Differences in the ventilatory thresholds in treadmill according to training status in 971 males and 301 females: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of training status on the percentage of maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate and velocity (%VO2max, %HRmax and %Vmax) at which ventilatory threshold 1 and ventilatory threshold 2 occur (VT1 and VT2, respectively), in males and females separately considering age, during a ramp incremental treadmill test. METHODS: 791 males (36.8 ± 9.9 years) and 301 females (33.9 ± 11.0 years) performed a ramp incremental exercise test until fatigue where VT1 and VT2 were determined. Participants were classified as low, medium or high training status combining the oxygen consumption at VT1, VT2 and VO2max by clustering analysis. RESULTS: VO2max is poorly correlated with the %VO2max, %HRmax and %Vmax at which VT1 and VT2 occur (r < 0.3), in contrast, there is a positive correlation between oxygen consumption at VT1 and VT2 with the %VO2max, %HRmax and %Vmax at which VT1 and VT2, respectively, occur in males and females (r = 0.203-0.615). Furthermore, we observed the %VO2max, %HRmax and %Vmax at which thresholds occur were greater the higher the training status (all p < 0.003). CONCLUSION: The physiological determinants of the percentage of maximum at which VT1 and VT2 occur are more related to oxygen consumption at VT1 and VT2, respectively, than to VO2max. Moreover, due to the higher percentage of maximum at which VT1 and VT2 occur in individuals with a higher training status, the common strategy consisting of establishing exercise intensity as a fixed percentage of maximum might not be effective to match intensity across individuals with different training status. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT06246760.

[V(T)/ t(I) relationship during steady-state exercise on a treadmill at the intensity close to second ventilatory threshold]. / Relación V(T)/ t(I) durante un ejercicio estable en tapiz rodante a una intensidad próxima al segundo umbral ventilatorio.

INTRODUCTION: Few works have approached the study of the tidal volume/inspiratory time (V(T)/ t(I)) relationship during long and constant load exercise in treadmill. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship V(T)/ t(I) to an intensity corresponding to the mean point among the two ventilatory thresholds. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four males have participated, carrying out two tests in treadmill: (1) maximal incremental test and (2) a 30 minutes constant load test at the intensity corresponding to the mean point among the two ventilatory thresholds. The respiratory parameters, acid-base parameters and lactate concentration was analysed during the constant load test. RESULTS: The breakpoint of relationship V(T)/ t(I) during the maximum test was reached at V(T) 2886 (465) mL, tI 0.57 (0.10) s and oxygen uptake (VO2) 4606 (532.9) mL/min. During the effort at constant load the relationships V(T)/ t(I), and tI/ tTOT (inspiratory time/total time) were significantly lower to those corresponding to the breakpoint of Hering-Breuer (PHB). Although the lactate concentration was superior to 4 mmol/L, the parameters of the acid-base state stayed inside the limits that allowed to conclude the whole test. CONCLUSIONS: A value of the relationship V(T)/ t(I) is adopted below the PHB, determinated with a maximum test, during an effort of 30 minutes at an intensity corresponding to the mean point among the two ventilatory thresholds. Both, carbon dioxide pressure end tidal values (Pet CO2) and the acid-base state, stay stable and below the values corresponding to the PHB.

Validation of a new portable metabolic system during an incremental running test.

We tested a new portable metabolic system, the Jaeger Oxycon Mobile (OM) at a range of running speeds. Six subjects carried out, in random order, two incremental tests on a treadmill, one of them using the OM, and the other using the Jaeger Oxycon Pro (OP). There are systematic errors in the measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) with the OM. Production of CO2 (VCO2) tends to be overestimated by the OM, although the differences are not significant. Ventilation (VE) showed very similar values in both analyzers. Data of VO2 and RER were corrected with a regression equation which minimised the differences among the devices. The portable metabolic system OM makes systematic errors in measurements of VO2 and RER which can be adjusted with a regression analysis to obtain data comparable to those obtained by fixed systems. Key pointsPortable metabolic systems are frequently used to explore various physiological ventilatory variables in field tests.There are systematic errors in the measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) with the Jaeger Oxycon Mobile (OM) portable metabolic systemProduction of CO2 (VCO2) tends to be overestimated by the OMData of VO2 and RER can be corrected with a regression equationThe portable metabolic system OM makes systematic errors in measurements of VO2 and RER which can be adjusted with a regression analysis to obtain data comparable to those obtained by fixed systems.

The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise economy, rating of perceived exertion and running mechanics in elite distance runners: A double-blinded, randomized study.

