Nutritional breakfast quality and cardiometabolic risk factors: Health Survey of São Paulo, a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between nutritional quality of breakfast and cardiometabolic risk factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo (2015 ISA-Capital) with Focus on Nutrition Study (2015 ISA-Nutrition). SETTINGS: Population-based study, with a representative sample of adults and elderlies living in São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 606 adults (aged 20-59 years) and 537 elderlies (aged ≥60 years) from the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo. Dietary intake was assessed by at least one 24-h recall. Breakfast quality was evaluated using the proposed Brazilian Breakfast Quality Index (BQI), ranging scores from 0 to 10. BQI associations with sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietetic and cardiometabolic variables were estimated using survey-weighted multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: Being ≥60 years of age, self-identifying as White or Asian, having a per capita family income with ≥1 minimum wage, being sufficiently active at leisure time and non-smoker were associated with better scores of BQI. A higher BQI score was inversely associated with elevated blood pressure (OR 0·81, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·94), fasting glucose (OR 0·85, 95 % CI 0·73, 0·98), HOMA-IR (OR 0·86, 95 % CI 0·74, 0·98), total cholesterol (OR 0·87, 95 % CI 0·76, 0·99), LDL-C (OR 0·85, 95 % CI 0·74, 0·97), metabolic syndrome (OR 0·82, 95 % CI 0·72, 0·93) and being overweight (OR 0·87, 95 % CI 0·76, 0·99). CONCLUSIONS: Breakfast quality of Brazilian adults needs improvement with disparities across some sociodemographic factors. BQI was associated with lower odds of cardiometabolic risk factors, suggesting a beneficial effect in this population and emphasising the role of breakfast in reducing the risk of CVD.

Social determinants, lifestyle and diet quality: a population-based study from the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association among social determinants, lifestyle variables and diet quality in São Paulo, Brazil. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo (Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (2015 ISA-Capital)) with Focus on Nutrition Study (2015 ISA-Nutrition). SETTING: Population-based study, with a representative sample of adults living in São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Adults (aged 20-59 years, n 643) and older adults (aged ≥60 years, n 545). RESULTS: We observed differences in the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised (BHEI-R) by education, income, occupation, sex and race. Whole grains (0·63 points, 12·6 % of the maximum score), sodium (2·50 points, 25·0 %) and solid fat, alcohol and added sugars (9·28 points, 46·4 %) components had the lowest BHEI-R scores. Factors positively associated with diet quality included the presence of one disease or more (e.g. diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer, hypercholesterolaemia: ß = 0·636, P < 0·001), income (middle income: ß = 0·478, P < 0·001; high income: ß = 0·966, P < 0·001) and occupation (other: ß = 1·418, P < 0·001). Energy (ß = -0·001, P < 0·001), alcohol consumption (ß = -0·207, P = 0·027), education level (middle education: ß = -0·975, P < 0·001; high education: ß = -1·376, P < 0·001), races other than white (ß = -0·366, P < 0·001) and being unemployed (ß = -0·369, P < 0·046) were negatively associated with diet quality. CONCLUSIONS: Groups affected by socio-economic inequalities need better diet quality. Governmental actions should be implemented to reduce the consumption of energy-dense and sodium-rich foods, facilitate access and information on healthy eating, and conduct nutritional education.

Eating behaviours and dietary intake associations with self-reported sleep duration of free-living Brazilian adults.

Sleep duration in modern societies has been decreasing over the past decades and many environmental and behaviour factors contribute with. Evidence have shown that individuals with short sleep duration have worse eating behaviours and dietary intakes than those with adequate sleep. This study aimed to describe eating behaviours and dietary intakes of Brazilian adults and investigate their associations with self-reported sleep duration encompassing aspects of chrono-nutrition. Demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyle, sleep duration and dietary data were obtained from an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire of the cross-sectional population-based study, 2015 ISA-Capital, (n = 1081 adults, ≥20y). The independent associations between sleep duration (categories: ≤6 h, 7-8 h, and ≥9 h) and dietary variables were assessed after adjustment for covariates. Employment status, physical activity, number of chronic diseases and day of recalled intake were significantly associated with sleep duration categories (p < 0.05). Short duration sleepers (≤6 h) showed the largest probabilities of eating breakfast and snacks. Snacks contributed to 23% of total energy intake and provided the largest amounts of total and added sugar than other eating occasions among short duration sleepers. Long duration sleepers (≥9 h) exhibited lower probability of consumption of the three main meals, lower energy and nutrient intakes in the morning, lower eating frequency and shorter eating period. Irrespective of sleep duration, the largest contribution to total energy intake was in the afternoon (43-46%), followed by the evening (30-32%) and morning (22-25%) periods. In conclusion, sleep duration was associated with different dietary intakes and eating behaviours among Brazilian adults. The largest energy intakes in the afternoon and evening periods signalize the relevance to consider the timing of food consumption aside sleep duration as a target to nutritional counseling for prevention of circadian misalignment and related metabolic disturbances.

