RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To provide an updated overview of feline orbital neoplasia, to compare diagnostic utility of cytology and histopathology, and to evaluate minimally invasive sampling modalities. PROCEDURES: A medical records search was performed to identify cats with orbital neoplasia. Data were collected regarding signalment, diagnosis, vision status, imaging modalities, and sample collection methods. A reference population with orbital neoplasia was also identified via literature search for comparison with regard to final diagnosis. RESULTS: Eighty-one cats met selection criteria and 140 cases were identified in the literature. In the study and reference populations, respectively, diagnoses were grouped as follows: round cell tumors 47% and 24%, epithelial tumors 38% and 40%, mesenchymal tumors 14% and 34%, and neurologic origin tumors 1% and 2%. The most common diagnoses in both groups were lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma (FROMS) was common in the reference population but not diagnosed in the study population. Cytology results were available for 41 cats; histopathology results were available for 65 cats. Both cytology and histopathology results were available for 25 cats, in 44% of which cytologic results were overturned. No significant complications were associated with any sampling method. Lack of cats with multiple samples available for histopathology limited comparison between tissue sampling methods. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital neoplasia is common in cats, with round cell and epithelial tumors diagnosed most commonly in the study population. Histopathology is superior to cytology in providing a definitive diagnosis. Minimally invasive tissue biopsy techniques appear to be safe and effective.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Técnicas Citológicas/veterinaria , Neoplasias Orbitales/veterinaria , Animales , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Gatos/etiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/patología , Gatos , Femenino , Linfoma/epidemiología , Linfoma/veterinaria , Masculino , Massachusetts/epidemiología , Neoplasias Orbitales/epidemiología , Linaje , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Registros/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To provide an updated overview of canine orbital neoplasia, to compare diagnostic utility of cytology and histopathology, and to evaluate alternative sampling modalities, particularly image-guided core needle biopsy. PROCEDURES: A medical records search was performed to identify dogs with orbital neoplasia. Data were collected regarding signalment, diagnosis, vision status, imaging modalities, and sample collection methods. A reference population with orbital neoplasia was also identified via literature search for comparison with regard to final diagnosis. RESULTS: One hundred and twelve dogs met selection criteria. In the study and reference populations, respectively, diagnoses were grouped as follows: mesenchymal tumors 40% and 35%, epithelial tumors 35% and 18%, tumors of neural origin 8% and 37%, and round cell 17% and 10%. The most common diagnoses in the study group were nasal adenocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, lymphoma, and meningioma. Cytology results were available for 47 dogs and histopathology results were available for 95 dogs. Both cytology and histopathology results were available for 30 dogs, in 53% of which results were discordant. Cytology samples were nondiagnostic or provided a diagnosis that was later overturned in 32% of cases in which they were obtained. Results from core needle biopsy samples were nondiagnostic or overturned by surgical biopsy results in only 13% of cases. No significant complications were associated with any sampling method. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital neoplasia is common in dogs. Histopathology is superior to cytology in providing a definitive diagnosis. Image-guided core needle biopsy appears to be a safe and effective means of obtaining samples.