PURPOSE: Nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation has been extensively used to increase exercise economy in different populations. However, its use in elite distance runners, and its potential effects on biomechanical aspects of running have not been properly investigated. This study aims to analyze the potential effects of 15 days of beetroot juice supplementation on physiological, psychological and biomechanical variables in elite runners. METHODS: Twelve elite middle and long-distance runners (age = 26.3 ± 5.1yrs, VO2Max = 71.8±5.2 ml*kg-1*min-1) completed an incremental running test to exhaustion on a treadmill before and after a 15-days supplementation period, in which half of the group (EG) consumed a daily nitrate-rich beetroot juice and the other group (PG) consumed a placebo drink. Time to exhaustion (TEx), running economy, vastus lateralis oxygen saturation (SmO2), leg stiffness and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at 15, 17.1 and 20 km/h during the incremental test. RESULTS: Likely to very likely improvements in EG were observed for the RPE (Standardized mean difference (SMD) = -2.17, 90%CI = -3.23, -1.1), SmO2 (SMD = 0.72, 90%CI = 0.03, 1.41) and TEx (SMD = 1.18, 90%CI = -0.14, 2.5) in comparison with PG. No other physiological or biomechanical variable showed substantial improvements after the supplementation period. CONCLUSIONS: Fifteen days of nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation produced substantial improvements in the time to exhaustion in elite runners; however, it didn't produce meaningful improvements in running economy, VO2Max or mechanical parameters.

Impact of APOE2allele on lipid profile change after a weight loss program.

BACKGROUND: apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism is a genetic determinant of lipid and lipoprotein levels and the risk for coronary heart disease. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the impact of ApoE2allele in lipid plasma levels and the influence of a healthy hypocaloric diet plus a controlled physical activity on the lipid profile, we performed a study in a cohort of overweight and obese healthy subjects (Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 34.9 kg·m-2). METHODS: one hundred eighty participants (96 women), aged 18-50 years participated in a 22 weeks weight loss intervention based on same dietary treatment and different controlled exercise programs. All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet (25-30% less energy intake than the daily energy expenditure). Blood samples were obtained for lipids measurements at the beginning and end of the study. RESULTS: after intervention, men of the E2 group showed the greatest decreases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) values (p = 0.039; p = 0.001; p = 0.001; respectively). For high-density lipoprotein (HDL), E2 group had significant differences compared with E4 at pre- (p = 0.020) and post-intervention values (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: our results show great changes in men carrying ApoE2, mainly in TG and TC concentrations after treatment with hypocaloric diet and controlled exercise. Therefore, adding supervised training to nutritional intervention seems to be a good alternative for the reinforcement of the effect of the treatment.

What is the most effective exercise protocol to improve cardiovascular fitness in overweight and obese subjects?

BACKGROUND: Increased peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) can reduce cardiovascular risks associated with obesity. Our aim was to analyze the effect of a weight loss program on cardiovascular fitness in overweight (W) and obese (O) subjects. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-seven subjects (77 males and 90 females), aged 18-50 years, performed a modified Bruce protocol before (pre) and after (post) a weight loss program of 24 weeks. This program combined physical training (strength, S; endurance, E; combined strength + endurance, SE; or physical activity recommendation, PA) 3 times per week, with a 25%-30% caloric restriction diet. RESULTS: VO2peak improved in overweight and obese males (pre and post values in L/min, respectively; W = 3.2 ± 0.6 vs. 3.7 ± 0.5, p < 0.001; O = 3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6, p = 0.013) as well as in overweight females (2.0 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.4, p < 0.001). VO2peak in the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) increased for all 4 interventions in males (p < 0.05), except for S in the obese group (1.6 ± 0.2 vs. 1.7 ± 0.3, p = 0.141). In females, it increased in E (0.9 ± 0.2 vs. 1.4 ± 0.3, p < 0.001), SE (0.9 ± 0.2 vs. 1.2 ± 0.4, p = 0.003), and PA (0.9 ± 0.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.2, p = 0.006) in overweight groups. Time-to-exhaustion improved in all subjects except for females in PA group (15.7 ± 0.3 min vs. 15.9 ± 0.3 min, p = 0.495). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that all methods, including the recommendation of physical activity, can improve cardiovascular fitness in overweight subjects and obese males.