Determinants of inequalities in the quality of Brazilian diet: trends in 12-year population-based study (2003-2015).

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have explored the influence of socioeconomic inequalities on the diet quality. However, there is lack of evidence regarding the level of inequalities in dietary quality and its main contributing factors from population-based follow-up studies. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the level and the determinants of inequalities in diet quality in a representative sample of adolescents, adults and older adults resident in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Data from the Health Survey of São Paulo (ISA-Capital) were analyzed for 2003 (n = 2398), 2008 (n = 1662) and 2015 (n = 1742) surveys. Information on food consumption was obtained through 24-h dietary recall, and diet quality was assessed based on the Revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R). The descriptive variables were compared using 95% confidence interval. The scores of BHEI-R and its components were compared across age groups and year. The association between socioeconomic inequalities and diet quality was based on the estimation of concentration index. RESULTS: We observed that the BHEI-R scores gradually improved over 12-years, with older adults showing the greatest improvement. The increase in overall population score was observed for total fruits, whole fruits, whole grains, oils and sodium. The main contributor to socioeconomic inequality in diet quality in 2003 was ethnic group, and in 2008 and 2015, it was per capita household income; age was a persistent factor of inequality in the population over the years. Concentration indices indicated that lower income individuals had higher BHEI-R scores in 2003; however, there was a shift in favor of higher income individuals in 2008 and 2015. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the patterns of determination of inequalities according to age, ethnic group or income during the period analyzed show the existence of ongoing process of contribution of demographic and socioeconomic factors in the diet quality of individuals in a large urban center.

Excess body weight in the city of São Paulo: panorama from 2003 to 2015, associated factors and projection for the next years.

BACKGROUND: Excess body weight (EBW: overweight and obesity) has high and rising prevalence in Brazil. Up-to-date information about the distribution and changes in the prevalence of EBW and their associated factors are essential to determine target groups and to identify priority actions. The aim of this study was to investigate the associated factors and to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adolescent and adult population of the city of São Paulo in the years of 2003, 2008, and 2015, as well as to estimate the prediction for the next years. METHODS: Individuals aged 12 years and older from three editions of the Health Survey of São Paulo (ISA-Capital), a cross-sectional population-based survey, carried out in 2003 (n = 2144), 2008 (n = 2599), and 2015 (n = 3939), had their socioeconomic, anthropometric, and lifestyle data collected at households. Individuals were classified according to their age and BMI as: without excess body weight, overweight, or obese. Differences were evaluated through Pearson's Chi-square test and comparison of 95% CI. Generalized ordered logit models were used to evaluate factors associated to overweight/obesity and logistic regression models were used to predict their prevalence for the next years. RESULTS: The prevalence (95% CI) of obesity in total population doubled: from 10% (8.0, 12.5) in 2003 to 19.2% (17.8, 20.6) in 2015. The main increase occurred in female adolescents from 2.5% (1.2, 5.3) to 11.2% (8.4, 14.7) and adults, from 9.2% (6.4, 13.1) to 22.3% (20.0, 24.8). Those with higher chance of having EBW were adults, those with higher income, and former smokers. The prevalence of EBW increased 31% from 2003 to 2008, and 126% from 2003 to 2015, when half of the population had EBW. If this pattern does not change, 77% of the population is expected to have EBW by 2030. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings present up-to-date information about the distribution of EBW, which increased substantially over a short time and more prominently in specific groups. The factors associated with EBW may provide important information for decision makers and researchers to create or review the existing programs and interventions in order to decrease the trend for the next years.

Proposal for a breakfast quality index for brazilian population: Rationale and application in the Brazilian National Dietary Survey.

Breakfast has been related to positive nutrition and health outcomes, but criteria for an optimal composition of this meal are not well established. The aim of this study was to propose a breakfast quality index (BQI) for the Brazilian population, and to describe the relationship between breakfast quality, socio-demographic factors, dietary intake at breakfast and for the total day. BQI was constructed based on individual dietary data of 22,279 breakfast consumers, aged 20+ years from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey, a population-based cross-sectional study. The BQI was comprised of food components (cereals, fruit/vegetables, dairy products), and nutrient criteria (energy, fiber, free sugar, saturated fat, calcium and sodium). Mean, percentage and 95% CIs were estimated for variables according to BQI categories. The mean BQI was 4.2, with 71% of individuals falling into medium BQI category and 6% in high category. Individuals in urban areas, in higher categories of income and education and women had higher BQI means. Consumers with high BQI had higher intake of fruits/vegetables and higher breakfast and total daily intake of energy, carbohydrates, fiber, total sugar, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate and vitamins B6, A, C, and D, and lower trans fatty acids compared to those in low and medium BQI groups. Promoting a high-quality breakfast may contribute to a better nutrient intake and achievement of daily requirements.

