Experimental evaluation of low-displacement compression ignited engines operating with hydroxy gas as a supplementary gaseous fuel.

A large proportion of annual production of worldwide greenhouses gases results from the use of internal combustion engines. This experimental work evaluates the influence of dual-fuel operation on the overall emissions of a low-displacement compression-ignition engine based on operational conditions such as torque, rotational speed, and load. Hydroxy gas is used as a supplementary gaseous fuel while using pure diespel or palm oil biodiesel as baseline fuels. The CO, CO2, NOx, and HC emissions levels were carefully characterized through experimental measurements and statistical analysis. The influence of hydroxy enrichment was also examined on the engine's fuel consumption. The study incorporates an in-house hydroxy generator to store and supply the gas in the intake air system using an electrolyzer. The results demonstrated that the ANOVA analysis provides accurate predictions compared to experimental measurements with less than 5% relative error. The use of hydroxy reduces the SFC by up to 25%, which represents an economic advantage of dual-fuel operation, additionally it decreases CO, HC, and CO2 emissions. However, with hydroxy enrichment, NOx emissions levels escalate at medium and high loads. Overall, hydroxy enrichment demonstrates to be a robust alternative from an environmental and economic perspective. Future research will be focused on evaluating the biodiesel - hydroxy dual operation, broadening the spectrum of biodiesel concentration percentages, and selecting different raw materials for biofuel production.

General review of flashing jet studies.

The major concern on the management of superheated liquids, in industrial environments, is the large potential hazards involved in cases of any accidental release. There is a possibility that a violent phase change could take place inside the fluid released generating a flashing jet. This violent phase change might produce catastrophic consequences, such as explosions, fires or toxic exposure, in the installations and in the surroundings. The knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms involved in those releases become an important issue in the prevention of these consequences and the minimization of their impact. This work presents a comprehensive review of information about flashing processes. The review begins with a description of the single phase jet followed by a description of the two-phase flashing jet. The concepts and implications of the thermodynamic and mechanical effects on the behaviour of the jets are considered at the beginning of the review. Following the review is devoted to the classification of the different study approaches used to understand flashing processes in the past, highlighting various critical parameters on the behaviour and the hazard consequences of flashing jets. The review also contains an extensive compilation of experimental, theoretical and numerical data relating to these phenomena, which includes information on the distinct characteristics of the jet, since type of jet, velocity distribution, expansion angle and mass phase change all require individual estimation.