Neurodynamic mobilization and foam rolling improved delayed-onset muscle soreness in a healthy adult population: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Compare the immediate effects of a Neurodynamic Mobilization (NM) treatment or foam roller (FR) treatment after DOMS. DESIGN: Double blind randomised clinical trial. SETTING: The participants performed 100 drop jumps (5 sets of 20 repetitions, separated by 2 min rests) from a 0.5-m high box in a University biomechanics laboratory to induce muscle soreness. The participants were randomly assigned in a counter-balanced fashion to either a FR or NM treatment group. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two healthy subjects (21 males and 11 females, mean age 22.6 ± 2.2 years) were randomly assigned into the NM group (n = 16) or the FR group (n = 16). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The numeric pain rating scale (NPRS; 0-10), isometric leg strength with dynamometry, surface electromyography at maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and muscle peak activation (MPA) upon landing after a test jump were measured at baseline, 48 h after baseline before treatment, and immediately after treatment. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant reduction in NPRS scores after treatment (NM: 59%, p < .01; FR: 45%, p < .01), but no difference was found between them (p > .05). The percentage change improvement in the MVIC for the rectus femoris was the only significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05) at post-treatment. After treatment, only the FR group had a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.01) in strength compared to pre-treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results illustrate that both treatments are effective in reducing pain perception after DOMS whereas only FR application showed differences for the MVIC in the rectus femoris and strength.

Accelerometry underestimates energy expenditure in circuit-based resistance training / Acelerometria subestima gasto energético em circuitos de treinamento de força / Acelerometría subestima gasto energético en circuitos de entrenamiento de fuerza

ABSTRACT Introduction: Accelerometry is a very accurate method for determining energy expenditure (EE) in endurance training. However, further studies are needed to prove its accuracy in resistance training. Objective: To compare the EE obtained by accelerometry and indirect calorimetry in three different circuit resistance training circuits. Methods: Six overweight volunteers performed three sets in three resistance training circuits: machine circuit (MC), free-weight circuit (FWC) and resistance + aerobic circuit (RAC). EE was measured by indirect calorimetry using an Oxycon Mobile® and by the accelerometers SenseWear® Armband Pro2 and ActiTrainer®. Results: ActiTrainer® and SenseWear® underestimated EE in all circuits when compared to indirect calorimetry (p<0.05). The difference was greater in the FWC: 44.4% METs and 81.4% Kcal for ActiTrainer® and 32.3% METs and 24.9% Kcal for SenseWear® compared to indirect calorimetry. Conclusion: Both ActiTrainer® and SenseWear® underestimated EE when compared to indirect calorimetry in three different resistance training circuits. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução: A acelerometria é um método muito preciso para determinar o gasto energético (GE) no treinamento de resistência. No entanto, são necessários mais estudos para provar sua precisão no treinamento de força. Objetivos: Comparar o GE obtido por acelerometria e calorimetria indireta em três diferentes circuitos de treinamento de força. Métodos: Seis voluntários com sobrepeso executaram três voltas em três circuitos de treinamento de força: circuito com máquinas (CM), circuito com pesos livres (CPL) e circuito de força + aeróbico (CFA). O GE foi medido por calorimetria indireta através do Oxycon Mobile® e pelos acelerômetros ActiTrainer® e SenseWear® Armband Pro2. Resultados: O ActiTrainer® e o SenseWear® subestimaram o GE em todos os circuitos em comparação com a calorimetria indireta (p < 0,05). A diferença foi maior no CPL: 44,4% de MET e 81,4% Kcal para ActiTrainer® e 32,3% de MET e 24,9% Kcal para SenseWear® comparados com calorimetria indireta. Conclusão: Ambos os acelerômetros, ActiTrainer® e SenseWear®, subestimaram o GE quando comparados com a calorimetria indireta em três circuitos diferentes de treinamento de força. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos -Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción: La acelerometría es un método muy preciso para determinar el gasto de energía (GE) en el entrenamiento de resistencia. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios para probar su precisión en el entrenamiento de fuerza. Objetivos: Comparar el GE obtenido por acelerometría y calorimetría indirecta en tres diferentes circuitos de entrenamiento de fuerza. Métodos: Seis voluntarios con sobrepeso ejecutaron tres vueltas en tres circuitos de entrenamiento de fuerza: circuito con máquinas (CM), circuito con pesos libres (CPL) y circuito de fuerza + aeróbico (CFA). El GE fue medido por calorimetría indirecta a través de Oxycon® Mobile y por los acelerómetros ActiTrainer® y SenseWear® Armband Pro2. Resultados: ActiTrainer® y SenseWear® subestimaron el GE en todos los circuitos en comparación con la calorimetría indirecta (p<0,05). La diferencia fue mayor en el CPL: 44,4% de MET y 81,4% Kcal para ActiTrainer® y 32,3% de MET y 24,9% Kcal para SenseWear® comparados con calorimetría indirecta. Conclusión: Ambos acelerómetros, ActiTrainer® y SenseWear®, subestimaron el GE cuando comparados con la calorimetría indirecta en tres circuitos diferentes de entrenamiento de fuerza. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Can the exercise mode determine lipid profile improvements in obese patients?

