Exploration and analysis of R-loop mapping data with RLBase.

R-loops are three-stranded nucleic acid structures formed from the hybridization of RNA and DNA. In 2012, Ginno et al. introduced the first R-loop mapping method. Since that time, dozens of R-loop mapping studies have been conducted, yielding hundreds of publicly available datasets. Current R-loop databases provide only limited access to these data. Moreover, no web tools for analyzing user-supplied R-loop datasets have yet been described. In our recent work, we reprocessed 810 R-loop mapping samples, building the largest R-loop data resource to date. We also defined R-loop consensus regions and developed a framework for R-loop data analysis. Now, we introduce RLBase, a user-friendly database that provides the capability to (i) explore hundreds of public R-loop mapping datasets, (ii) explore R-loop consensus regions, (iii) analyze user-supplied data and (iv) download standardized and reprocessed datasets. RLBase is directly accessible via the following URL: https://gccri.bishop-lab.uthscsa.edu/shiny/rlbase/.

Current Role of Dapagliflozin in Clinical Practice.

Dapagliflozin is the first in a novel class of glucose-lowering agents known as sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors which was approved by USFDA in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults initially, followed by to reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) in adults with T2DM and established cardiovascular disease or multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Most recently, it is approved to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and in adults with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (NYHA class II-IV). Dapagliflozin has been studied in a wide range of patients with diabetes and plethora of evidence has confirmed its efficacy as a monotherapy as well as an add-on to the oral therapies and insulin, when compared to placebo. Additional advantages include weight reduction which has been consistently demonstrated in Phase III studies and good tolerability. Also there is a demonstrable reduction in systolic blood pressure in patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. DECLARE TIMI 58 study clearly demonstrated that Dapagliflozin was non inferior in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with T2DM and high CV risk compared with placebo. 27% risk reduction in heart failure hospitalisation was noted along without increased risk of amputation. DAPA HF evaluated the efficacy and safety of the dapagliflozin in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction, irrespective of the presence or absence of diabetes. Patients with symptomatic HF due to reduced ejection fraction treated with dapagliflozin had positive outcomes with reduction in cardiovascular deaths and HF events. The DAPA-CKD trial which was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with or without type 2 diabetes found that it significantly lowered the risk of a sustained decline in the estimated GFR of at least 50%, end-stage kidney disease, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes in patients with CKD, regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. Ongoing trials like DELIVER, DAPA ACT HF-TIMI 68, DICTATE-AHF, HF readmission study, DAPA MI Study, Effectiveness of Dapagliflozin for Weight Loss, will throw more light on the precise effects of dapagliflozin in several clinical scenarios. To conclude - Dapagliflozin was well studied not only in T2DM but also in HF and CKD patients with positive results and good safety profile.

A Multicentre, Open label, Randomized, Comparative, Parallel Group, Active-controlled, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Arbekacin Sulphate Injection versus Vancomycin Injection in Patients Diagnosed with MRSA Infection.