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Biopsia con Aguja Gruesa/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Neoplasias Orbitales/veterinaria , Animales , Biopsia con Aguja Gruesa/normas , Perros , Neoplasias Orbitales/clasificación , Neoplasias Orbitales/patología , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of cyanoacrylate adhesive as an adjunct to lamellar keratectomy in cats with corneal sequestrum. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed to identify cats with naturally occurring midstromal corneal sequestra treated with lamellar keratectomy and cyanoacrylate adhesive. All cats also had a bandage contact lens placed for postoperative comfort. Data collected included breed, age, sex, and reproductive status of the cat, eye involved, presence or absence of neovascularization at the time of surgery, history of prior sequestra, additional ocular procedures performed, use of neuromuscular blocking agents, procedure time, time to cessation of topical medications, time to recurrence or last follow-up, and complications aside from recurrence. RESULTS: Sixteen cats met study criteria, with a median follow-up time of 17.5 months in those without recurrence. Median time to cessation of topical medications was 4 weeks. Fourteen cats (87%) have not experienced recurrence. Other than recurrence in two cats, no significant complications were noted. Aside from purebred status, no commonalities were found between the two cats with recurrence. Neuromuscular blocking agents were not used during surgery in most cases. Median procedure time was 10 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Cyanoacrylate adhesive is an effective and safe alternative to grafting procedures in cats undergoing lamellar keratectomy for treatment of corneal sequestrum. Recurrence rates are comparable to those seen with grafting techniques. Benefits of this approach include decreased anesthesia time, lower procedure costs, and short duration of postoperative treatment.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos/cirugía , Enfermedades de la Córnea/veterinaria , Cianoacrilatos , Queratectomía/veterinaria , Adhesivos Tisulares , Animales , Gatos , Enfermedades de la Córnea/cirugía , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the use of a nictitating membrane flap (NMF) as therapy in 19 cats (21 eyes) affected with feline acute corneal hydrops (FACH). METHODS: Medical records from 19 cats diagnosed with FACH and treated with a NMF were retrospectively evaluated. Information was collected from multiple veterinary hospitals and included signalment, medical history, therapy, and ocular outcome. RESULTS: Breeds included 13 Domestic Shorthairs, 2 Exotic Shorthairs, 2 Maine Coons, 1 Persian, and 1 Domestic Medium Hair. Two cats were bilaterally affected. Median age of cats was 3.2 years (range 0.26-15 years). Eleven patients were spayed females, 6 were neutered males, and 2 were intact males. Topical steroids were previously administered in 5 (23.8%) eyes; oral steroids were previously administered in 7 cats (36.8% of patients); three patients received both oral and topical steroids. Thirteen of 21 (61.9%) eyes had a history of ocular disease including ulcerative and nonulcerative keratitis, anterior uveitis, corneal sequestrum, conjunctivitis, and glaucoma. Median duration of NMF was 15 days (range 6-30 days). Follow-up ranged from 12 to 1601 days (median 169 days). Corneal perforation occurred in 1 (4.7%) eye and was successfully repaired. One lesion (4.7%) in a diabetic patient did not resolve. Nineteen of the treated eyes (90.5%) resolved with no complications. CONCLUSIONS: A nictitating membrane flap successfully treated 90.5% of FACH eyes (89.5% of patients).
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Enfermedades de los Gatos/cirugía , Edema Corneal/veterinaria , Membrana Nictitante/cirugía , Colgajos Quirúrgicos/veterinaria , Animales , Gatos , Edema Corneal/cirugía , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
A 3-year-old Marwari mare was presented for evaluation of an irregular, reddish mass protruding from behind the right third eyelid. The mass appeared to arise at the ventral limbal area, involved the perilimbal bulbar conjunctiva and widely extended into corneal tissue. No other ocular or systemic abnormalities were detected at the time of presentation. The mass was surgically removed by lamellar keratectomy, with defocused CO(2) laser used as adjunctive therapy to treat the surgical exposed area and its surroundings. Histopathologic evaluation showed sheets of densely packed, well-differentiated neoplastic mast cells separated by fibrovascular connective tissue. Nuclear staining for Ki-67 was performed, and an average of 370 cells were positive per 1000 counted cells. Two months postoperatively, the surgical site was filled with flat fibrovascular and pigmented tissue, while the surrounding cornea was transparent with no superficial vascularization around the fibrotic scar. Thirty-two months after treatment, no recurrence of the neoplasia was reported.
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Neoplasias del Ojo/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/patología , Mastocitoma/veterinaria , Animales , Neoplasias del Ojo/patología , Neoplasias del Ojo/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Caballos/cirugía , Caballos , Mastocitoma/patología , Mastocitoma/cirugíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To describe anterior segment fluorescein angiography (ASFA) of the normal canine eye using two different sedation/anesthetic protocols and a digital single lens-reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor. METHODS: Dogs free of ocular and systemic disease were used for this study. Dogs received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ) and diphenhydramine (2.0mg/kg SQ) 20min prior to butorphanol [n = 6] (0.2 mg/kg IV) or propofol [n=6] (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min CRI). Standard color and red-free images were obtained prior to administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Image acquisition was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon EF-S 60 mm f/2.8 macro), and an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/s immediately following bolus for a total of 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 min. RESULTS: Twelve dogs with a combined mean age of 5.1 years and various iris colors were imaged. Arterial, capillary, and venous phases were identified and time sequences recorded. Visibility of the vascular pattern was inversely related to iris pigmentation. Complete masking of blood flow was noted with heavily pigmented irises. Vessel leakage was noted in some eyes. Proper patient positioning and restricted ocular movements were critical in acquiring quality images. No adverse events were noted. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that quality high resolution ASFA images were obtainable using a novel dSLR camera adaptor. ASFA of the normal canine eye is limited to irises, which are moderately to poorly pigmented. Use of general anesthesia produced higher quality images and is recommended for ASFA in the dog.
