of the alpha chain that significantly influenced tumor cell recognition by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. One substitution, T for S at position 112 (S112T), enhanced tumor cell recognition by CD8(+) lymphocytes, and a second dually substituted receptor (S112T L110F) enhanced tumor cell recognition by CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS: The modified CEA-reactive TCRs are good candidates for future gene therapy clinical trials and show the power of selected amino acid substitutions in the antigen-binding regions of the TCR to enhance desired reactivities.
Asunto(s)
Antígeno Carcinoembrionario/inmunología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/inmunología , Antígeno HLA-A2 , Péptidos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Animales , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Antígeno Carcinoembrionario/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Electroporación , Humanos , Activación de Linfocitos , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUNDTherapeutic vaccinations against cancer have mainly targeted differentiation antigens, cancer-testis antigens, and overexpressed antigens and have thus far resulted in little clinical benefit. Studies conducted by multiple groups have demonstrated that T cells recognizing neoantigens are present in most cancers and offer a specific and highly immunogenic target for personalized vaccination.METHODSWe recently developed a process using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to identify the specific immunogenic mutations expressed in patients' tumors. Here, validated, defined neoantigens, predicted neoepitopes, and mutations of driver genes were concatenated into a single mRNA construct to vaccinate patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancer.RESULTSThe vaccine was safe and elicited mutation-specific T cell responses against predicted neoepitopes not detected before vaccination. Furthermore, we were able to isolate and verify T cell receptors targeting KRASG12D mutation. We observed no objective clinical responses in the 4 patients treated in this trial.CONCLUSIONThis vaccine was safe, and potential future combination of such vaccines with checkpoint inhibitors or adoptive T cell therapy should be evaluated for possible clinical benefit in patients with common epithelial cancers.TRIAL REGISTRATIONPhase I/II protocol (NCT03480152) was approved by the IRB committee of the NIH and the FDA.FUNDINGCenter for Clinical Research, NCI, NIH.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Neoplasias , Vacunas contra el Cáncer , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales , Inmunidad Celular , Mutación Missense , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras) , ARN Mensajero , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Antígenos de Neoplasias/administración & dosificación , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Vacunas contra el Cáncer/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra el Cáncer/genética , Vacunas contra el Cáncer/inmunología , Femenino , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/genética , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/inmunología , ARN Mensajero/administración & dosificación , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/inmunologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate antigen experienced T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) for responses to p53 neoantigens. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: PBLs from patients with a mutated TP53 tumor were sorted for antigen-experienced T cells and in vitro stimulation (IVS) was performed with p53 neoantigens. The IVS cultures were stimulated with antigen-presenting cells expressing p53 neoantigens, enriched for 41BB/OX40 and grown with rapid expansion protocol. RESULTS: T-cell responses were not observed in the PBLs of 4 patients who did not have tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) responses to mutated TP53. In contrast, 5 patients with TIL responses to mutated TP53 also had similar T-cell responses in their PBLs, indicating that the PBLs and TILs were congruent in p53 neoantigen reactivity. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were specific for p53R175H, p53Y220C, or p53R248W neoantigens, including a 78% reactive T-cell culture against p53R175H and HLA-A*02:01. Tracking TCRB clonotypes (clonality, top ranked, and TP53 mutation-specific) supported the enrichment of p53 neoantigen-reactive T cells from PBLs. The same T-cell receptor (TCR) from the TIL was found in the IVS cultures in three cases and multiple unique TCRs were found in another patient. TP53 mutation-specific T cells also recognized tumor cell lines bearing the appropriate human leukocyte antigen restriction element and TP53 mutation, indicating these T cells could recognize processed and presented p53 neoantigens. CONCLUSIONS: PBL was a noninvasive source of T cells targeting TP53 mutations for cell therapy and can provide a window into intratumoral p53 neoantigen immune responses.See related commentary by Olivera et al., p. 1203.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Humanos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Oncogenes , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genéticaRESUMEN
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of tumor-reactive lymphocytes has been shown to be an effective treatment for cancer patients. Studies in murine models of ACT indicated that antitumor efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells is dependent on the differentiation status of the cells, with lymphocyte differentiation inversely correlated with in vivo antitumor effectiveness. T-cell in vitro development technologies provide a new opportunity to generate naive T cells for the purpose of ACT. In this study, we genetically modified human umbilical cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to express tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) genes and generated T lymphocytes by coculture with a murine cell line expressing Notch-1 ligand, Delta-like-1 (OP9-DL1). Input HSCs were differentiated into T cells as evidenced by the expression of T-cell markers, such as CD7, CD1a, CD4, CD8, and CD3, and by detection of TCR excision circles. We found that such in vitro differentiated T cells expressed the TCR and showed HLA-A2-restricted, specific recognition and killing of tumor antigen peptide-pulsed antigen-presenting cells but manifested additional natural killer cell-like killing of tumor cell lines. The genetic manipulation of HSCs has broad implications for ACT of cancer.