Dietary energy density was associated with diet quality in Brazilian adults and older adults.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies present association of low dietary energy density with higher intake of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber, lower intake of fat, and better balance of macronutrients. The objective of this study was to verify the relationship between dietary energy density and diet quality measured by an index of diet quality. This study used data from 496 adults and 445 older adults of cross-sectional population-based survey from São Paulo conducted in 2008-2009, Brazil. Dietary intake data was assessed by two 24-h dietary recalls. Dietary energy density values were calculated based on foods only method. Dietary energy density and revised Brazilian Health Eating Index and its components, were estimated by usual intake using Multiple Source Method. The relationship between dietary energy density and the total revised Brazilian Health Eating Index and its components were assessed by Gaussian family log-link model for each age group. The analyses showed an inverse association between dietary energy density and total revised Brazilian Health Eating Index in adults (T2:ß = 0.96, p < 0.001; T2:ß = 0.86, p < 0.001) and older adults (T2:ß = 0.96, p < 0.001; T2:ß = 0.90, p < 0.001), and an inverse association between dietary energy density and nine of twelve revised Brazilian Health Eating Index components in adult and/or older adults groups. Dietary energy density was associated with diet quality in Brazilian adults and older adults regardless of sex, per capita household income, body mass index, physical activity level, current smoking habits status, alcohol beverage drinking status and usual energy intake (kilocalories) from beverages.

Associations between Four Diet Quality Indexes and High Blood Pressure among Adults: Results from the 2015 Health Survey of Sao Paulo.

Several dietary quality indexes (DQIs) have been proposed to investigate adherence to a healthy diet. However, only a few studies have been conducted to investigate their association with high blood pressure (BP) in Brazil. In the present work, we examine the association between four established DQIs-2020 Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2020), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), and Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI)-and high BP in a cross-sectional sample of Brazilian adults from the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo with Focus on Nutrition. Based on two 24 h recalls adjusted for the within-person variation, higher HEI-2020 and BHEI total scores were inversely related to elevated BP (HEI-2020: OR 0.94, BHEI: OR 0.95). Individuals at the second quartile (OR 0.33) and the fourth quartile of BHEI (OR 0.35), as well as individuals with higher scores on dairy components (HEI-2020: OR 0.80, BHEI: OR 0.83, DASH: OR 0.75), and fruit components (AHEI: OR 0.82, HEI-2020: OR 0.72, BHEI: OR 0.77, DASH: OR 0.79) also presented lower odds for the occurrence of elevated BP. In conclusion, healthier diet quality using the HEI-2020 and BHEI indexes and the fruit and dairy components were identified as protective factors for high BP.

[Obesity sociodemographic and behavioral factors: a longitudinal study]. / Fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais da obesidade: um estudo longitudinal.

This study aimed to investigate the association between sociodemographic and behavioral factors and obesity from 2014 to 2021 in adults in São Paulo city, Brazil. A prospective study was carried out with 1,241 adults aged 18 years or above who lived in São Paulo and participated in the São Paulo Health Survey cohort (ISA) - Physical Activity and Environment. The outcome was obesity (yes/no), classified by body mass index and specific cut-off points for each age group. The exposure variables included sex, age, education, skin color, marital status, regional health coordination, physical activity in the four domains, and sedentary behaviors. Multilevel logistic regression models were used for longitudinal analysis. This study found a significant increase (27.7%) in the prevalence of obesity (from 22.6% to 28.9%). People who practiced at least 150 minutes of leisure-time physical activity per week (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.26; 0.76), between 10 and 150 minutes per week of commuting physical activity (OR = 0.49; 95%CI: 0.30; 0.80), and had no partner (OR = 0.47; 95%CI: 0.28; 0.78) were less likely to be obese. People aged from 40 to 59 years (OR = 5.00; 95%CI: 2.02; 12.38) and who were black (OR = 4.70; 95%CI: 1.85; 11.95) were more likely to be obese. This study found an increase in the prevalence of obesity during the studied period, with increased odds for middle-aged and black people and decreased odds for those without a partner and those who practice physical activities in their leisure and as a form of commuting. These results can contribute to support programs and policies to control obesity.