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Segmento Anterior del Ojo/anatomía & histología , Perros/anatomía & histología , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/veterinaria , Animales , Segmento Anterior del Ojo/irrigación sanguínea , Ojo/anatomía & histología , Ojo/irrigación sanguínea , Femenino , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/instrumentación , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/métodos , Iris/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Fotograbar/veterinariaRESUMEN
PURPOSE To describe histologic anterior segment changes in eyes affected with primary lens displacement (PLD) and secondary glaucoma. METHODS Histologic sections stained with H&E from canine eyes enucleated because of PLD and secondary glaucoma were examined. RESULTS Thirteen eyes from 12 patients were evaluated. Four dogs were castrated males and eight spayed females. Median age was 8 years of age (range 3-13). Breeds included seven terriers and five other breeds. All eyes examined demonstrated varying degrees of inflammation involving the iris and cleft. Mononuclear and melanophagic infiltration of the cleft was found in all specimens. Four globes also showed polymorphonuclear infiltrate. Pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes were clearly identified in 10 of 13 eyes. Total inflammatory score was significantly greater in all globes examined compared with an age-matched group of normal dogs. The posterior pigmented iris epithelium demonstrated a consistent pattern of hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy and cystic degeneration, more prominent in the more central regions. In some cases, hyperplasia was of greatest severity in the mid-iris and associated with thinning or flattening of the pupillary region. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that lens instability may be associated with chronic inflammation and secondary glaucoma. Mechanical irritation from an unstable lens may result in hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of the posterior pigmented iris epithelium and subsequent cellular exfoliation and release of melanin. An inflammatory reaction directly or indirectly related to melanin release may obstruct the outflow pathways ultimately leading to glaucoma and loss of vision. Use of topical steroids may be warranted in dogs with PLD.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Glaucoma/veterinaria , Enfermedades del Cristalino/veterinaria , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Glaucoma/patología , Inflamación/patología , Inflamación/veterinaria , Enfermedades del Cristalino/etiología , Enfermedades del Cristalino/patología , MasculinoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To describe anterior segment fluorescein angiography (ASFA) of the normal feline eye using a digital single-lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor. ANIMALS: Ten cats free of ocular and systemic disease were evaluated. METHODS: All cats received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ) and diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SQ) 20 min prior to anesthesia using propofol (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min CRI). Standard color and red-free images were obtained prior to the administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Imaging was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon EF-S 60 mm f/2.8 macro), and an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/second immediately following IV bolus of sodium fluorescein for a total of 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 min. RESULTS: Ten cats with an average age of 3.7 ± 0.9 years and various iris colors were imaged. Arterial, capillary, and venous phases occurred 4.6, 7.8, and 8.9 s postinjection, respectively. Visibility of the vasculature was not impaired by the degree of iris pigmentation. Patency of a persistent pupillary membrane was noted in one cat. Vessel leakage was common, as well as, leakage into the aqueous humor. Proper patient positioning and restricted ocular movements were critical. No adverse events were noted. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates ASFA findings in normal feline eyes using a cost-effective dSLR camera adaptor. Fluorescein leakage from vessels and into the aqueous humor was a common finding. Visibility of iris vasculature was not impaired by the degree of iris pigmentation.