INTRODUCTION: Unfavorable lipid profile is associated with developed cardiovascular diseases. It is necessary to know the beneficial effects of different mode exercises to improve lipid profile. OBJECTIVE: To investigate, in obese men and women, the effect on lipid profile of hypocaloric diet combined with structured exercise programs or recommendations of physical activity. METHODS: Ninety six obese subjects (59 women and 61 men; 18 - 50 years; BMI >30 and < 34.9 kg/m(2)) were randomised into four supervised treatment groups: strength training (S; n = 24), endurance training (E; n = 26), combined S + E (SE; n = 24), and and received recommendations of physical activity (PA; n = 22). Energy intake, body composition, training variables (VO(2peak), strength index, dynamometric strength index) and blood lipid profile were recorded at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Blood lipid profile improved in all groups. No statistically significant differences in baseline and posttraining values were observed between groups. HDLCholesterol showed no changes. A decrease in LDLCholesterol values was observed in all groups after the intervention (S: 11.2%, E: 10.8%, SE: 7.9%, PA: 10.8%; p < 0.01). S, E and PA subjects showed decrease in triglycerides (S: 14.9%, E: 15.8%, PA: 15.7%; p < 0.01). Total cholesterol decreased in all groups (S: 8.4%, p < 0.01; E: 8.8%, p < 0.01; SE: 4.9%, p < 0.01; PA: 8.3%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: All protocols proposed in our study improved blood lipid profile in obese people. There were no significant differences about the effect on the lipid profile between the implementation of a structured training protocol with physical activity professional supervision and follow recommendations of physical activity.

Introducción y objetivo: El perfil lipídico desfavorable se asocia con el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Para reducir este factor es necesario estudiar el impacto que los diferentes modos de ejercicio con dieta tienen sobre el perfil lipídico. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar, en hombres y mujeres obesos, el efecto sobre el perfil lipídico de la dieta hipocalórica combinada con programas de ejercicios estructurados o recomendaciones de actividad física. Métodos: Noventa y seis participantes con obesidad (edad entre 18-50; IMC > 30 and < 34.9 kg/m2) fueron repartidos en 4 grupos: fuerza (S; n = 24), aeróbico (E; n = 26), combinado de fuerza y aeróbico (SE; n = 24), los cuales entrenaron 3 veces/semana durante 22 semanas, y el grupo de recomendaciones de actividad física (PA; n = 22). A todos se les asigno una dieta equilibrada con un 35% de restricción. Antes y después de la intervención todos los grupos fueron evaluados de los cambios en el perfil lipídico, la composición corporal y la ingesta diaria. Resultados: El perfil lipídico mejoró en todos los grupos. No se observaron diferencias significativas en los valores basales y tras la intervención entre los grupos. El HDL no mostró cambios. Para los valores de LDL se observó una disminución significativa en todos los grupos (S: 11,2%, E: 10,8%, SE: 7,9%, PA: 10,8%). Los sujetos S, E y PA mostraron una disminución en los triglicéridos (S: 14,9%, E: 15,8%, PA: 15,7%; p < 0,01). El colesterol total disminuyó significativamente en todos los grupos (S: 8,4%, E: 8,8%, SE: 4,9%, PA: 8,3%). Conclusiones: Todos los protocolos propuestos en nuestro estudio mejoraron el perfil lipídico en personas obesas. No hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto al efecto sobre el perfil lipídico entre la aplicación de un protocolo de entrenamiento estructurado que seguir las recomendaciones de actividad física.