O objetivo foi investigar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais e a ocorrência da obesidade entre 2014 e 2021 em adultos da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Realizou-se estudo prospectivo com 1.241 adultos paulistanos, com 18 anos ou mais, participantes da coorte Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA) - Atividade Física e Ambiente. O desfecho foi obesidade (sim/não), classificada por meio do índice de massa corporal e com pontos de corte específicos para cada faixa etária. As variáveis de exposição foram: sexo, idade, escolaridade, cor da pele, estado marital, coordenadoria regional de saúde, atividade física nos quatro domínios e comportamentos sedentários. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística multinível para a análise longitudinal. Houve aumento significativo de 27,7% na prevalência de obesidade (de 22,6% para 28,9%). Pessoas que praticavam ao menos 150 minutos semanais de atividade física no lazer (OR = 0,44; IC95%: 0,26; 0,76), entre 10 e 150 minutos semanais de atividade física de deslocamento (OR = 0,49; IC95: 0,30; 0,80) e sem companheiro(a) (OR = 0,47; IC95%: 0,28; 0,78) tiveram menos chances de ter obesidade. Pessoas entre 40 e 59 anos (OR = 5,00; IC95%: 2,02; 12,38) e de cor de pele preta (OR = 4,70; IC95%: 1,85; 11,95) apresentaram maiores chances de ter obesidade. O estudo identificou um aumento na prevalência de obesidade durante o período, com aumento nas chances para pessoas de meia idade e cor da pele preta, e diminuição nas chances para pessoas que vivem sem companheiro(a) e para praticantes de atividades físicas no lazer e como forma de deslocamento. Esses resultados podem contribuir para dar suporte a programas e políticas para o controle da obesidade.

El objetivo fue investigar la asociación entre factores sociodemográficos y conductuales y la presencia de la obesidad entre 2014 y 2021 en adultos de la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo con 1.241 adultos paulistanos, con 18 años o más, participantes de la cohorte Encuesta de Salud de São Paulo (ISA) - Actividad Física y Ambiente. El resultado fue obesidad (sí/no), clasificada a través del índice de masa corporal y con puntos de corte específicos para cada grupo de edad. Las variables de exposición fueron: sexo, edad, escolaridad, color de la piel, estado civil, coordinación regional de salud, actividad física en los cuatro dominios y comportamientos sedentarios. Para los análisis longitudinales se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multinivel. Hubo un aumento significativo del 27,7% en la prevalencia de la obesidad (del 22,6% al 28,9%). Las personas que practicaron al menos 150 minutos semanales de actividad física por ocio (OR = 0,44; IC95%: 0,26; 0,76), entre 10 y 150 minutos semanales de actividad física de desplazamiento (OR = 0,49; IC95%: 0,30; 0,80) y sin compañero(a) (OR = 0,47; IC95%: 0,28; 0,78) tuvieron menos probabilidades de tener obesidad. Las personas entre 40 y 59 años (OR = 5,00; IC95%: 2,02; 12,38) y de color de piel negra (OR = 4,70; IC95%: 1,85; 11,95) presentaron mayores probabilidades de tener obesidad. El estudio identificó un aumento en la prevalencia de la obesidad durante ese período, con un aumento en las posibilidades para las personas de mediana edad y color de la piel negra, y una disminución en las posibilidades para las personas que viven sin pareja y para las que realizan actividades físicas por ocio y como forma de desplazamiento. Estos resultados pueden contribuir a apoyar los programas y políticas para el control de la obesidad.

Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Associated with Impoverishment Due to Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure in São Paulo City, Brazil.

The rise in obesity and related chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) during recent decades in Brazil has been associated with increases in the financial burden and risk of impoverishment due to out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure. Thus, this study investigated trends and predictors associated with impoverishment due to health expenditure, in the population of São Paulo city, Brazil, between 2003 and 2015. Household data from the São Paulo Health Survey (n = 5475) were used to estimate impoverishment linked to OOP health expenses, using the three thresholds of International Poverty Lines (IPLs) defined by the World Bank at 1.90, 3.20, and 5.50 dollars per capita per day purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2011. The results indicated a high incidence of impoverishment due to OOP disbursements for health care throughout the period, predominantly concentrated among low-income individuals. Lifestyle choices referring to leisure-time physical activity (OR = 0.766 at $3.20 IPL, and OR = 0.789 at $5.50 IPL) were linked to reduction in the risk for impoverishment due to OOP health expenditures whilst there were increases in the probability of impoverishment due to cardiometabolic risk factors referring to obesity (OR = 1.588 at $3.20 IPL, and OR = 1.633 at $5.50 IPL), and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (OR = 2.268 at $1.90 IPL, OR = 1.967 at $3.20 IPL, and OR = 1.936 at $5.50 IPL). Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with an increase in the probability of impoverishment at only the $1.90 IPL (OR = 2.506), whilst coefficients for high blood pressure presented lack of significance in the models. Health policies should focus on interventions for prevention of obesity to ensure the financial protection of the population in São Paulo city, Brazil, especially targeting modifiable lifestyle choices like promotion of physical activity and reduction of tobacco use.