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Gatos/anatomía & histología , Ojo/anatomía & histología , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/veterinaria , Animales , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/métodosRESUMEN
We present a series of three American Bulldogs with clinical signs of glaucoma and intraocular inflammation accompanied by bilateral uveal cysts and abnormal gonioscopic findings. All dogs proved refractory to medical management and were enucleated. Histopathologic findings were similar in all three and included significant preiridal fibrovascular membranes and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates in the anterior uvea. On microscopic evaluation, cysts appeared to arise primarily from the ciliary body and iridociliary sulcus, with smaller cysts also budding from the posterior iris. Pigment dispersion was variable but consistent, involving deposition of a small number of pigment-laden cells in the dependent trabecular meshwork. Cataract formation was not noted. Glaucoma associated with uveal cysts has been described previously in Golden Retrievers and Great Danes, although clinical and histopathologic findings in those breeds are not identical to those described here. American Bulldogs with uveal cysts should have gonioscopy performed and should be monitored carefully for signs of increased intraocular pressure and intraocular inflammation. Furthermore, documentation of cyst-associated glaucoma in a third breed suggests clinicians should exercise caution in dismissing uveal cysts in dogs as incidental findings.
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Quistes/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Anomalías del Ojo/veterinaria , Glaucoma/veterinaria , Enfermedades de la Úvea/veterinaria , Animales , Quistes/complicaciones , Quistes/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Perros , Anomalías del Ojo/complicaciones , Anomalías del Ojo/patología , Femenino , Glaucoma/complicaciones , Glaucoma/patología , Masculino , Enfermedades de la Úvea/complicaciones , Enfermedades de la Úvea/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy, outcome, and complications following penetrating sclerokeratoplasty and frozen homologous corneoscleral grafting for the management of extensive canine epibulbar melanocytomas. METHODS: Medical records of canine patients treated at three different veterinary hospitals between 1999 and 2010 were reviewed. Signalment, location and extent of melanocytomas, recurrence rate, and early and late complications were reported. Patients were re-examined postoperatively to provide follow-up information. RESULTS: Patients included one intact male, three castrated males, six intact females, and one spayed female, with a median age of 5 years (range, 3-9). German Shepherds were overrepresented. Tumors extended from 2 to 4 clock hours at the limbus and up to 17 mm from clear cornea to globe equator. One case showed iridocorneal angle invasion; corneal involvement was present in all cases, and lipid keratopathy was present in four cases. In two cases, there was incomplete resection owing to tumor extent. Follow-up time ranged from 3 to 72 months (median, 17 months), with one case of intraocular tumor progression. Early complications included anterior uveitis (11/11), intracameral fibrin (5/11), hyphema (4/11), corneal edema (4/11), exuberant corneal granulation tissue (2/11), focal retinal edema (1/11), dyscoria (1/11), and partial suture dehiscence (1/11). Late complications included corneal fibrosis and/or pigmentation (11/11), faint anterior cortical cataracts (3/11), and lipid keratopathy (1/11). Vision was retained in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: This technique offers a surgically challenging but effective treatment for extensive epibulbar melanocytomas. In this case series, complications were mild and transient, with preservation of ocular anatomy and function.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Neoplasias del Ojo/veterinaria , Melanoma/veterinaria , Animales , Trasplante de Córnea/veterinaria , Perros , Neoplasias del Ojo/cirugía , Femenino , Limbo de la Córnea/cirugía , Masculino , Melanoma/cirugíaRESUMEN
We present a case of reactive histiocytic disease involving the orbit, optic nerve, retina, and choroid in a Border Collie dog initially presenting for vision loss. Long-term partial return of vision has been achieved with systemic immunosuppression. Anterior segment and ocular surface manifestations of reactive histiocytic disease in dogs are relatively common. Posterior segment and orbital involvement, however, are minimally documented in the existing literature. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of disease confined to the orbit and posterior segment as well as the first report of vision loss as a presenting complaint for reactive histiocytic disease. Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, cytologic, and histopathologic findings are reviewed.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Oftalmopatías/veterinaria , Histiocitosis/veterinaria , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Perros , Oftalmopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , Oftalmopatías/patología , Histiocitosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Histiocitosis/patología , Masculino , Prednisona/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Ocular trauma is common in birds of prey presented to wildlife clinics and rehabilitation centers. Enucleation is the procedure most commonly described for treatment of end-stage ocular disease or chronically painful eyes in birds; however, there are several disadvantages and risks to this procedure. While evisceration has been suggested as an alternative, it has not been described for multiple cases or with long-term follow-up data in birds of prey. This report details an evisceration technique performed in 5 captive birds of prey of 4 different species (1 eastern screech owl [Megascops asio], 1 great horned owl [Bubo virginianus], 2 red-tailed hawks [Buteo jamaicensis], and 1 bald eagle [Haliaeetus leucocephalus]) with long-term follow-up information. In addition, this report describes 14 cases of free-living owls of 3 different species (1 great horned owl, 4 barred owls [Strix varia], and 9 eastern screech owls) on which this technique was performed from 2004 to 2011 and which were subsequently released to the wild. Because of the limited risk of complications and the less-severe disruption of facial symmetry, which may be particularly important in owls that are candidates for release to the wild, evisceration should be considered over enucleation in birds of prey that require surgical intervention for the management of severe sequelae to ocular trauma.