Impact of APOE2 allele on lipid profile change after a weight loss program / Impacto del alelo APOE2 en el cambio del perfil lipídico después de un programa de pérdida de peso

Background: apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism is a genetic determinant of lipid and lipoprotein levels and the risk for coronary heart disease. Objective: to evaluate the impact of ApoE2 allele in lipid plasma levels and the influence of a healthy hypocaloric diet plus a controlled physical activity on the lipid profile, we performed a study in a cohort of overweight and obese healthy subjects (Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 34.9 kg·m-2). Methods: one hundred eighty participants (96 women), aged 18-50 years participated in a 22 weeks weight loss intervention based on same dietary treatment and different controlled exercise programs. All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet (25-30% less energy intake than the daily energy expenditure). Blood samples were obtained for lipids measurements at the beginning and end of the study. Results: after intervention, men of the E2 group showed the greatest decreases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) values (p = 0.039; p = 0.001; p = 0.001; respectively). For high-density lipoprotein (HDL), E2 group had significant differences compared with E4 at pre- (p = 0.020) and post-intervention values (p = 0.024). Conclusion: our results show great changes in men carrying ApoE2, mainly in TG and TC concentrations after treatment with hypocaloric diet and controlled exercise. Therefore, adding supervised training to nutritional intervention seems to be a good alternative for the reinforcement of the effect of the treatment

Antecedentes: el polimorfismo de la apolipoproteína E (ApoE) es un determinante genético de los niveles de lípidos y lipoproteínas y el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria. Objetivo: para evaluar el impacto del alelo ApoE2 en los niveles de lípidos plasmáticos y la influencia de una dieta hipocalórica sana más una actividad física controlada en el perfil lipídico, se realizó un estudio en una cohorte de sujetos sanos con sobrepeso y obesidad (índice de masa corporal entre 25-34,9 kg·m-2). Métodos: ciento ochenta participantes (96 mujeres), de 18-50 años participaron en una intervención de pérdida de peso de 22 semanas basada en el mismo tratamiento dietético y diferentes programas de ejercicios controlados. Todos los sujetos siguieron una dieta hipocalórica (consumo de energía entre 25-30% inferior que el gasto energético total diario). Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para las mediciones de lípidos al inicio y al final del estudio. Resultados: después de la intervención, los hombres del grupo E2 mostraron las mayores disminuciones en los valores de lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL), triglicéridos (TG) y colesterol total (TC) (p = 0,039; p = 0,001; p = 0,001). Para las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL), el grupo E2 presentó diferencias significativas en comparación con E4 en los valores previos (p = 0,020) y postintervención (p = 0,024). Conclusión: nuestros resultados muestran grandes cambios en los hombres que portan ApoE2, principalmente en las concentraciones de TG y TC después del tratamiento con dieta hipocalórica y ejercicio controlado. Por lo tanto, la adición de entrenamiento supervisado a la intervención nutricional parece ser una buena alternativa para el refuerzo del efecto del tratamiento

Can the exercise mode determine lipid profile improvements in obese patients? / ¿El modo de ejercicio puede ser determinante en la mejora del perfil lipídico en pacientes con obesidad?

INTRODUCTION: Unfavorable lipid profile is associated with developed cardiovascular diseases. It is necessary to know the beneficial effects of different mode exercises to improve lipid profile.OBJECTIVE:To investigate, in obese men and women, the effect on lipid profile of hypocaloric diet combined with structured exercise programs or recommendations of physical activity.METHODS:Ninety six obese subjects (59 women and 61 men; 18 - 50 years; BMI >30 and < 34.9 kg/m(2)) were randomised into four supervised treatment groups: strength training (S; n = 24), endurance training (E; n = 26), combined S + E (SE; n = 24), and and received recommendations of physical activity (PA; n = 22). Energy intake, body composition, training variables (VO(2peak), strength index, dynamometric strength index) and blood lipid profile were recorded at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. Results: Blood lipid profile improved in all groups. No statistically significant differences in baseline and posttraining values were observed between groups. HDLCholesterol showed no changes. A decrease in LDLCholesterol values was observed in all groups after the intervention (S: 11.2%, E: 10.8%, SE: 7.9%, PA: 10.8%; p < 0.01). S, E and PA subjects showed decrease in triglycerides (S: 14.9%, E: 15.8%, PA: 15.7%; p < 0.01). Total cholesterol decreased in all groups (S: 8.4%, p < 0.01; E: 8.8%, p < 0.01; SE: 4.9%, p < 0.01; PA: 8.3%, p < 0.05).CONCLUSION:All protocols proposed in our study improved blood lipid profile in obese people. There were no significant differences about the effect on the lipid profile between the implementation of a structured training protocol with physical activity professional supervision and follow recommendations of physical activity (AU)