Breakfast in Latin America: Evaluation of Nutrient and Food Group Intake Toward a Nutrient-Based Recommendation.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about breakfast habits of the Latin American (LA) population to support nutritional recommendations for a balanced breakfast in this region. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional composition of breakfast in the LA population and to propose recommendations for a balanced breakfast. DESIGN: This multicenter cross-sectional study evaluated food and nutrient intake of nationally representative samples of urban populations of 8 LA countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) in 2014-2015. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: The sample comprised 8714 participants from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health, aged 15 to 65 years, randomly recruited according to geographical location, sex, age, and socioeconomic level. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two 24-hour recalls were used to examine dietary intake. Breakfast consumers were stratified by tertiles of Nutrient-Rich Foods Index 9.3 (NRF9.3) to assess the overall diet quality of individuals. Nutrient intake at breakfast of those in the upper tertile of NRF9.3 pooled for the 8 countries was used as a reference for the development of recommendations for LA adolescents and adults. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Comparison of food and nutrient intake of breakfast across NRF9.3 tertiles were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. RESULTS: Overall breakfast was an important contributor to protein, carbohydrate, and B vitamin intakes but also to added sugar and total and saturated fat intakes relative to daily intakes. Individuals in the upper NRF9.3 tertile had higher intake of key micronutrients such as calcium and potassium at breakfast compared with other tertiles. White breads/rolls/tortillas were the most consumed food group (60%), followed by butter/margarine (40%) and coffee/tea without milk (34%-50%). CONCLUSIONS: Breakfast contributed to the daily intake of B vitamins, protein, and carbohydrates but also added sugar and total and saturated fat intakes for all countries. The proposed recommendations support the nutrient density of existing highest-quality breakfast in the LA population while addressing concerns about nutrients to be encouraged or reduced.

Validity of self-reported body mass and height: relation with sex, age, physical activity, and cardiometabolic risk factors. / Validade da massa corporal e da estatura autorreferidas: relações com sexo, idade, atividade física e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of self-reported body mass and height measurements in adolescents, adults and older adults according to sex, age, leisure-time physical activity level, nutritional status, and cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS: The study included 856 subjects, aged 12 years or older, who participated in the São Paulo Health Survey (ISA-2015) and who had their body mass and height measured and self-reported. Based on the Body Mass Index (BMI), a classification of nutritional status was made according to standardized criteria for each phase of life. The validation of self-reported data was examined by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Bland-Altman and paired T-Test. Linear regression models were used to estimate the calibration coefficients, and sensitivity and specificity tests were performed. RESULTS: Self-reported body mass and height values tend to be very similar to measured values, with a few exceptions. For the adolescents, an underestimation of height was noted, while for the older adults, an overestimation. There was a consistent underestimation of self-reported body mass among women, and an overestimation of BMI among men who practiced less than 150 minutes of physical activity per week during leisure time. The calibration process of self-reported measures made them more consistent with the values measured, increasing the sensitivity in the classification of nutritional status among women and the specificity among men. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported measures of height, body mass and BMI provided valid and reliable measures, presenting a substantial improvement after calibration.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade da massa corporal e da estatura autorreferidas em adolescentes, adultos e idosos segundo sexo, idade, nível de atividade física no lazer, estado nutricional e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 856 sujeitos, com 12 anos ou mais, que responderam ao Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA-2015) e que possuíam a massa corporal e a estatura autorreferidas e aferidas. Com base no índice de massa corporal, realizou-se uma classificação do estado nutricional de acordo com critérios padronizados para cada fase da vida. A validade das medidas autorreferidas foi examinada usando o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, Bland-Altman e o teste t pareado. Utilizaram-se regressões lineares para elaborar os coeficientes de calibração, e realizaram-se testes de sensibilidade e especificidade. RESULTADOS: Os principais resultados apontam que os valores de massa corporal e estatura autorreferidas tendem a ser bem similares aos aferidos, apesar de algumas exceções. Para os adolescentes, notou-se uma subestimação da estatura, ao passo que, para os idosos, houve superestimação. Com relação à massa corporal, houve consistente subestimação da medida autorreferida entre as mulheres. Entre os homens que praticavam menos de 150 minutos semanais de atividade física no lazer, notou-se superestimação do índice de massa corporal. O processo de calibração das medidas autorreferidas tornou-as mais concordantes com as medidas aferidas, aumentando a sensibilidade na classificação do estado nutricional entre as mulheres e a especificidade entre os homens. CONCLUSÕES: As medidas autorreferidas de estatura, massa corporal e índice de massa corporal forneceram medidas válidas e confiáveis, apresentando melhoras substanciais após a calibração.

Breakfast Consumption Habit and Its Nutritional Contribution in Latin America: Results from the ELANS Study.

The aim of this study was to provide updated data on breakfast consumption, associated factors and its contribution to daily intakes among Latin American populations. A total of 9218 subjects, 15 to 65 years old, were evaluated in the ELANS study, a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela). Dietary data were obtained by two 24 h dietary recalls. Overall, 78.6% of the population were regular breakfast consumer, 15.9% occasional and 5.5% skippers. Adolescents were found to be the most frequent occasional consumers (19.2%) and skippers (6.8%). Among breakfast consumers (n = 8714), breakfast contributed to 444 ± 257 kcal, i.e., 23% of the total daily EI (16-27%). Breakfast consumers were more likely to be older adults than adolescents (OR = 1.49, 95% CI:1.06-2.10) and physically active than insufficiently active (OR = 1.29, 95% CI:1.07-1.55), and were less likely to be underweight than normal weight (OR = 0.63, 95% CI:0.41-0.98). In most countries, breakfast was rich in carbohydrates, added sugars, saturated fat and calcium relative to the entire day, and the energy contribution of protein and fats was lower at breakfast than for the entire day. These findings will contribute to the development of data-driven nutrient recommendations for breakfast in Latin America.

Fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais da obesidade: um estudo longitudinal / Obesity sociodemographic and behavioral factors: a longitudinal study / Factores sociodemográficos y conductuales de la obesidad: un estudio longitudinal

Resumo: O objetivo foi investigar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais e a ocorrência da obesidade entre 2014 e 2021 em adultos da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Realizou-se estudo prospectivo com 1.241 adultos paulistanos, com 18 anos ou mais, participantes da coorte Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA) - Atividade Física e Ambiente. O desfecho foi obesidade (sim/não), classificada por meio do índice de massa corporal e com pontos de corte específicos para cada faixa etária. As variáveis de exposição foram: sexo, idade, escolaridade, cor da pele, estado marital, coordenadoria regional de saúde, atividade física nos quatro domínios e comportamentos sedentários. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística multinível para a análise longitudinal. Houve aumento significativo de 27,7% na prevalência de obesidade (de 22,6% para 28,9%). Pessoas que praticavam ao menos 150 minutos semanais de atividade física no lazer (OR = 0,44; IC95%: 0,26; 0,76), entre 10 e 150 minutos semanais de atividade física de deslocamento (OR = 0,49; IC95: 0,30; 0,80) e sem companheiro(a) (OR = 0,47; IC95%: 0,28; 0,78) tiveram menos chances de ter obesidade. Pessoas entre 40 e 59 anos (OR = 5,00; IC95%: 2,02; 12,38) e de cor de pele preta (OR = 4,70; IC95%: 1,85; 11,95) apresentaram maiores chances de ter obesidade. O estudo identificou um aumento na prevalência de obesidade durante o período, com aumento nas chances para pessoas de meia idade e cor da pele preta, e diminuição nas chances para pessoas que vivem sem companheiro(a) e para praticantes de atividades físicas no lazer e como forma de deslocamento. Esses resultados podem contribuir para dar suporte a programas e políticas para o controle da obesidade.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the association between sociodemographic and behavioral factors and obesity from 2014 to 2021 in adults in São Paulo city, Brazil. A prospective study was carried out with 1,241 adults aged 18 years or above who lived in São Paulo and participated in the São Paulo Health Survey cohort (ISA) - Physical Activity and Environment. The outcome was obesity (yes/no), classified by body mass index and specific cut-off points for each age group. The exposure variables included sex, age, education, skin color, marital status, regional health coordination, physical activity in the four domains, and sedentary behaviors. Multilevel logistic regression models were used for longitudinal analysis. This study found a significant increase (27.7%) in the prevalence of obesity (from 22.6% to 28.9%). People who practiced at least 150 minutes of leisure-time physical activity per week (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.26; 0.76), between 10 and 150 minutes per week of commuting physical activity (OR = 0.49; 95%CI: 0.30; 0.80), and had no partner (OR = 0.47; 95%CI: 0.28; 0.78) were less likely to be obese. People aged from 40 to 59 years (OR = 5.00; 95%CI: 2.02; 12.38) and who were black (OR = 4.70; 95%CI: 1.85; 11.95) were more likely to be obese. This study found an increase in the prevalence of obesity during the studied period, with increased odds for middle-aged and black people and decreased odds for those without a partner and those who practice physical activities in their leisure and as a form of commuting. These results can contribute to support programs and policies to control obesity.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar la asociación entre factores sociodemográficos y conductuales y la presencia de la obesidad entre 2014 y 2021 en adultos de la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo con 1.241 adultos paulistanos, con 18 años o más, participantes de la cohorte Encuesta de Salud de São Paulo (ISA) - Actividad Física y Ambiente. El resultado fue obesidad (sí/no), clasificada a través del índice de masa corporal y con puntos de corte específicos para cada grupo de edad. Las variables de exposición fueron: sexo, edad, escolaridad, color de la piel, estado civil, coordinación regional de salud, actividad física en los cuatro dominios y comportamientos sedentarios. Para los análisis longitudinales se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multinivel. Hubo un aumento significativo del 27,7% en la prevalencia de la obesidad (del 22,6% al 28,9%). Las personas que practicaron al menos 150 minutos semanales de actividad física por ocio (OR = 0,44; IC95%: 0,26; 0,76), entre 10 y 150 minutos semanales de actividad física de desplazamiento (OR = 0,49; IC95%: 0,30; 0,80) y sin compañero(a) (OR = 0,47; IC95%: 0,28; 0,78) tuvieron menos probabilidades de tener obesidad. Las personas entre 40 y 59 años (OR = 5,00; IC95%: 2,02; 12,38) y de color de piel negra (OR = 4,70; IC95%: 1,85; 11,95) presentaron mayores probabilidades de tener obesidad. El estudio identificó un aumento en la prevalencia de la obesidad durante ese período, con un aumento en las posibilidades para las personas de mediana edad y color de la piel negra, y una disminución en las posibilidades para las personas que viven sin pareja y para las que realizan actividades físicas por ocio y como forma de desplazamiento. Estos resultados pueden contribuir a apoyar los programas y políticas para el control de la obesidad.