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Enfermedades de las Aves/cirugía , Oftalmopatías/veterinaria , Enucleación del Ojo/veterinaria , Evisceración del Ojo/veterinaria , Lesiones Oculares/veterinaria , Rapaces/lesiones , Animales , Oftalmopatías/cirugía , Enucleación del Ojo/métodos , Evisceración del Ojo/métodos , Lesiones Oculares/cirugía , Heridas y LesionesRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To describe a novel digital single lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor for anterior and posterior segment photography. METHODS: The adaptor was used to evaluate canine, feline, and equine patients presenting to Tufts Ophthalmology service. Anterior segment imaging was conducted with the adaptor mounted between a dSLR camera body (Canon 7D) and a macro lens (Canon EF-S 60mm/f2.8). Posterior segment imaging was performed with the aid of an indirect ophthalmic lens mounted in front of the macro lens. Coaxial illumination during viewing was provided by a single white light-emitting diode (LED) within the adaptor, while illumination during exposure was provided by the pop-up flash or an accessory flash. Corneal and/or lens reflections were eliminated using a pair of linear polarizers, having their azimuths at right angles to one another. RESULTS: This dSLR camera adaptor provides quality high-resolution, reflection-free, images of both the anterior and posterior segments. It was easy to transport, assemble, and handle. The necessary adjustments, positioning, and focusing required for quality images were easily performed. CONCLUSION: The described dSLR camera adaptor provides an alternative to existing imaging systems. High-resolution image acquisition occurred at a fraction of the cost of established imaging system, particularly those devoted to the posterior segment.
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Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/veterinaria , Oftalmopatías/veterinaria , Ojo/anatomía & histología , Oftalmología/instrumentación , Fotograbar/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Gatos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/instrumentación , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Perros , Oftalmopatías/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Caballos , Fotograbar/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To describe the use of a digital single lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor for conducting posterior segment fluorescein angiography in canines. METHODS: Ten beagle dogs free of ocular and systemic disease were used. All dogs received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ), diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SQ), and topical 1% tropicamide 20 min prior to sedation using butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg IV). Standard color and red-free fundus images were obtained prior to the administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Image acquisition was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon 60 mm macro), and a 60D indirect ophthalmic lens, in addition to an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Two combinations of excitation and barrier filters were assessed (absorptive vs. interference). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/s immediately following the fluorescein bolus for a total of 30 s and then at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min. RESULTS: Quality high resolution fluorescein angiographic images of the canine posterior segment were obtainable. All angiographic phases were identified and time sequences were recorded. Use of interference filters improved image contrast and transmission properties as compared to absorptive filters. No adverse events were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The described dSLR camera adaptor provides an alternative to existing posterior segment imaging systems capable of performing fluorescein angiography. High resolution image acquisition occurred at a fraction of the cost of established imaging systems.