Introducción y objetivo: El perfil lipídico desfavorable se asocia con el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Para reducir este factor es necesario estudiar el impacto que los diferentes modos de ejercicio con dieta tienen sobre el perfil lipídico. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar, en hombres y mujeres obesos, el efecto sobre el perfil lipídico de la dieta hipocalórica combinada con programas de ejercicios estructurados o recomendaciones de actividad física. Métodos: Noventa y seis participantes con obesidad (edad entre 18-50; IMC > 30 and < 34.9 kg/m2) fueron repartidos en 4 grupos: fuerza (S; n = 24), aeróbico (E; n = 26), combinado de fuerza y aeróbico (SE; n = 24), los cuales entrenaron 3 veces/semana durante 22 semanas, y el grupo de recomendaciones de actividad física (PA; n = 22). A todos se les asigno una dieta equilibrada con un 35% de restricción. Antes y después de la intervención todos los grupos fueron evaluados de los cambios en el perfil lipídico, la composición corporal y la ingesta diaria. Resultados: El perfil lipídico mejoró en todos los grupos. No se observaron diferencias significativas en los valores basales y tras la intervención entre los grupos. El HDL no mostró cambios. Para los valores de LDL se observó una disminución significativa en todos los grupos (S: 11,2%, E: 10,8%, SE: 7,9%, PA: 10,8%). Los sujetos S, E y PA mostraron una disminución en los triglicéridos (S: 14,9%, E: 15,8%, PA: 15,7%; p < 0,01). El colesterol total disminuyó significativamente en todos los grupos (S: 8,4%, E: 8,8%, SE: 4,9%, PA: 8,3%). Conclusiones: Todos los protocolos propuestos en nuestro estudio mejoraron el perfil lipídico en personas obesas. No hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto al efecto sobre el perfil lipídico entre la aplicación de un protocolo de entrenamiento estructurado que seguir las recomendaciones de actividad física (AU)

Control biológico del sobreentrenamiento en un mesociclo precompetitivo en triatletas de élite: un estudio piloto / Biological control of training during the precompetitive period in elite triathletes: A pilot study

El objetivo de este trabajo fue controlar la evolución de parámetros bioquímicos comúnmente relacionados con el sobre entrenamiento en cinco semanas previas a una competición de importancia en triatletas de élite. Durante cinco semanas se controló el entrenamiento de cinco triatletas masculinos de élite (VO2max 77,6±5,1 mL•min-1•kg-1). En este periodo, se fijó una estructura de los microciclos con un día de carga seguido de otro de recuperación. En los días posteriores a la carga y la recuperación se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas para la determinación de la concentración de urea (U), creatin kinasa (CK), testosterona total (T) y cortisol total (C). El entrenamiento se controló obteniendo datos de las distancias recorridas en natación, ciclismo y carrera. El volumen total de entrenamiento varió entre un máximo de 78,1 km en el microciclo 3 y 40,8 km en el microciclo 4. Tanto U como CK experimentaron un aumento significativo (comparado con valores de referencia al inicio de la temporada) durante la carga en cuatro de las cinco semanas de estudio. Además, tras la recuperación estos parámetros no volvieron a los valores de referencia de dos semanas para la CK y tres semanas para la U, sin embargo, ninguno de los triatletas experimentó otros síntomas de sobre entrenamiento tales como falta de sueño. Por otro lado, la relación T/C no descendió más del 30% respecto a la analítica de referencia en ninguno de los microciclos. Así, concluimos que los triatletas de élite, ante un mesociclo controlado y bajo supervisión bioquímica periódica del entrenamiento no parecen percibir ni experimentar síntomas de sobre entrenamiento durante las semanas previas a una competición (AU)

The aim of this study was to control the evolution of biochemical parameters commonly associated with over training in five weeks before a major competition in elite triathletes. During five weeks, training was controlled in five elite male elite triathletes (VO2max 77,6±5,1 mL•min•kg-1).In this period, microcyles structure was fixed with one day of high load followed by another of recovery. The days after the loading and recovery blood samples were obtained to determine the concentration of urea (U), creatine kinase(CK), total testosterone (T) and total cortisol (C). Training volume was obtained from distances covered in swimming, cycling and running. Total volume training changed from a maximum of 78,1 km duing microcycle 3 and 40,8 km during microcycle 4. Both, U and CK experienced a significant increase (compared with reference values at the start of the season) during loading in four of the five weeks of study. Moreover, following the recovery, these parameters did not returned to the baseline levels in two weeks for the CK and three weeks for the U. However, triathletes did not report any overtraining symptom as lack of sleep. Furthermore, the relación T/C did not fall more than 30% of the analytical reference. Thus, we concluded that the elite triathletes do not experience symptoms of overtraining during the weeks before a competition, at least when it is assessed by biochemical parameters (AU)