Differences over 12 Years in Food Portion Size and Association with Excess Body Weight in the City of São Paulo, Brazil.

Although changes in Brazilian diet have occurred over the last decades, there is no evidence about differences in food portion sizes (FPS) over time. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association of FPS with excess body weight (EBW), and to monitor differences in the population from São Paulo, Brazil, from 2003 to 2015. Data came from three cross-sectional population-based studies with 5270 individuals aged ≥12 years in 2003, 2008, and 2015. Dietary data were obtained from 24-h recalls. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between FPS and EBW. Over the years, there was a diverse variation in FPS, with an increase in some groups (white meat, salted snacks, coffee/tea, eggs) and decrease in others (rice, red meat, sweets, pasta, sandwiches, cold cuts). The percentage of people reporting the intake of six food groupings (rice, white meat, sweets, fruits, commercial juices, toasts/biscuits) increased in the period. In this population, EBW was associated with larger FPS of 11 of the 30 food groupings investigated (cold cuts, fried snacks, fruit and commercial juices, pizza, red meat, rice, salted snacks, soft drinks, soups, sugar). These findings could support future interventions and policies for optimal food intake in Brazil.

2015 Health Survey of São Paulo with Focus in Nutrition: Rationale, Design, and Procedures.

This paper describes the design, sampling methods, and data collection procedures, with particular focus on dietary data, used for the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo (Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo, 2015 ISA-Capital) with Focus in Nutrition Study (2015 ISA-Nutrition). The ISA is a household cross-sectional, population-based survey that uses complex, stratified, multistage sampling to create a representative sample of residents from urban São Paulo, Brazil. The 2015 ISA-Nutrition comprised a sub-sample of the 2015 ISA-Capital and intended to include 300 adolescents (aged 12 to 19 years), 300 adults (aged 20 to 59 years), and 300 older adults (aged ≥60 years). From February 2015 to February 2016, 1737 individuals answered the first 24-h dietary recall (24HR), and 901 individuals consented to have their blood sample collected, to undergo anthropometric and blood pressure assessment, and to answer the second 24HR. The 2015 ISA-Nutrition aims to evaluate lifestyle-related modifiable factors in São Paulo's residents, as well as their association with biochemical and genetic markers, and environmental aspects related to cardiometabolic risk factors. This paper concludes that 2015 ISA-Nutrition may provide valuable insights into the cardiometabolic risk factors in a big city in an upper middle-income country and contribute to the formulation of health and nutritional policies.

Association between polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory markers in patients in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the association between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and inflammatory biomarkers among patients in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: In this cross-sectional substudy from BALANCE Program Trial, we have collected data from 364 patients with established CVD. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls and plasma FA concentrations were analyzed to estimate the FA intake. Inflammatory biomarkers measurement consisted of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor-α. After log-transformation of inflammatory biomarkers, multivariate-adjusted general linear model was used to examine the effect of FA intake. The association was adjusted for body mass index, waist circumference, energy, smoking status, age, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, physical activity, and calcium channel blockers. RESULTS: PUFAs were inversely associated with C-reactive protein levels (P = 0.006) and with IL-1 ß. The increase of 1 g/1000 kcal in PUFAs, omega-3, and omega-6 reduces, on average, 6%, 48%, and 8% respectively, the mean concentration of IL-1 ß. CONCLUSION: Omega-3 and omega-6 FA intakes are inversely associated with inflammatory biomarkers among CVD patients. Additional studies on omega-3 and omega-6 intake in relation to inflammatory biomarkers in patients in secondary prevention of CVD are needed, particularly regarding dietary patterns that are rich in some sources of PUFA.