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Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/veterinaria , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/veterinaria , Fotograbar/veterinaria , Segmento Posterior del Ojo/anatomía & histología , Animales , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/instrumentación , Perros , Femenino , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/instrumentación , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/métodos , Masculino , Fotograbar/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
We present a report of dendritic ulcerative keratitis in a 4-year old locally immunosuppressed dog suspected to result from acute primary canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) infection. The dog was presented for evaluation of mild blepharospasm and conjunctival hyperemia in the right eye (OD) shortly after attending a public boarding facility. For approximately 3 months, the dog had been receiving topical prednisolone acetate 1.0% and tacrolimus 0.02% in both eyes (OU) q12h for treatment of follicular conjunctivitis. Ophthalmic examination revealed three regions of corneal fluorescein retention OD. The lesions had a dendritic pattern, were approximately 2-3 mm in length, and were located at the dorsomedial, lateral, and ventromedial aspects of the cornea. No additional abnormalities were noted on complete ophthalmic and physical examinations. CHV-1 was identified in conjunctival samples OD by polymerase chain reaction, and paired CHV-1 serum virus neutralization antibody titers were positive and consistent with acute infection. Topical prednisolone acetate and tacrolimus were discontinued. The dog was treated with cidofovir 0.5% OU q12h for a period of 4 weeks, with resolution of corneal disease noted within 1 week of treatment. In conjunction with previous studies, this case report supports a central role for alterations in host immune status in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of CHV-1 ocular disease in dogs.
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Úlcera de la Córnea/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/virología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Herpesvirus Cánido 1/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Cidofovir , Úlcera de la Córnea/tratamiento farmacológico , Úlcera de la Córnea/virología , Citosina/análogos & derivados , Citosina/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/patología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Masculino , Organofosfonatos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
We present a report describing use of a 360-degree conjunctival graft for management of progressive keratomalacia refractory to medical treatment in a 5-month-old American Cocker Spaniel. In the dog of this report, the extension of melting to nearly the entire corneal surface limited surgical options. Following surgery and later resection of the graft, the patient is visual with minimal corneal opacity. Numerous corneal grafting techniques have been described in companion animals, but require special materials and may not be possible when melting is extensive. Although older animals or animals with additional corneal pathology may have less ideal outcomes in terms of corneal clarity than the patient of this report, we believe that 360-degree conjunctival grafting offers a viable and cost-effective option for management of cases with extensive keratomalacia that may otherwise have resulted in enucleation.
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Conjuntiva/trasplante , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Animales , Ciclosporina/uso terapéutico , Perros , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Deficiencia de Vitamina A/tratamiento farmacológico , Deficiencia de Vitamina A/cirugía , Deficiencia de Vitamina A/veterinariaRESUMEN
A 2-year-old male castrated Springer Spaniel with a 3-week history of waxing and waning right sided exophthalmos, periorbital swelling, chemosis, and fundic changes was examined. Ophthalmic examination of the right eye revealed slight chemosis and nictitating membrane protrusion. Indirect ophthalmoscopy showed an approximately 8 mm peripapillary hyporeflective tapetal lesion with subretinal edema consistent with a bulbar/retrobulbar disease process. Inflammatory or neoplastic diseases were the main differential diagnoses. Ancillary diagnostics (ocular ultrasound and computed tomography) showed a focal, poorly defined dense tissue involving the caudomedial aspect of the right globe, adjacent to the optic nerve head without apparent orbital involvement. Considering the duration, location, and severity of the clinical findings, enucleation of the right globe was performed. Histopathology revealed focal thickening of the posterior wall with severe pyogranulomatous inflammation, surrounding a foreign body most consistent with plant material embedded between the sclera and the choroid (suprachoroidal). This report describes a rare case of a scleral/suprachoroidal foreign body (plant material), and outlines the difficulty of establishing an etiological diagnosis using standard ocular imaging.