BACKGROUND: Increasing resistance to currently available antimicrobials has led to the development of new agents. Arbekacin is aminoglycoside antibiotic currently used in Japan and Korea for the treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria including MRSA. Currently there is no published data available for use of Arbekacin in Indian patient population, thus the present study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Arbekacin in Indian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was a phase III, multi-centre, open-label, randomised comparative, active control study. Subjects with microbiologically confirmed MRSA infection were randomized in the study to receive either Arbekacin sulphate 200 mg OD or Vancomycin hydrochloride 1000 mg BD for a period of 7 to 14 days. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the overall cure rate i.e. Clinical and microbiological cure during the study. RESULTS: A total of 162 patients were randomized in 2 treatment groups (i.e. 81 patients in each group). Out of these microbiologically confirmed MRSA patients, 153 patients were admitted for SSTI while 9 patients were admitted for CAP. Overall cure rate of MRSA infection (clinical as well as microbiological cure) was comparable in both the treatment groups i.e. 97.5% (79/81) in Arbekacin group and 100 % (79/79) in Vancomycin group (p value: 0.159). Both Arbekacin and Vancomycin were well tolerated by the patients during the study period. CONCLUSION: Arbekacin can be considered as safe and effective alternative to vancomycin in the management of MRSA infections.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Phase III Trial Investigating the Glycemic Efficacy and Safety Profile of Fixed-Dose Combination Dapagliflozin and Linagliptin Over Linagliptin Monotherapy in Patients with Inadequately Controlled Type 2 Diabetes with Metformin.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination (FDC) of dapagliflozin (10 mg) and linagliptin (5 mg) in comparison to linagliptin 5 mg (Trajenta) in patients with insufficiently controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on metformin monotherapy. METHODS: The double-blind, randomized, multicentric, parallel-group phase III trial screened 287 adult patients with T2DM (age 18-65 years) from 16 sites across India. The recruited subjects were undergoing metformin monotherapy ≥ 1000 mg/day for at least 28 days. Patients with HbA1c of 7.5-10.5% (58-91 mmol/l) (n = 232) after 2 weeks of run-in period with linagliptin monotherapy and placebo dapagliflozin/linagliptin on metformin monotherapy were randomized (1:1) in parallel to once daily dapagliflozin/linagliptin 10/5 mg or linagliptin 5 mg for 16 weeks. Patients were stratified on the basis of HbA1c (≤ 9.0% and > 9.0%; ≤ 75 mmol/l and > 75 mmol/l)). A total of 225 subjects completed 16 weeks of treatment, 115 patients in the test group and 110 patients in the reference group. RESULTS: Dapagliflozin/linagliptin (p = 0.0003) exhibited a greater change in HbA1c from baseline than linagliptin (p < 0.0001) in 16 weeks (mean reduction, - 1.28% vs - 0.83%). Test group showed a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) and body weight compared to the reference group. The FDC was well tolerated with adverse events being more frequent in the reference group. No serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in the study. CONCLUSION: Dapagliflozin/linagliptin combination is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4)/sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor FDC approved in India for patients with T2DM. Potential limitations of this study are a small dose of dapagliflozin (10 mg) in the FDC, a short study duration (30 weeks) and a high minimum threshold for HbA1c (≤ 7.5%; ≤ 53 mmol/l). Results indicate the FDC to be a superior therapeutic option over linagliptin for patients with T2DM on metformin monotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CTRI/2022/08/044563; 01/08/2022.

Correction to: Efficacy and Safety of Biosimilar Romiplostim Versus Innovator Romiplostim in Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s12288-022-01602-5.].

Efficacy and Safety of Biosimilar Romiplostim Versus Innovator Romiplostim in Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia.

Romiplostim is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Biosimilar is a biological product that has no clinical meaningful difference from an existing FDA-approved reference product. It has a potential of lowering health-care-related cost. Biosimilar of romiplostim can be made available to patients with ITP at a low cost and can be beneficial in providing the best therapy. Thus, the efficacy and safety of biosimilar romiplostim (ENZ110) was compared with innovator romiplostim (Nplate) with respect to platelet response in patients with chronic ITP. This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, and double-blind clinical trial. Patients with chronic ITP, aged 18-65 years, were enrolled in a study and were randomized to receive either ENZ110 or Nplate in a 3:1 ratio for a treatment period of 12 weeks, respectively. After completion of the treatment period, the patients were followed-up for one week to evaluate the platelet response and to monitor the adverse events (AEs). Over the duration of 12 weeks, platelet response of > 50 × 109/L was achieved in 85.3% patients treated with ENZ110 and in 75.0% patients treated with Nplate in per protocol population. In intent-to-treat population, 83.8% patients with ENZ110 and 76.9% patients with Nplate achieved a platelet response of > 50 × 109/L. In the ENZ110 group, 111 AEs were recorded in 66.7% patients, while 18 AEs were reported in 61.5% patients in the Nplate group. The study demonstrated non-inferiority with comparable efficacy and safety between biosimilar romiplostim and innovator romiplostim in patients with chronic ITP. Trial registration number and date of registration: CTRI/2019/04/018614.