Association of Overweight with Food Portion Size among Adults of São Paulo - Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Although studies show that portion size affects energy intake, few have demonstrated a link between portion size and weight status, especially in free-living populations. The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between food portion sizes and overweight in a representative population of adults of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study with 1005 adults from São Paulo, Brazil. Dietary data were obtained from two 24-hour recalls. Reported foods were classified into groups and energy contribution, prevalence of consumers and portion sizes were calculated. Individuals were classified according to BMI in with and without overweight. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between food portion sizes and being overweight. RESULTS: The most consumed food groups were: beans, breads/rolls, coffee/tea, milk, rice, and sugar. Rice, red meat, breads/rolls, and white meat were the groups with the highest percentage of contribution to total energy intake. Butter/margarine, toasts/biscuits, sugar, and cakes were the groups with the highest energy density. After adjustment for confounding variables, overweight was associated with larger portions of pizza (OR = 1.052; p = 0.048), red meat (OR = 1.025; p = 0.043), rice (OR = 1.033; p<0.001), salted snacks (OR = 1.078; p = 0.022), and soft drinks (OR = 1.016; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Larger portions of few food groups with different energy densities were associated with being overweight, suggesting that overweight may be related to the consumption of larger portion sizes of a series of food groups, not a food group alone. Additionally, we highlight the importance of considering underreporting as a confounding factor in these associations.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia according to the nutritional status in a representative sample of São Paulo.

BACKGROUND: Overweight is one of the major public health problems in Brazil; it is associated with dyslipidemia, which is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the lipid profile of residents of the municipality of São Paulo, state of São Paulo, according to the nutritional status. METHODS: Data from the population-based cross-sectional study ISA-Capital 2008 on a sample of residents of São Paulo were used. Participants were categorized into groups according to body mass index and age range. The levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol were measured. The association between lipid profile, nutricional status, and waist circumference was investigated. The data were processed using the survey mode of the Stata 11.0 software. RESULTS: The prevalence of any type of dyslipidemia in the population was 59.74%, with low HDL-cholesterol dyslipidemia being the most common type. Not overweight individuals had higher mean levels of HDL-cholesterol and lower levels of LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol when compared with the overweight group. The rate of inadequacy of these variables was higher in the overweight individuals, regardless of the age group, to the exception of LDL-cholesterol in the adults and elderly. A higher prevalence of isolated hypertriglyceridemia was observed in individuals with higher waist circumference among the adults and the total population. CONCLUSION: The results indicate an association between dyslipidemia and overweight in the population of the city of São Paulo. The most prevalent dyslipidemia in this population was low HDL-cholesterol.

Prevalence of Dyslipidemia According to the Nutritional Status in a Representative Sample of São Paulo / Prevalência de Dislipidemia Segundo Estado Nutricional em Amostra Representativa de São Paulo

Background: Overweight is one of the major public health problems in Brazil; it is associated with dyslipidemia, which is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To evaluate the lipid profile of residents of the municipality of São Paulo, state of São Paulo, according to the nutritional status. Methods: Data from the population-based cross-sectional study ISA-Capital 2008 on a sample of residents of São Paulo were used. Participants were categorized into groups according to body mass index and age range. The levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol were measured. The association between lipid profile, nutricional status, and waist circumference was investigated. The data were processed using the survey mode of the Stata 11.0 software. Results: The prevalence of any type of dyslipidemia in the population was 59.74%, with low HDL-cholesterol dyslipidemia being the most common type. Not overweight individuals had higher mean levels of HDL-cholesterol and lower levels of LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol when compared with the overweight group. The rate of inadequacy of these variables was higher in the overweight individuals, regardless of the age group, to the exception of LDL-cholesterol in the adults and elderly. A higher prevalence of isolated hypertriglyceridemia was observed in individuals with higher waist circumference among the adults and the total population. Conclusion: The results indicate an association between dyslipidemia and overweight in the population of the city of São Paulo. The most prevalent dyslipidemia in this population was low HDL-cholesterol. .

Fundamento: O excesso de peso configura um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública no Brasil e está relacionado à dislipidemia, importante fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil lipídico de residentes do município de São Paulo (SP) segundo o estado nutricional. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados provenientes do estudo transversal de base populacional ISA-Capital 2008, referentes à amostra de residentes do município. Os indivíduos foram categorizados em grupos, segundo o índice de massa corporal e a faixa etária. Foram avaliados níveis de colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol, triglicerídeos e colesterol não HDL. Investigou-se a associação entre o perfil lipídico e o estado nutricional e circunferência de cintura. Os dados foram processados no modo survey do programa Stata 11.0. Resultados: A prevalência de qualquer tipo de dislipidemia na população foi de 59,74%, sendo o HDL-colesterol baixo a dislipidemia mais prevalente. Indivíduos sem excesso de peso apresentaram maior concentração média de HDL-colesterol e menor concentração de LDL-colesterol, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e colesterol não HDL, quando comparados ao grupo com excesso de peso. A proporção de inadequação dessas variáveis foi maior nos indivíduos com excesso de peso, independentemente da faixa etária, exceto para o LDL-colesterol de adultos e idosos. Foi observada maior prevalência de hipertrigliceridemia isolada em indivíduos com maior circunferência de cintura entre os adultos e na população total. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados confirmaram a associação entre dislipidemia e excesso de peso na população da cidade de São Paulo. Constatou-se que a dislipidemia mais ...