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Cuerpos Extraños en el Ojo/veterinaria , Escleritis/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Perros , Ojo/patología , Cuerpos Extraños en el Ojo/patología , Cuerpos Extraños en el Ojo/cirugía , Inflamación/patología , Inflamación/cirugía , Inflamación/veterinaria , Masculino , Escleritis/patología , Escleritis/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the influence of topically applied flurbiprofen 0.03% and latanoprost 0.005%, alone or in combination, in normal canines. ANIMALS STUDIED: 10 Normal Beagles. PROCEDURES: Intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil size, aqueous flare, conjunctival hyperemia, and blepharospasm were evaluated bilaterally five times daily (8 am, 11 am, 2 pm, 5 pm, and 8 pm). The study consisted of a training and acclimation period, followed by 3, 1-week experiment periods. A 2-week washout period occurred between each experiment period. During period 1, all dogs received flurbiprofen (three doses 6-h apart) in the treated eye, whereas in period 2, all dogs received latanoprost (one dose 24-h apart). During period 3, both latanoprost (one dose 24-h apart) and flurbiprofen (three doses 6-h apart) were administered in the treated eye. RESULTS: Flurbiprofen resulted in a mean IOP elevation of 1.1 mmHg (8.65%) in the treated eye, as compared with the control eye. No effect on pupil size, conjunctival hyperemia, or aqueous flare was noted. Latanoprost resulted in a mean IOP reduction of 3.4 mmHg (30.19%). Combined latanoprost and flurbiprofen resulted in a mean IOP reduction of 2.7 mmHg (24.56%). Miosis was noted in the treated eyes during both latanoprost periods, with maximal pupil constriction 3-h post-dose. This was followed by relative mydriasis 24-h post-dose, persisting 48 h after the last dose. The degree of conjunctival hyperemia varied between individuals. Neither blepharospasm nor aqueous flare was noted at any time point. CONCLUSION: Concurrent administration of latanoprost and flurbiprofen resulted in a 20.41% reduction in the ocular hypotensive effect relative to latanoprost therapy alone.
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Perros , Ojo/efectos de los fármacos , Flurbiprofeno/administración & dosificación , Flurbiprofeno/farmacología , Prostaglandinas F Sintéticas/administración & dosificación , Prostaglandinas F Sintéticas/farmacología , Aclimatación , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Estudios Cruzados , Presión Intraocular/efectos de los fármacos , Latanoprost , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/administración & dosificación , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Pupila/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine corneal sensitivity in 20 healthy adult alpacas (40 eyes) in order to establish reference values. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Twenty healthy, adult alpacas. PROCEDURES: Corneal sensitivity was determined by the corneal touch threshold (CTT) using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Five different regions of the cornea were evaluated (nasal, ventral, lateral, dorsal, and central). RESULTS: Corneal touch threshold values (in mm filament length) obtained from five corneal regions demonstrated varying corneal sensitivities. The central region (34.5 ± 7.1 mm) was the most sensitive, followed by the ventral (29.5 ± 7.2 mm), medial (29.3 ± 7.3 mm), dorsal (25.6 ± 6.3 mm), and lateral (21.8 ± 5.7 mm) regions. All pairwise comparisons of regional differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), except for the comparison between the ventral and medial regions (P = 0.88). Evaluation of the CCT while controlling for age (2-5 years vs. 6-10 years) demonstrated an increased CTT with an increasing age for the central, ventral, medial and lateral regions. A decrease in the CTT of the dorsal region was noted with increasing age. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Corneal touch threshold values in 40 eyes of 20 healthy adult alpacas were determined using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. This study demonstrated the central corneal region to be most sensitive. Values obtained may serve as reference values in subsequent studies.
Asunto(s)
Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo/fisiología , Córnea/fisiología , Tacto/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To describe a digital single lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor for posterior segment photography. METHOD: A total of 30 normal canine and feline animals were imaged using a dSLR adaptor which mounts between a dSLR camera body and lens. Posterior segment viewing and imaging was performed with the aid of an indirect lens ranging from 28-90D. Coaxial illumination for viewing was provided by a single white light emitting diode (LED) within the adaptor, while illumination during exposure was provided by the pop-up flash or an accessory flash. Corneal and/or lens reflections were reduced using a pair of linear polarizers, having their azimuths perpendicular to one another. RESULTS: Quality high-resolution, reflection-free, digital images of the retina were obtained. Subjective image evaluation demonstrated the same amount of detail, as compared to a conventional fundus camera. A wide range of magnification(s) [1.2-4X] and/or field(s) of view [31-95 degrees, horizontal] were obtained by altering the indirect lens utilized. CONCLUSION: The described adaptor may provide an alternative to existing fundus camera systems. Quality images were obtained and the adapter proved to be versatile, portable and of low cost.