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Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/inmunología , Receptor Notch1/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Animales , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Diferenciación Celular/inmunología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Epítopos , Sangre Fetal/citología , Sangre Fetal/inmunología , Ingeniería Genética/métodos , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/citología , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/inmunología , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Proteínas de la Membrana/biosíntesis , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/inmunología , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Receptor Notch1/genética , Receptor Notch1/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/biosíntesis , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Linfocitos T/citología , Transducción GenéticaRESUMEN
Tumor-resident lymphocytes can mount a response against neoantigens expressed in microsatellite-stable gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, and adoptive transfer of neoantigen-specific lymphocytes has demonstrated antitumor activity in selected patients. However, whether peripheral blood could be used as an alternative minimally invasive source to identify lymphocytes targeting neoantigens in patients with GI cancer with relatively low mutation burden is unclear. We used a personalized high-throughput screening strategy to investigate whether PD-1 expression in peripheral blood could be used to identify CD8+ or CD4+ lymphocytes recognizing neoantigens identified by whole-exome sequencing in 7 patients with GI cancer. We found that neoantigen-specific lymphocytes were preferentially enriched in the CD8+PD-1+/hi or CD4+PD-1+/hi subsets, but not in the corresponding bulk or PD-1- fractions. In 6 of 7 individuals analyzed we identified circulating CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes targeting 6 and 4 neoantigens, respectively. Moreover, neoantigen-reactive T cells and a T cell receptor (TCR) isolated from the CD8+PD-1+ subsets recognized autologous tumor, albeit at reduced levels, in 2 patients with available cell lines. These data demonstrate the existence of circulating T cells targeting neoantigens in GI cancer patients and provide an approach to generate enriched populations of personalized neoantigen-specific lymphocytes and isolate TCRs that could be exploited therapeutically to treat cancer.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Neoplasias/farmacología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/inmunología , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/patología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/patología , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Immunotherapies can mediate regression of human tumors with high mutation rates, but responses are rarely observed in patients with common epithelial cancers. This raises the question of whether patients with these common cancers harbor T lymphocytes that recognize mutant proteins expressed by autologous tumors that may represent ideal targets for immunotherapy. Using high-throughput immunologic screening of mutant gene products identified via whole-exome sequencing, we identified neoantigen-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from 62 of 75 (83%) patients with common gastrointestinal cancers. In total, 124 neoantigen-reactive TIL populations were identified, and all but one of the neoantigenic determinants were unique. The results of in vitro T-cell recognition assays demonstrated that 1.6% of the gene products encoded by somatic nonsynonymous mutations were immunogenic. These findings demonstrate that the majority of common epithelial cancers elicit immune recognition and open possibilities for cell-based immunotherapies for patients bearing these cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: TILs cultured from 62 of 75 (83%) patients with gastrointestinal cancers recognized neoantigens encoded by 1.6% of somatic mutations expressed by autologous tumor cells, and 99% of the neoantigenic determinants appeared to be unique and not shared between patients.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 983.